Side Effects of pindolol: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Side Effects of pindolol
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of pindolol: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Side Effects of pindolol: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Pindolol, a beta-blocker, has been shown to have a range of effects, including reducing blood pressure, improving angina symptoms, and potentially enhancing the effects of antidepressants. 17 8

Reasons for Side Effects

Pindolol's side effects are primarily linked to its actions on beta receptors, which are found in various parts of the body including the heart and central nervous system. Blocking these receptors can lead to changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and even affect brain function. 6

Common Side Effects

Drowsiness

Drowsiness is a common side effect of pindolol, likely due to its influence on the central nervous system. 6

Fatigue

Fatigue can be another side effect of pindolol. This may be related to the slowing of heart rate and reduced activity levels. 6

Nightmares

Pindolol may cause nightmares, possibly due to its effects on brain function. 6

Hallucinations

While less common, hallucinations have been reported as a potential side effect of pindolol. 6

Depressive Symptoms

Pindolol may contribute to depressive symptoms, likely due to its central nervous system effects. 6

Decreased Heart Rate

Because pindolol slows down heart rate, this is a predictable effect. 19

Decreased Blood Pressure

Pindolol can lower blood pressure as a consequence of its heart rate-slowing action. 19

Breathing Difficulties

Pindolol can cause breathing difficulties, potentially related to a decrease in heart rate and possibly shallower breathing. 19

Cold Extremities

Pindolol can lead to cold extremities, as it can constrict blood vessels in the extremities, decreasing circulation. 26

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction is another possible side effect of pindolol. It may be related to a decrease in sexual arousal due to beta-receptor blocking. 26

Measures for Side Effects

Drowsiness

Drowsiness can be minimized by adjusting the time of day you take pindolol. Taking it before bedtime may help reduce daytime drowsiness. 6

Fatigue

Fatigue can be addressed by potentially reducing the pindolol dosage. Consult your doctor for adjustments. 6

Nightmares

Nightmares can be lessened by adjusting the timing of pindolol, potentially taking it before bedtime. 6

Hallucinations

If hallucinations occur, stop taking pindolol immediately and seek medical attention. 6

Depressive Symptoms

If depressive symptoms develop, stop taking pindolol immediately and consult your doctor. 6

Decreased Heart Rate

Decreased heart rate may be manageable by reducing the pindolol dosage. Consult your doctor for advice. 19

Decreased Blood Pressure

Decreased blood pressure may be managed by adjusting the pindolol dosage. Consult your doctor for guidance. 19

Breathing Difficulties

If breathing difficulties occur, stop taking pindolol immediately and seek medical attention. 19

Cold Extremities

Cold extremities might be lessened by reducing the pindolol dosage. Consult your doctor for adjustments. 26

Sexual Dysfunction

If sexual dysfunction develops, stop taking pindolol immediately and seek medical attention. 26

Comparison between Studies

Similarities between Studies

Several studies have indicated that pindolol can potentially cause side effects such as drowsiness, fatigue, nightmares, hallucinations, and depressive symptoms. 6 19 26

Differences between Studies

The occurrence and severity of pindolol's side effects vary across studies. This may be due to factors such as the age, gender, health conditions, and pindolol dosage of study participants.

Points to Consider for Practical Application

While pindolol is effective for managing hypertension, angina, and arrhythmia, being aware of its potential side effects is important. Use caution when performing tasks requiring concentration, such as driving or operating machinery. It's generally recommended to take pindolol before bedtime to minimize daytime drowsiness. 6

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of pindolol is still limited, especially concerning long-term side effects. Further research is essential to better understand the potential long-term consequences of pindolol use.

Future Directions for Research

Further research on the side effects of pindolol is needed. This should include studies on long-term side effects and research into the mechanisms by which pindolol causes side effects.

Conclusion

Pindolol is an effective medication for treating hypertension, angina, and arrhythmia, but it's important to be aware of the potential side effects. Drowsiness, fatigue, nightmares, hallucinations, and depressive symptoms can occur while taking pindolol. If you experience any side effects, consult your doctor.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Antianginal effect
Antiarrhythmic effect
1
Antipsychotic efficacy
Drug Development Aid
2
Blood pressure reduction
3
Hypertension treatment
4
Blood pressure reduction
Enhanced beta-blocker effect
5
Treatment of anxiety
6
Hastens clinical response
8
Blood pressure reduction
9
Good blood pressure control
Reduces blood pressure
10
Improve exercise performance
11
Blood pressure control
12
Depression treatment
Memory enhancement
13
Accelerated antidepressant effect
14
Possible appetite control
15
Glaucoma treatment
16
Few side effects
Good response rate
Reduced blood pressure
17
Effective treatment
Low CNS side effects
Well tolerated
18
Angina relief
Improved heart function
19
Hastened antidepressant response
20
ADHD treatment
21
Blood pressure reduction
22
Beta-blockers
Neurocardiogenic syncope treatment
23
Comparable efficacy
Lower blood pressure
24
Delayed ejaculation
Increased intercourse satisfaction
25
Better tolerated than beta-blockers
Controlled blood pressure
26
Risk Keywords
Extrapyramidal Side Effects
2
Asthenia
Edema
Flushing
Headache
3
Dizziness
Leg edema
Tiredness
4
Side effects
5
Depressive moods
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Hallucinations
Lethargy
Nightmares
Sleep disorders
6
Increased waking
Insomnia
Nightmares
Sleep disturbance
Vivid dreams
7
Side effects
9
Few and mild side effects
10
Cough
Edema
12
Co-ordination impairment
Hypoactivity
15
Side effects
16
Dizziness
17
Dreaming
Hallucinations
Nightmares
Sleep disturbances
18
Bradyarrhythmias
Left ventricular failure
19
Hallucinations
Nightmares
Paraesthesias
21
Side effects
23
No significant side effects
24
Side effects
25
Dizziness
26
Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
15
0
0
3
26
2.

The role of in vivo molecular imaging with PET and SPECT in the elucidation of psychiatric drug action and new drug development.

Author: TalbotPeter S, LaruelleMarc

Antipsychotic efficacy
Drug Development Aid
Extrapyramidal Side Effects

PET and SPECT scans are useful for studying how drugs work in the brain. They can help researchers develop new drugs for psychiatric illnesses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

First-step treatment of mild to moderate uncomplicated essential hypertension by a new calcium antagonist: nicardipine.

Author: BelletM, LoriaY, LallemandA

Blood pressure reduction
Asthenia
Edema
Flushing
Headache

Nicardipine is a calcium antagonist used to treat hypertension. This study compared nicardipine and placebo in 15 outpatients with essential hypertension. Nicardipine effectively lowered blood pressure and was superior to placebo in controlling hypertension. Common side effects included flushes, headache, ankle edema, and asthenia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

[Beta receptor block versus calcium antagonism. A comparative study of bopindolol and nifedipine with special regard to quality of life].

Author: WelzelD, BräutigamM

Hypertension treatment
Dizziness
Leg edema
Tiredness

This randomized, double-blind trial compared the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of bopindolol and nifedipine in 203 patients with hypertension. Bopindolol effectively lowered blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner, with most patients requiring 1 mg once daily for optimal control. Nifedipine also effectively lowered blood pressure, but with more side effects, including tiredness, dizziness, and leg edema. Bopindolol was well tolerated with fewer side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

5.

Antihypertensive effect of a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, PN 200-110 (isradipine), combined with pindolol.

Author: HanssonL, DahlofB

Blood pressure reduction
Enhanced beta-blocker effect
Side effects

PN 200-110 (isradipine), a calcium channel blocker, was studied for its ability to enhance the effects of pindolol, a beta-blocker, in hypertensive patients. The combination therapy significantly reduced supine blood pressure, with few side effects reported.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

CNS-related (side-)effects of beta-blockers with special reference to mechanisms of action.

Author: KoellaW P

Treatment of anxiety
Depressive moods
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Hallucinations
Lethargy
Nightmares
Sleep disorders

Beta-blockers have been found to produce behavioral side-effects, including drowsiness, fatigue, lethargy, sleep disorders, nightmares, depressive moods, and hallucinations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

The use of pindolol with fluoxetine in the treatment of major depression: final results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Author: BermanR M, AnandA, CappielloA, MillerH L, HuX S, OrenD A, CharneyD S

Hastens clinical response

Pindolol, a beta-blocker, was initially suggested to hasten clinical response when used concurrently with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

9.

Multicenter evaluation of mepindolol and of mepindolol plus hydrochlorothiazide in essential hypertension.

Author: MasoniA, GalassiA, GinevrinoP, LibrettiA, MorgagniW, RappelliA, TomasiA M

Blood pressure reduction
Side effects

Mepindolol, given in a single oral dose of 5 mg, was effective in treating mild to moderate essential hypertension in 67% of patients. The combination of mepindolol and hydrochlorothiazide resulted in a particularly significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DAP) in 71% of patients. Mepindolol was well tolerated with mild and inconsequential side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Addition of the calcium antagonist PN 200-110 to pindolol markedly augments the antihypertensive effect in essential hypertension.

Author: DahlöfB, AndrénL, EggertsenR, JernS, SvenssonA, SievertA, AurellM, HanssonL

Good blood pressure control
Reduces blood pressure
Few and mild side effects

PN 200-110, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, was found to significantly reduce blood pressure in 20 patients with essential hypertension when added to pindolol. There was no significant increase in heart rate or changes in ionized calcium. Side effects were few and mild.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Comparison of the effects of pindolol and propranolol on exercise performance in patients with angina pectoris.

Author: MagderS, SamiM, RipleyR, LisbonaR

Improve exercise performance

This study compared the effects of pindolol and propranolol on exercise performance in patients with angina. Both drugs allowed patients to exercise for the same duration, but pindolol had a greater effect on heart rate and oxygen consumption at lower exercise levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Efficacy and safety of various combination therapies based on a calcium antagonist in essential hypertension: results of a placebo-controlled randomized trial.

Author: LüscherT F, WaeberB

Blood pressure control
Cough
Edema

Combination therapies, including beta-blockers, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors, effectively controlled blood pressure in hypertensive patients who did not respond to monotherapy with the calcium antagonist isradipine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

How long should pindolol be associated with paroxetine to improve the antidepressant response?

Author: ZanardiR, ArtigasF, FranchiniL, SforziniL, GasperiniM, SmeraldiE, PerezJ

Accelerated antidepressant effect

Pindolol was found to accelerate the antidepressant effect of paroxetine in 63 untreated major depressive inpatients. Patients treated with pindolol for the entire study period showed a significantly greater response rate (p = 0.05). Metoprolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist devoid of significant affinity for 5-HT1A receptors, did not demonstrate the same efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Response rate with respect to the blood pressure-lowering effect of the vasodilating and beta-blocking agent carvedilol.

Author: RittinghausenR

Few side effects
Good response rate
Reduced blood pressure
Dizziness

Carvedilol was effective in treating hypertension. 25mg carvedilol was the optimal dose with few side effects. The response rate was about 84% for all doses.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Beta-blockers and central nervous system side effects.

Author: McAinshJ, CruickshankJ M

Effective treatment
Low CNS side effects
Well tolerated
Dreaming
Hallucinations
Nightmares
Sleep disturbances

The incidence of CNS side effects is lowest with hydrophilic atenolol and generally highest with pindolol and propranolol.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Effect of pindolol in hastening response to fluoxetine in the treatment of major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Author: BermanR M, DarnellA M, MillerH L, AnandA, CharneyD S

Hastened antidepressant response

Pindolol was not effective in hastening response to fluoxetine in depressed patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

21.

Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects.

Author: BuitelaarJ K, van der GaagR J, Swaab-BarneveldH, KuiperM

ADHD treatment
Hallucinations
Nightmares
Paraesthesias

This study compared the efficacy and side effects of pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Pindolol was modestly effective but had troubling side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Antihypertensive efficacy and side effects of three beta-blockers and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives: a report from the STOP-Hypertension study.

Author: EkbomT, DahlöfB, HanssonL, LindholmL H, SchersténB, WesterP O

Blood pressure reduction

Metoprolol, atenolol, pindolol and hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride were equally effective in reducing diastolic blood pressure, but the diuretic was more effective in reducing systolic blood pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

[Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of bopindolol and metoprolol in the treatment of arterial hypertension].

Author: BagatinJ, KuzmanićA, RumboldtZ, MirićD, NarancaM, ObadM, PivacN, PolićS, RakićD

Comparable efficacy
Lower blood pressure
No significant side effects

Bopindolol and metoprolol are beta-adrenergic blockaders of comparable antihypertensive efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Croatian

25.

Once-daily high-dose pindolol for paroxetine-refractory premature ejaculation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study.

Author: SafarinejadMohammad Reza

Delayed ejaculation
Increased intercourse satisfaction
Side effects

Pindolol 7.5 mg/d was an effective augmentation strategy in paroxetine-refractory patients with premature ejaculation, increasing intravaginal ejaculatory latency time and mean weekly coitus episodes. The incidence of side effects was significantly higher with paroxetine-pindolol.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Retracted PublicationCases where a publication has been formally withdrawn due to the discovery of serious errors or misconduct.

Language : English

26.

Comparative tolerability of labetalol versus propranolol, atenolol, pindolol, metoprolol, and nadolol.

Author: BurrisJ F, GoldsteinJ, ZagerP G, SuttonJ M, SirgoM A, PlachetkaJ R

Better tolerated than beta-blockers
Controlled blood pressure
Dizziness

Labetalol was found to be well-tolerated in patients with hypertension who had previously experienced side effects from beta-blocker therapy. 88% of patients preferred labetalol to their previous beta-blocker therapy, with the most common new side effect being dizziness in 3 patients. Labetalol controlled blood pressure in 88% of patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.