Side Effects of nisoldipine: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Nisoldipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, has been shown to be effective in improving myocardial ischemia during exercise and daily activity in patients with coronary artery disease. 23 It has also been shown to be beneficial in patients with severe congestive heart failure by improving cardiac function. 12 Furthermore, nisoldipine has been found to be safe and effective in the treatment of mild essential hypertension, with comparable efficacy to propranolol. 20

Reasons for side effects

Side effects of nisoldipine are primarily due to its vasodilatory properties. The dilation of blood vessels can lead to a decrease in blood pressure, resulting in symptoms such as headache and flushing. 16 Nisoldipine can also weaken the heart's contractility, potentially worsening symptoms in patients with heart failure. 5

Common side effects

Headache

The most common side effect of nisoldipine is headache, which is attributed to its vasodilatory action. 16 Headache is typically mild and often subsides with continued treatment. However, if severe headache persists, consult with your doctor.

Flushing

Nisoldipine can cause flushing due to its vasodilatory effects. 16 Flushing is generally mild and often resolves with continued treatment. If severe flushing persists, consult with your doctor.

Ankle edema

Nisoldipine may lead to ankle edema, which is another consequence of its vasodilatory properties. 16 Ankle edema is usually mild and tends to improve with continued treatment. However, if severe ankle edema persists, consult with your doctor.

Indigestion

Nisoldipine can cause indigestion as a side effect due to its potential to weaken the digestive system. 13 Indigestion is generally mild and often resolves with continued treatment. However, if severe indigestion persists, consult with your doctor.

Constipation

Nisoldipine can cause constipation due to its effect of slowing down intestinal movement. 13 Constipation is usually mild and often resolves with continued treatment. However, if severe constipation persists, consult with your doctor.

Dizziness

Nisoldipine may cause dizziness as a result of its vasodilatory properties. 16 Dizziness is typically mild and tends to improve with continued treatment. However, if severe dizziness persists, consult with your doctor.

Side effects management

Headache

Headache is usually mild and resolves with continued treatment. However, if severe headache persists, consult with your doctor. They may prescribe pain medication or adjust the dosage of nisoldipine.

Flushing

Flushing is generally mild and resolves with continued treatment. However, if severe flushing persists, consult with your doctor. They may adjust the dosage of nisoldipine or prescribe alternative medication.

Ankle edema

Ankle edema is typically mild and improves with continued treatment. However, if severe ankle edema persists, consult with your doctor. They may adjust the dosage of nisoldipine or prescribe alternative medication.

Indigestion

Indigestion is generally mild and resolves with continued treatment. However, if severe indigestion persists, consult with your doctor. They may adjust the dosage of nisoldipine or prescribe alternative medication.

Constipation

Constipation is usually mild and resolves with continued treatment. However, if severe constipation persists, consult with your doctor. They may prescribe laxatives or adjust the dosage of nisoldipine.

Dizziness

Dizziness is typically mild and improves with continued treatment. However, if severe dizziness persists, consult with your doctor. They may adjust the dosage of nisoldipine or prescribe alternative medication.

Comparison between studies

Common findings

Many studies have shown that nisoldipine is effective in improving myocardial ischemia. 23 Nisoldipine has also been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of hypertension. 20

Differences between studies

The effects of nisoldipine can vary among patients. For instance, the effectiveness of nisoldipine in treating myocardial ischemia during exercise may differ between individuals. 23 Similarly, the incidence and severity of side effects can vary from person to person. 16

Considerations for real-life application

While nisoldipine is an effective medication for the treatment of coronary artery disease and hypertension, it can cause side effects. Consult with your doctor before taking nisoldipine and follow their instructions carefully. If you experience any adverse effects while taking nisoldipine, seek medical attention immediately.

Current limitations of research

Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of nisoldipine and its interactions with other medications.

Future research directions

More research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of nisoldipine and its interactions with other drugs. Research on ways to enhance the efficacy of nisoldipine and minimize its side effects is also warranted.

Conclusion

Nisoldipine is an effective medication for treating coronary artery disease and hypertension, but it can cause side effects. Consult your doctor before taking nisoldipine and follow their instructions carefully. Seek medical attention immediately if you experience any adverse effects while taking nisoldipine.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Hemodynamic improvement
Mortality reduction
1
Effective blood pressure reduction
Improved cardiac function
Improved exercise tolerance
No negative inotropic effects
3
Angina treatment
Heart function improvement
Hypertension treatment
4
Improved heart function
5
Circulatory system treatment
Reduced side effects
6
Minimal side effects
Reduce blood pressure
7
Hypertension treatment
8
Effective for all ages
9
Reduced blood pressure
10
Effective for angina pectoris
Effective for hypertension
Well tolerated
11
Benefits heart failure
Potent vasodilator
12
Antihypertensive
Raynaud's phenomenon treatment
Tachycardia treatment
13
Effective for hypertension
No significant weight gain
14
Blood pressure reduction
16
Afterload reduction
Heart failure treatment
LVEF improvement
17
Raynaud's symptom reduction
18
Increase exercise duration
Reduce angina frequency
Reduce nitroglycerin consumption
Twice daily dosing
19
Reduced blood pressure
Safe and effective
20
Angina relief
Improved exercise tolerance
Reduced ST-segment depression
21
Heart failure treatment
22
Increase exercise time
Reduce ischemic episodes
23
Coronary artery disease treatment
24
CCB poisoning management
25
Coronary artery disease management
26
Treats cardiovascular disease
27
Increased exercise tolerance
Reduced angina frequency
28
Risk Keywords
Hypoglycemia
Hypokalemia
1
Gynecomastia
2
Headache
Peripheral edema
3
Tachycardia
Worsening heart failure
5
Increased plasma concentrations
6
Side effects
8
Side effects on first day
9
Ineffective 24-hour control
Side effects
10
Dose-related side effects
Flushing
Headache
Oedema
11
Ankle edema
Constipation
Negative inotropy
Vasodilation
13
Not well tolerated
Tolerance develops rapidly
14
Parkinsonism
15
Side effects
16
Uncommon side effects
18
Minor side effects
19
Mild side effects
20
Side effects
22
No significant side effects
23
CCB poisoning
morbidity
25
Blood pressure drop
26
Tachycardia
Vascular side effects
27
Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
1
Article Type
10
0
2
9
28
1.

Treatment for calcium channel blocker poisoning: a systematic review.

Author: St-OngeM, DubéP-A, GosselinS, GuimontC, GodwinJ, ArchambaultP M, ChaunyJ-M, FrenetteA J, DarveauM, Le SageN, PoitrasJ, ProvencherJ, JuurlinkD N, BlaisR

Hemodynamic improvement
Mortality reduction
Hypoglycemia
Hypokalemia

High-dose insulin and extracorporeal life support were the interventions supported by the strongest evidence for calcium channel blocker poisoning, although the evidence is of low quality.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

2.

Studies on the interactions between drugs and estrogen. III. Inhibitory effects of 29 drugs reported to induce gynecomastia on the glucuronidation of estradiol.

Author: SatohTakashi, TomikawaYuki, TakanashiKaori, ItohShinji, ItohShungo, YoshizawaItsuo

Gynecomastia

Several drugs that have been reported to induce gynecomastia were found to inhibit the glucuronidation of estradiol (E2), potentially contributing to increased estrogen levels.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Efficacy and safety of nisoldipine coat core in the management of angina pectoris, systemic hypertension, and ischemic ventricular dysfunction.

Author: LewisB S

Angina treatment
Heart function improvement
Hypertension treatment

Nisoldipine coat core (CC) has been shown to be effective in treating angina pectoris, hypertension, and ischemic ventricular dysfunction in over 3,500 patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Acute and chronic effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nisoldipine on the resting and exercise hemodynamics, neurohumoral parameters, and functional capacity of patients with chronic heart failure.

Author: Dei CasL, MetraM, FerrariR, VisioliO

Improved heart function
Tachycardia
Worsening heart failure

This study investigated the acute and chronic effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nisoldipine in patients with chronic heart failure. Nisoldipine acutely increased cardiac index and reduced mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

[Principles of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of calcium antagonists].

Author: RameisH

Circulatory system treatment
Reduced side effects
Increased plasma concentrations

Calcium antagonists (Ca-antagonists) are widely used for various circulatory diseases. Second-generation Ca-antagonists, like Amlodipine, have longer elimination half-lives, reducing the need for frequent dosing and minimizing side effects. Although they share similar biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties, there are quantitative differences in their acute pharmacodynamic effects.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

7.

Effect of nisoldipine on ambulatory blood pressure under 24-hour noninvasive monitoring.

Author: BlauA, HerzogD, ShechterP, EliahouH E

Minimal side effects
Reduce blood pressure

Nisoldipine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. This study found that nisoldipine was effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with moderate essential hypertension and was well tolerated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

The efficacy and tolerability of nifedipine (NIF) and nisoldipine (NIS) both alone and combined with a beta-blocker in patients with essential hypertension: a multicenter, parallel-group study.

Author: RosenfeldJ B, ZabludowskiJ

Hypertension treatment
Side effects

Nifedipine and nisoldipine are equally effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Both drugs are well-tolerated, but side effects are frequent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Single- and multiple-dose nisoldipine kinetics and effects in the young, the middle-aged, and the elderly.

Author: van HartenJ, BurggraafJ, LigthartG J, van BrummelenP, BreimerD D

Effective for all ages
Side effects on first day

Nisoldipine, a calcium channel blocker, showed no age-dependent differences in pharmacokinetics and blood pressure lowering effects in healthy subjects. However, reflex tachycardia was less pronounced in elderly subjects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Nisoldipine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders.

Author: FriedelH A, SorkinE M

Effective for angina pectoris
Effective for hypertension
Well tolerated
Dose-related side effects
Flushing
Headache
Oedema

Nisoldipine is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with chronic stable angina pectoris and mild to moderate essential hypertension.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Calcium channel antagonists. Part III: Use and comparative efficacy in hypertension and supraventricular arrhythmias. Minor indications.

Author: OpieL H

Antihypertensive
Raynaud's phenomenon treatment
Tachycardia treatment
Ankle edema
Constipation
Negative inotropy
Vasodilation

Calcium antagonists are effective in treating hypertension by decreasing systemic vascular resistance. They can be used as first-choice therapy for severe hypertension and may have a special role in certain patient groups.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Rapid development of tolerance to the antihypertensive effect of nisoldipine.

Author: RamsayL E, WallerP C

Effective for hypertension
No significant weight gain
Not well tolerated
Tolerance develops rapidly

Nisoldipine lowered blood pressure, but tolerance to its antihypertensive effect developed rapidly.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Ca2+ antagonists and inhibitory effects of dopamine on isolated rabbit ear artery.

Author: ScriabineA, PanM

Parkinsonism

Flunarizine, but not other calcium channel blockers, antagonized the inhibitory effect of dopamine on rabbit ear arteries. This may explain the Parkinsonian side effects associated with flunarizine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

16.

[Nisoldipine in the treatment of essential hypertension. Efficacy and tolerance].

Author: DeegP, WeissK H, SchmitzH

Blood pressure reduction
Side effects

Nisoldilpine was effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with stable essential hypertension. Side effects were rare and dose-dependent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

17.

[Clinical and hemodynamic effects of nisoldipine and captopril in heart failure: a double-blind comparative study of long and short-term effects].

Author: FigullaH R, LuigH, NieschlagF, KreuzerH

Afterload reduction
Heart failure treatment
LVEF improvement

This double-blind study compared the effects of nisoldipine (a calcium antagonist) and captopril (an ACE inhibitor) in patients with heart failure. Nisoldipine showed an initial increase in LVEF, but this effect disappeared after 3 months.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

18.

Controlled double blind trial of nisoldipine in the treatment of idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon.

Author: GjørupT, HartlingO J, KelbaekH, NielsenS L

Raynaud's symptom reduction
Uncommon side effects

Nisoldipine effectively reduced the frequency of attacks in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. The study showed that nisoldipine was a promising treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon, with minimal side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Efficacy and tolerance of nisoldipine VS propranolol in patients with essential hypertension.

Author: ChamiecT, BednarzB, BudajA, KłośJ, PietrzykowskaH, ZaleskaT, CeremuzyńskiL

Reduced blood pressure
Safe and effective
Mild side effects

Nisoldipine was found to be safe and effective in treating mild essential hypertension. It reduced mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure similarly to propranolol with few and mild side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

[Nisoldipine in the therapy of stable exercise angina: evaluation of its efficacy in ergometric tests compared with propranolol].

Author: PetrettaM, MorganoG, ArrichielloP, BreglioR, LanzilloT, MazzaF, BonaduceD

Angina relief
Improved exercise tolerance
Reduced ST-segment depression

Nisoldipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, was found to be as effective as propranolol, a beta-blocker, in improving exercise tolerance and reducing angina symptoms in patients with stable angina.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Italian

22.

Comparative haemodynamic effects of intravenous nisoldipine and hydralazine in congestive heart failure.

Author: HaitasB, MeyerT E, AngelM E, ReefE

Heart failure treatment
Side effects

Nisoldipine and hydralazine both reduce preload and afterload in patients with heart failure, but hydralazine is more effective and may cause side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Effects of nisoldipine on myocardial ischemia during exercise and during daily activity.

Author: TzivoniD, BanaiS, BotvinS, ZilbermanA, WeissT A, GavishA, MedinaA, BenhorinJ, RogelS, CaspiA

Increase exercise time
Reduce ischemic episodes
No significant side effects

Nisoldipine improved exercise parameters and partially suppressed ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease, suggesting its effectiveness as an antiischemic agent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

[Nisoldipine in comparison with long-term nitrates].

Author: EberB, SchumacherM, ZweikerR, PokanR, KleinW

Coronary artery disease treatment

Nisoldipine, a second-generation calcium channel blocker, is a promising treatment for coronary artery disease. It has shown comparable effectiveness to long-acting nitrates with fewer side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

25.

Extracorporeal treatment for calcium channel blocker poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup.

Author: WongAnselm, HoffmanRobert S, WalshSteven J, RobertsDarren M, GosselinSophie, BunchmanTimothy E, KebedeSofia, LavergneValery, GhannoumMarc,

CCB poisoning management
CCB poisoning
morbidity

Extracorporeal treatments (ECTRs) are being investigated as a potential treatment for calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

27.

Similarities and differences between calcium antagonists: pharmacological aspects.

Author: van ZwietenP A, PfaffendorfM

Treats cardiovascular disease
Tachycardia
Vascular side effects

Several new calcium antagonists, primarily dihydropyridines, have been introduced in recent years with longer durations of action, vascular selectivity, and potentially useful extra components like diuretic or anti-atherogenic activity.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

28.

[Comparison of nisoldipine and diltiazem in the treatment of effort angina pectoris].

Author: de CaprioL, SestitoM, PandolfiE, SantamariaF, di PalmaA, LombardiL, VozaA, De RosaM L, CicatielloA M, RengoF

Increased exercise tolerance
Reduced angina frequency

Nisoldipine, like diltiazem, was an effective drug in the treatment of stable effort angina, increasing exercise tolerance and reducing angina frequency and nitrate consumption.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Italian

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