Effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been routinely used in the United States for the past 5 years. 25 Previous cost-effectiveness analyses in the US have not taken into account the effects of the vaccine on unvaccinated individuals. 25 PCV prevents nasopharyngeal carriage in vaccinated individuals, reducing transmission and providing protection against pneumococcal vaccine serotypes in unvaccinated individuals. 15 PCV has been shown to reduce not only vaccine-targeted serotypes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) but also IPD, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, and other respiratory infections in unvaccinated individuals. 10 , 7 , 11 While PCV introduction has significantly reduced IPD caused by vaccine-targeted serotypes, an increase in IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes, known as serotype replacement, has been observed. 12 However, PCV has contributed to an overall reduction in IPD exceeding serotype replacement, due to the indirect effect of reducing vaccine-targeted serotype IPD. 22 The effectiveness of PCV may vary depending on age group, region, and vaccination schedule. 27 , 17 , 4 Furthermore, PCV has been suggested to impact the prevalence of other bacteria in the nasopharynx. 24 , PCV may also enhance antibody production in infants and reduce the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. 18 , Probiotic supplementation may improve the immune response to PCV in HIV-infected individuals. 29 PCV introduction has been reported to reduce the rate of penicillin resistance in pneumococci. 30 While PCV is effective in preventing infectious diseases, there are aspects that require attention, such as serotype replacement and changes in penicillin resistance. 12 , 30 」

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

PCV has been shown to reduce not only vaccine-targeted serotypes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) but also IPD, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, and other respiratory infections in unvaccinated individuals. 10 , 7 , 11 PCV may also enhance antibody production in infants and reduce the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. 18 , Probiotic supplementation may improve the immune response to PCV in HIV-infected individuals. 29 PCV introduction has been reported to reduce the rate of penicillin resistance in pneumococci. 30 」

Risk Summary

While PCV introduction has significantly reduced IPD caused by vaccine-targeted serotypes, an increase in IPD caused by non-vaccine serotypes, known as serotype replacement, has been observed. 12 PCV has also been suggested to impact the prevalence of other bacteria in the nasopharynx. 24 , 」

Comparison Across Studies

Similarities Across Studies

Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of PCV in significantly reducing IPD caused by vaccine-targeted serotypes. 22 , 21 , 19 , 26 , 13 Moreover, PCV has shown indirect protective effects on unvaccinated individuals. 22 , 7 , 11 Additionally, the potential for PCV to influence the prevalence of pneumococci in the nasopharynx has been highlighted. 1 , 2 , 5 , 14 」

Differences Across Studies

The effectiveness of PCV can vary depending on factors such as vaccine type, vaccination schedule, target age group, and geographic location. 15 , 12 , 27 , 17 , 4 Additionally, the frequency and severity of serotype replacement may differ across regions. 22 , 19 」

Consistency and Contradictions in Findings

Numerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of PCV in reducing IPD caused by vaccine-targeted serotypes. 22 , 21 , 19 , 26 , 13 However, challenges associated with PCV implementation, such as serotype replacement and changes in penicillin resistance, have been identified. 12 , 30 Further research is required to address these challenges. 26 」

Implications for Real-World Application

PCV is an effective vaccine for preventing infectious diseases in infants and young children. 22 , 26 However, it is important to be aware of the challenges associated with PCV implementation, such as serotype replacement and changes in penicillin resistance. 12 , 30 When considering PCV vaccination, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional and stay informed about the latest recommendations. 26 」

Limitations of Current Research

Much of the research on PCV has focused on specific regions or age groups. 17 , 5 , 3 , 6 Therefore, generalizing these findings to other regions or age groups requires caution. 26 Furthermore, research on the impact of PCV on other bacterial prevalence and allergic rhinitis remains insufficient. 24 , , 」

Future Research Directions

Further research is necessary to elucidate the long-term effects of PCV and to develop strategies to address serotype replacement and changes in penicillin resistance. 12 , 30 , 26 Research is also needed to determine the impact of PCV on other bacterial prevalence and allergic rhinitis. 24 , , 」

Conclusion

PCV is an effective vaccine for preventing infectious diseases in infants and young children and is being implemented globally. 22 , 26 PCV has been shown to significantly reduce IPD caused by vaccine-targeted serotypes. 22 , 21 , 19 , 26 , 13 However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges associated with PCV implementation, such as serotype replacement and changes in penicillin resistance. 12 , 30 When considering PCV vaccination, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional and stay informed about the latest recommendations. 26 」

Literature analysis of 30 papers
Positive Content
28
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
0
Article Type
10
5
6
6
30
1.

Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization among immunized and unimmunized children in a community-randomized trial.

Author: O'BrienKatherine L, MillarEugene V, ZellElizabeth R, BronsdonMelinda, WeatherholtzRobert, ReidRaymond, BecentiJocelyn, KvammeSheri, WhitneyCynthia G, SantoshamMathuram

Reduces VT colonization
Increases NVT colonization

This study found that PnCRM7 reduced the risk of VT acquisition and colonization density but increased the risk of NVT acquisition among vaccinees and their household contacts.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

2.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian children who participated in a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine trial and in their younger siblings.

Author: CheungYin-Bun, ZamanSyed M A, NsekpongEkpedeme David, Van BenedenChris A, AdegbolaRichard A, GreenwoodBrian, CuttsFelicity T

Antibiotic resistance reduction
Pneumococcal carriage reduction

The 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-9) significantly reduced the carriage of vaccine serotypes in Gambian children for at least 16 months postvaccination. PCV-9 had no indirect effect on carriage in younger siblings and had a limited impact on antibiotic resistance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Effect of reduced-dose schedules with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in children: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: van GilsElske J M, VeenhovenReinier H, HakEelko, RodenburgGerwin D, BogaertDebby, IjzermanEd P F, BruinJacob P, van AlphenLoek, SandersElisabeth A M

Reduced pneumococcal carriage
None reported

A 2 + 1-dose and 2-dose schedule of PCV-7 resulted in significant reductions of vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage in the second year of life compared with no pneumococcal vaccination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Comparing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedules based on 3 and 2 primary doses: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: ScottPippa, RutjesAnne W S, BermetzLilian, RobertNadège, ScottSusana, LourençoTania, EggerMatthias, LowNicola

High seropositivity
S. pneumoniae carriage reduction
Clinical relevance unknown

Both 3-dose and 2-dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules resulted in high levels of seropositivity, with small differences favoring the 3-dose schedule. However, clinical outcome data from randomized controlled trials with direct comparisons of different PCV schedules is lacking.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

5.

Effects of community-wide vaccination with PCV-7 on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in the Gambia: a cluster-randomized trial.

Author: RocaAnna, HillPhilip C, TownendJohn, EgereUzo, AntonioMartin, BojangAbdoulie, AkisanyaAbiodun, LitchfieldTeresa, NsekpongDavid E, OluwalanaClaire, HowieStephen R C, GreenwoodBrian, AdegbolaRichard A

Pneumococcal disease prevention
Serotype replacement

PCV-7 vaccination was found to have an impact on pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia, suggesting the potential for serotype replacement.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in young children: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: van den BerghMenno R, SpijkermanJudith, SwinnenKristien M, FrançoisNancy A, PascalThierry G, BorysDorota, SchuermanLode, IjzermanEd P F, BruinJacob P, van der EndeArie, VeenhovenReinier H, SandersElisabeth A M

The 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) did not show a significant effect on nasopharyngeal NTHi colonization or H. influenzae density in healthy Dutch children up to 2 years of age.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on nasopharyngeal carriage and invasive disease among unvaccinated people: review of evidence on indirect effects.

Author: DavisStephanie M, Deloria-KnollMaria, KassaHilina T, O'BrienKatherine L

Reduced pneumococcal disease

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have a dramatic impact on rates of vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in both vaccinated and unvaccinated populations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

Systematic review of the indirect effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dosing schedules on pneumococcal disease and colonization.

Author: LooJennifer D, ConklinLaura, Fleming-DutraKatherine E, KnollMaria Deloria, ParkDaniel E, KirkJennifer, GoldblattDavid, O'BrienKatherine L, WhitneyCynthia G

PCV indirect benefit for older groups

This systematic review found that a 3+1 infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) dosing schedule has been shown to have indirect benefits for vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (VT-IPD), vaccine-type nasopharyngeal carriage (VT-NP) and syndromic pneumonia, while 2+1 and 3+0 schedules have only demonstrated indirect effect for VT-IPD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

Effects of Vaccination with 10-Valent Pneumococcal Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenza Protein D Conjugate Vaccine (PHiD-CV) on the Nasopharyngeal Microbiome of Kenyan Toddlers.

Author: FeazelLeah M, SantoricoStephanie A, RobertsonCharles E, BashraheilMahfudh, ScottJ Anthony G, FrankDaniel N, HammittLaura L

Pneumococcal vaccine

The nasopharyngeal microbiome (the community of microorganisms found in the nasal cavity) of children was studied to evaluate the impact of a pneumococcal vaccine on the overall bacterial diversity in the nasal cavity.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

The Clinical Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Author: EwaldHannah, BrielMatthias, VuichardDanielle, KreutleVeronika, ZhydkovAndriy, GloyViktoria

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of death worldwide. This review highlights the need for updated evidence on the effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on infectious diseases and mortality in various populations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

Indirect effects of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: ShiriTinevimbo, DattaSamik, MadanJason, TsertsvadzeAlexander, RoylePamela, KeelingMatt J, McCarthyNoel D, PetrouStavros

Reduced invasive pneumococcal disease

This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the magnitude and timing of indirect effects of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on invasive pneumococcal disease in unvaccinated populations. The study found that population childhood PCV programmes will lead, on average, to substantial protection across the whole population within a decade.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in children in the post-PCV era: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: BalsellsEvelyn, GuillotLaurence, NairHarish, KyawMoe H

Invasive pneumococcal disease reduction
Serotype replacement

This study examines the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes in children after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7/10/13) to identify leading serotypes associated with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). PCV7/10/13 significantly reduced IPD due to vaccine serotypes, but there has been an increase in IPD due to non-vaccine types.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

13.

Direct and Indirect Effectiveness of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Against Carriage in a Cluster Randomized Trial.

Author: PalmuArto A, ToropainenMaija, KaijalainenTarja, SiiraLotta, LahdenkariMika, NieminenHeta, SyrjänenRitva K, KilpiTerhi M, JokinenJukka

Pneumococcal carriage reduction

This study investigated the direct and indirect effectiveness of a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) in preventing pneumococcal carriage in children. The study found that PHiD-CV10 reduced vaccine-type carriage in both vaccinated children and their unvaccinated siblings. This is the first randomized trial to show the indirect effect of extended-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on carriage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

The Impact of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Carriage in the Community Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA) Study.

Author: van DeursenAnna M M, van HoutenMarlies A, WebberChris, PattonMichael, ScottDaniel, PattersonScott, JiangQin, GruberWilliam C, Schmoele-ThomaBeate, GrobbeeDiederick E, BontenMarc J M, SandersElisabeth A M

Pneumococcal protection

This study investigated the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage in older adults. The effects of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were examined in a randomized controlled trial.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

The impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on serotype 19A nasopharyngeal carriage.

Author: Tin Tin HtarMyint, SingsHeather L, SyrochkinaMaria, TaysiBulent, HiltonBetsy, SchmittHeinz-Josef, GessnerBradford D, JodarLuis

Pneumococcal carriage prevention
Protection against vaccine serotypes

This systematic review assesses the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) containing serotype 19A or cross-reactive 19F on 19A carriage. It finds that PCV13 is more effective in reducing 19A carriage than PCV7 or PCV10, suggesting its importance in areas with high serotype 19A transmission.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

16.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedules in infants-acquisition, immunogenicity, and pneumococcal conjugate and yellow fever vaccine co-administration study.

Author: MackenzieGrant A, OseiIsaac, SalaudeenRasheed, SeckaOusman, D'AlessandroUmberto, ClarkeEd, Schmidt-ChanasitJonas, LicciardiPaul V, NguyenCattram, GreenwoodBrian, MulhollandKim

Pneumococcal disease prevention

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are effective in preventing pneumococcal disease, but their high cost limits their global impact. This study designed a large cluster-randomized field trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a reduced dose schedule of PCV compared to the standard schedule. The trial aims to assess the impact of the different schedules on immunogenicity, carriage acquisition, and co-administration with yellow fever vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Combined effects of antenatal receipt of influenza vaccine by mothers and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine receipt by infants: results from a randomized, blinded, controlled trial.

Author: OmerSaad B, ZamanKhalequ, RoyEliza, ArifeenShams E, RaqibRubhana, NooryLaila, SeibKatherine, BreimanRobert F, SteinhoffMark C

Febrile respiratory illness reduction
Respiratory illness reduction

A 2 × 2 factorial trial found that influenza vaccination of mothers plus pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of infants resulted in higher efficacy against respiratory illness compared to either vaccine alone, particularly during influenza circulation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

19.

Effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 2 years after its introduction, the Netherlands.

Author: RodenburgGerwin D, de GreeffSabine C, JansenAngelique G C S, de MelkerHester E, SchoulsLeo M, HakEelko, SpanjaardLodewijk, SandersElisabeth A M, van der EndeArie

Pneumococcal disease prevention
Non-vaccine serotype disease increase

This study assesses the effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) in the Netherlands. The vaccine offered high protection against vaccine-serotype invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in vaccinated children, but increases in non-vaccine-serotype IPD reduced the net vaccine benefit.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Effects of routine infant vaccination with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization with streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Calgary, Canada.

Author: KellnerJames D, ScheifeleDavid, VanderkooiOtto G, MacdonaldJudy, ChurchDeirdre L, TyrrellGregory J

Decreased PCV7 serotypes
Increased non-PCV7 serotypes

Routine 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) vaccination has led to significant changes in the predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes found in nasopharyngeal colonization in both vaccinated and unvaccinated children.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Effects of misclassification of causes of death on the power of a trial to assess the efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in The Gambia.

Author: JaffarShabbar, LeachAmanda, SmithPeter G, CuttsFelicity, GreenwoodBrian

Reduce cause-specific mortality
Poor sensitivity and specificity

This study highlights the challenges of accurately assessing causes of death in developing countries, particularly outside hospital settings. It examines the impact of misclassification on the power of a large trial of a pneumococcal vaccine with a mortality endpoint.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Long-term effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.

Author: SpijkermanJudith, PrevaesSabine M P J, van GilsElske J M, VeenhovenReinier H, BruinJacob P, BogaertDebby, Wijmenga-MonsuurAlienke J, van den DobbelsteenGermie P J M, SandersElisabeth A M

Pneumococcal vaccine efficacy
Increased H. influenzae prevalence
Increased S. aureus prevalence

After the introduction of PCV-7, persistently higher nasopharyngeal prevalence rates of S. aureus and H. influenzae were observed among young children and their parents. These findings may have implications for disease incidence and antibiotic treatment in the post-PCV era.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: evidence from the first 5 years of use in the United States incorporating herd effects.

Author: RayG Thomas, WhitneyCynthia G, FiremanBruce H, CiurylaVincent, BlackSteven B

Reduced IPD cases

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was more cost-effective than previously estimated after incorporating the effect of the vaccine in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease in nonvaccinated individuals.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine herd effects on non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in elderly.

Author: van WerkhovenCornelis H, HollingsworthRosalind C, HuijtsSusanne M, BolkenbaasMarieke, WebberChris, PattersonScott, SandersElisabeth A M, BontenMarc J M

Herd protection

Infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccination protects against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) but not against non-IPD pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (PCAP) in adults aged 65 years and older.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Comparison of antiallergic effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in a murine model of allergic rhinitis.

Author: KimBoo-Young, ShinJi-Hyeon, ParkHyang Rim, KimSung Won, KimSoo Whan

Allergic rhinitis treatment
Unknown mechanism

Both pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PV) and pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine (PCV) were effective in suppressing the allergen-specific T helper 2 response and inducing regulatory T cells in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. The vaccines may activate Treg cells via different mechanisms.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

29.

Effects of Probiotic Mixture Supplementation on the Immune Response to the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in People Living with HIV.

Author: RealeMarcella, UcciferriClaudio, CostantiniErica, Di NicolaMarta, PorrecaAnnamaria, Di GiovanniPamela, PontolilloMichela, AuricchioAntonio, VecchietJacopo, FalascaKatia

Improved immune response

This study evaluated the effect of probiotic supplementation (Vivomixx) on the immune response to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in adults living with HIV. The study aimed to assess whether probiotics could act as adjuvants and improve vaccine immunogenicity by modulating gut microbiota.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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