Side Effects of nicotine gum: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Side Effects of nicotine gum
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of nicotine gum: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Side Effects of nicotine gum: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Nicotine gum has been shown to be effective in supporting smoking cessation in multiple studies. 23 , 12 , 17 , 11 , 14 These studies show that nicotine gum significantly increases the quit rate compared to placebo. In addition, nicotine gum is expected to reduce nicotine dependence caused by smoking and alleviate withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation. 23 , 12 , 17 , 11 , 14 Furthermore, nicotine gum has shown the potential to enhance the effects of neuroleptics in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome. 18 , 10 However, nicotine gum may have side effects.

Reasons for Side Effects

Side effects of nicotine gum are due to the effects of nicotine. Nicotine acts on the central nervous system, promoting excitement, concentration, and wakefulness, while potentially causing side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and headache. Nicotine can also affect the cardiovascular system, potentially increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Common Side Effects

Mouth sores

Mouth sores may occur if you use nicotine gum for long periods of time. 8 , 12 This is because nicotine gum stimulates the oral mucosa.

Gastrointestinal symptoms

Using nicotine gum may cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea. 18 , 8 , 12 This is because nicotine acts on the gastrointestinal system.

Headache

Headache may occur if you use nicotine gum. 18 , 8 , 12 This is because nicotine constricts blood vessels.

Insomnia

Using nicotine gum may cause insomnia. 2 This is because nicotine has a stimulating effect.

Addiction

Nicotine gum can cause nicotine addiction. 25 , 6 This is because nicotine gum supplies nicotine to the body.

Other Side Effects

Using nicotine gum may cause side effects such as irritation of the oral mucosa, changes in taste, tooth discoloration, and bad breath. 8 , 12 Nicotine gum can also increase heart rate and blood pressure. 25

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Mouth sores

To prevent mouth sores, you need to shorten the time you chew the nicotine gum or reduce the number of times you chew it. It is also important to keep your mouth clean by performing oral hygiene diligently. 8 , 12

Gastrointestinal symptoms

To prevent gastrointestinal symptoms, you need to use nicotine gum after meals or use it in small amounts. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids. 18 , 8 , 12

Headache

To prevent headaches, you need to adjust the amount of nicotine gum you use or take headache medication. 18 , 8 , 12

Insomnia

To prevent insomnia, you need to avoid using nicotine gum before bedtime. 2

Addiction

To prevent nicotine addiction, you need to gradually reduce the amount of nicotine gum you use and eventually stop using it. It is also effective to participate in a smoking cessation support program. 25 , 6

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Many studies have shown that nicotine gum significantly increases the quit rate compared to placebo. Nicotine gum is also expected to reduce nicotine dependence caused by smoking and alleviate withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation.

Differences of Studies

There are differences in the effects and side effects of nicotine gum depending on the study. For example, the effects and side effects may vary depending on the dosage and method of use of the nicotine gum, as well as the characteristics of the subjects. Differences in research methods can also lead to differences in results.

Cautionary Notes for Applying to Real Life

While nicotine gum is a useful tool for supporting smoking cessation, it is important to consider the possibility of side effects. When using nicotine gum, it is important to consult with your doctor or pharmacist and follow the proper instructions. If you experience side effects, stop using it and consult your doctor.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on nicotine gum is still not sufficient. In particular, further research is needed on long-term efficacy and safety. Nicotine gum is not an effective tool for all smokers. For example, people with underlying conditions such as heart disease or hypertension may not be able to use it.

Future Research Directions

Further research on nicotine gum is important to elucidate its long-term efficacy and safety, proper usage, and the mechanisms of side effect development. It is also necessary to develop new methods to enhance the effects of nicotine gum and to develop alternative therapies for those who are not suitable for nicotine gum use.

Conclusion

Nicotine gum is a useful tool for supporting smoking cessation, but it is important to consider the possibility of side effects. When using nicotine gum, it is important to consult with your doctor or pharmacist and follow the proper instructions. If you experience side effects, stop using it and consult your doctor. Future research needs to clarify the long-term efficacy and safety of nicotine gum, proper usage, and the mechanisms of side effect development.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
13
1
0
2
25
1.

Nicotine gum use in the first year of the Lung Health Study.

Author: Bjornson-BensonW, NidesM, DolceJ, RandC, LindgrenP, O'HaraP, BuistA S

Quit smoking
Reduced side effects
Mild side effects

28.9% of participants in the Lung Health Study were using nicotine gum 12 months after entry. Among sustained nonsmokers, continuous gum users reported more mild side effects than those who used gum intermittently. Factors associated with nicotine dependence were related to the use and amount of gum use at 12 months.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Effects of nicotine dose and administration method on withdrawal symptoms and side effects during short-term smoking abstinence.

Author: LeischowS J, ValenteS N, HillA L, OtteP S, AickinM, HoldenT, KligmanE, CookG

smoking cessation
insomnia

This study evaluated the effects of different nicotine replacement treatments on self-reported withdrawal symptoms and side effects during smoking cessation. The 24-hr patch was more effective than the 16-hr patch in reducing morning urge to smoke. Double-patch use resulted in greater insomnia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

Daily use of nicotine replacement medications is related to daily smoking status: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Author: HébertEmily T, BhushanTanushri, RaChaelin K, Frank-PearceSummer, AlexanderAdam C, ColeAshley B, KendzorDarla E, BusinelleMichael S

Reduced daily smoking
Non-compliance
Side effects

Daily use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), particularly the patch or a combination of the patch and gum, was associated with a reduced risk of daily smoking. However, low levels of nicotine gum use alone may not be effective in quitting smoking. Further research is needed to understand reasons for NRT non-compliance and develop strategies to improve adherence.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

4.

A randomized clinical trial of counseling and nicotine replacement therapy for treatment of African American non-daily smokers: Design, accrual, and baseline characteristics.

Author: NollenNicole L, CoxLisa Sanderson, MayoMatthew S, EllerbeckEdward F, MadhusudhanaSheshadri, AhluwaliaJasjit S

Carcinogen exposure
Nicotine exposure

This article discusses the growing subset of non-daily smokers (NDS) in the United States. The article emphasizes the high levels of nicotine and carcinogen exposure among African American NDS, making treatment of this high-risk group a priority.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Nicotine gum chewing: a novel strategy to shorten duration of postoperative ileus via vagus nerve activation.

Author: WuZ, BoersemaG S A, JeekelJ, LangeJ F

POI prevention
Reduced hospitalization

Nicotine gum chewing was proposed as a potential intervention for postoperative ileus (POI) due to its combined effects of stimulating the cephalic-vagal reflex and activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

[Drugs used to treat nicotine addiction].

Author: ZieleńIwona, Sliwińska-MossońMariola, MilnerowiczHalina

Smoking cessation

This publication discusses the characteristics of preparations for the treatment of nicotine dependence in Poland, including nicotine replacement therapies, bupropion SR, cytisine, and varenicline. The article explores their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and potential side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Polish

7.

Randomized crossover trial of the acceptability of snus, nicotine gum, and Zonnic therapy for smoking reduction in heavy smokers.

Author: CaldwellBrent, BurgessCarl, CraneJulian

Smoking cessation

The acceptability and willingness of smokers to use snus and oral nicotine sachets as smoking cessation aids was assessed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

[Individual treatment of smoking addiction. Results using 2 and 4 mg nicotine gum].

Author: Jiménez RuizC A, CisnerosC, Perelló BoschO, Barruero FerreroM, Hernández MezquitaM A, Solano ReinaS

Smoking cessation
Side effects

Combining psychological counseling with 2 or 4 mg nicotine gum, depending on the level of physical addiction, resulted in a success rate of 43-45% for smoking cessation after one year. Side effects were few and mild.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

9.

Effects of nicotine dose and administration method on withdrawal symptoms and side effects during short-term smoking abstinence.

Author: LeischowS J, ValenteS N, HillA L, OtteP S, AickinM, HoldenT, KligmanE, CookG

smoking cessation
insomnia

This study evaluated the effects of different nicotine replacement treatments on self-reported withdrawal symptoms and side effects during smoking cessation. The 24-hr patch was more effective than the 16-hr patch in reducing morning urge to smoke. Double-patch use resulted in greater insomnia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

10.

Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome.

Author: SanbergP R, SilverA A, ShytleR D, PhilippM K, CahillD W, FogelsonH M, McConvilleB J

Tourette's treatment
Nicotine dependence

This article reviews evidence suggesting that nicotine may reduce the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome (TS). Nicotine, either in the form of gum or a transdermal patch, has been shown to potentiate the effects of neuroleptics in treating TS patients. Further research is needed to understand the long-term safety and efficacy of nicotine in treating TS.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

Author: SchneiderN G, OlmsteadR, ModyF V, DoanK, FranzonM, JarvikM E, SteinbergC

Smoking cessation
Side effects

Nicotine nasal spray (NNS) was significantly more effective than placebo in helping smokers quit. NNS increased success rates at all time points, with 18% of NNS users remaining abstinent after one year.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

12.

Nicotine gum, 2 and 4 mg, for nicotine dependence. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program.

Author: HerreraN, FrancoR, HerreraL, PartidasA, RolandoR, FagerströmK O

Smoking cessation
Side effects

Nicotine gum was found to be effective in helping smokers quit, particularly for those with high nicotine dependence. Smokers with high dependence had better success rates with 4 mg nicotine gum compared to 2 mg, while 2 mg was superior to placebo for those with moderate to low dependence.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Effect of nicotine nasal spray on smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

Author: HjalmarsonA, FranzonM, WestinA, WiklundO

Smoking cessation
Side effects

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of nicotine nasal spray for smoking cessation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Nicotine-replacement products in smoking cessation: a review.

Author: AlsagoffF, LeeH P

Smoking cessation
Skin irritation

This review found that nicotine transdermal patches are more effective and have fewer side effects than nicotine gum for smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

15.

Nicotine gum use in the first year of the Lung Health Study.

Author: Bjornson-BensonW, NidesM, DolceJ, RandC, LindgrenP, O'HaraP, BuistA S

Quit smoking
Reduced side effects
Mild side effects

28.9% of participants in the Lung Health Study were using nicotine gum 12 months after entry. Among sustained nonsmokers, continuous gum users reported more mild side effects than those who used gum intermittently. Factors associated with nicotine dependence were related to the use and amount of gum use at 12 months.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

16.

Testing nicotine gum for ulcerative colitis patients. Experience with single-patient trials.

Author: LashnerB A, HanauerS B, SilversteinM D

Ulcerative colitis treatment

Nicotine gum may be an effective therapy for individual patients with ulcerative colitis who demonstrate an objective response with few adverse effects. In a double-blind randomized crossover trial, 3 of 7 patients, all former smokers, demonstrated sufficient improvement with nicotine gum compared to placebo.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

[Smoking cessation using nicotine gum].

Author: SchioldborgP

Smoking cessation aid
Jaw ache
Sore throat

Nicotine gum was associated with a higher rate of smoking cessation compared to a control group, but the effect was more pronounced in the short-term.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Norwegian

19.

Effect of instructions and nicotine on smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms and self-administration of nicotine gum.

Author: HughesJ R, GulliverS B, AmoriG, MireaultG C, FenwickJ F

Increased days abstinent
Reduced cigarette smoking
Craving
Gum self-administration
Withdrawal symptoms

Both being told one received nicotine gum and actual receipt of nicotine increased the number of days abstinent and decreased the number of cigarettes smoked. Instructions can modify the effects of nicotine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

20.

Internists and nicotine gum.

Author: CummingsS R, HansenB, RichardR J, SteinM J, CoatesT J

Smoking cessation aid
Proper use required
Sedatives not effective

Internists were found to prescribe nicotine gum to fewer than 25% of patients trying to quit smoking, contrary to current recommendations. There is a need for more education for physicians on how to use nicotine gum effectively.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

21.

Instructions control whether nicotine will serve as a reinforcer.

Author: HughesJ R, PickensR W, SpringW, KeenanR M

Nicotine reinforcement
Instructional bias

Three studies investigated the self-administration of nicotine among ex-smokers given access to nicotine and placebo gums. Results indicated that instructions could influence whether nicotine served as a reinforcer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

22.

Chewing nicotine gum for 3 months: what happens to plasma nicotine levels?

Author: McNabbM E

Smoking cessation
Excessive nicotine levels

Nicotine gum was found to reduce plasma nicotine levels in smokers who were trying to quit. However, some subjects used excessive amounts of gum, leading to plasma nicotine levels exceeding those achieved while smoking. Side effects were uncommon and usually controllable.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

23.

A comparison of psychological and pharmacological treatment in smoking cessation.

Author: FagerströmK O

Smoking cessation

Nicotine chewing gum is effective in aiding smoking cessation, especially for highly nicotine-dependent smokers. It is well-tolerated and does not cause serious side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Plasma nicotine levels produced by chewing nicotine gum.

Author: McNabbM E, EbertR V, McCuskerK

Aids smoking cessation

Nicotine chewing gum was found to be an acceptable source of nicotine for aiding smoking cessation in 9 patients with lung disease. In a short-term study, chewing 2- and 4-mg nicotine gum hourly produced mean steady-state plasma nicotine levels comparable to those obtained with cigarette smoking.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

25.

Comparison of nicotine chewing-gum and psychological treatments for dependent smokers.

Author: RawM, JarvisM J, FeyerabendC, RussellM A

Effective smoking cessation aid
Addiction

Nicotine chewing-gum was effective in helping smokers to quit. At one-year follow-up, 38% of patients receiving nicotine gum were abstinent compared with 14% of patients receiving psychological treatment. Side effects were few.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.