Side Effects of rabies vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main research findings

Studies on rabies vaccines have investigated various vaccines and their administration methods for safety and efficacy. These studies have reported and analyzed various adverse effects to confirm the safety of rabies vaccines. The incidence and types of adverse events have been shown to vary depending on the type of vaccine and the method of administration. 4

Reasons for side effects

Side effects of rabies vaccines are thought to be caused by immune responses to the vaccine components or by the method of administration. The susceptibility to side effects also varies depending on the individual's constitution and health condition.

Common side effects

Pain at the injection site

Many studies have reported pain at the injection site as the most common side effect. 19 , 9 , 25 , 15 , 14 , 11 , 20 These studies have confirmed that pain at the injection site is mild to moderate and resolves within a short period of time.

Fever

Fever has also been reported as a common side effect. 19 , 25 , 15 , 14 , 11 Fever usually subsides within a short period of time and is mild. However, if you develop a high fever or if it persists, you should consult a doctor.

Rash

Rash has also been reported. 19 , 25 , 15 , 14 , 11 Rash usually subsides within a short period of time and is mild. However, if it worsens or persists, you should consult a doctor.

Fatigue

Fatigue has also been reported. 19 Fatigue usually subsides within a short period of time and is mild. However, if it persists, you should consult a doctor.

Muscle aches

Muscle aches have also been reported. 19 Muscle aches usually subside within a short period of time and are mild. However, if they persist, you should consult a doctor.

Allergic reactions

In rare cases, allergic reactions may occur. 19 , , 10 Allergic reactions can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty breathing, hives, and swelling of the face and lips. If you suspect an allergic reaction, you should consult a doctor immediately.

Measures to take for side effects

Pain at the injection site

You can try cooling, warming, or massaging the injection site to relieve pain. If the pain is severe, you can also take pain relievers.

Fever

If you have a fever, it is important to drink plenty of fluids and rest. You can also take antipyretics if your fever does not go down.

Rash

If you have a rash, avoid scratching and try to cool it down. If the rash is severe, consult a doctor.

Fatigue

If you are fatigued, get plenty of rest and avoid overexertion. If fatigue persists, consult a doctor.

Muscle aches

If you have muscle aches, try warming, stretching, etc. If the pain is severe, you can also take pain relievers.

Allergic reactions

If you suspect an allergic reaction, consult a doctor immediately. Antihistamines and other medications may be given as needed.

Comparison between studies

Commonalities of studies

Many studies have confirmed that rabies vaccines are safe and effective. Common side effects include pain at the injection site, fever, rash, fatigue, and muscle aches.

Differences between studies

Studies have shown that the incidence and types of side effects vary. This is thought to be influenced by factors such as the type of vaccine, the method of administration, the age of the subject, and their health condition. For example, showed that purified rabies vaccines are less likely to cause allergic reactions than conventional rabies vaccines. Also, 21 showed that intradermal administration is less likely to cause side effects and is more effective than conventional intramuscular administration.

Precautions for real-life applications

Rabies vaccines can significantly reduce the risk of rabies. However, vaccines are not effective for everyone, and there is always a chance of side effects. It is important to consult with your doctor before receiving a rabies vaccine and make an informed decision based on your constitution and health condition.

Limitations of current research

Research on the safety and effectiveness of rabies vaccines is still insufficient. In particular, long-term side effects and effects on specific populations are not yet fully understood.

Future research directions

Long-term follow-up studies and research on various populations are needed to better understand the safety and effectiveness of rabies vaccines. It is also important to elucidate the mechanisms of side effects and to advance the development of safer vaccines.

Conclusion

Rabies vaccines are a very effective way to prevent rabies. However, there is always a chance of side effects. It is important to consult with your doctor before receiving a rabies vaccine and make an informed decision based on your constitution and health condition. In addition, research on the safety and effectiveness of rabies vaccines should continue.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
0
Article Type
10
1
1
1
25
1.

Does dexamethasone induce more neuropsychological side effects than prednisone in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia? A systematic review.

Author: WarrisL T, van den Heuvel-EibrinkM M, den HoedM A H, AarsenF K, PietersR, van den AkkerE L T

ALL treatment
Neuropsychological side effects

Dexamethasone and prednisone are commonly used steroids for treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This review found no clinically significant differences between the two drugs on cognitive, mood, or behavioral outcomes. This suggests that both drugs may be safe in terms of neuropsychological side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

2.

Human diploid cell rabies vaccine purified by zonal centrifugation: a controlled study of antibody response and side effects following primary and booster pre-exposure immunizations.

Author: FishbeinD B, DreesenD W, HolmesD F, PacerR E, LeyA B, YagerP A, SumnerJ W, Reid-SandenF L, SanderlinD W, TongT C

Rabies antibody production
Allergic reactions

A purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) was found to be preferable to conventional HDCV for booster vaccination. It was equally immunogenic but caused fewer adverse reactions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Safety of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine manufactured in Pakistan: a comparative analysis of intradermal and intramuscular routes.

Author: AliWaqar, Ismail TajikMohammad, AliIftikhar, GulAlia, KhanJehan Zeb

Cost-effective
Dosing
Time

The study investigated the safety of rabies vaccines administered via intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) routes. While both routes were safe, the ID route showed advantages in terms of cost, dosing, and time.

Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

A phase II randomized study to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the novel PIKA rabies vaccine containing the PIKA adjuvant using an accelerated regimen.

Author: KalimuddinShirin, WijayaLimin, ChanYvonne F Z, WongAbigail W L, OhHelen M L, WangLin-Fa, KassimJulaihabee A, ZhaoJing, ShiZhongkai, LowJenny G

Accelerated rabies vaccination
Not specified

This study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of an accelerated regimen of the PIKA Rabies vaccine in healthy adults. The accelerated regimen was well-tolerated and demonstrated non-inferior immunogenicity compared to the classic regimen using the commercially available vaccine. 57.6% of subjects in the PIKA vaccine group achieved the target RVNA titer of ≥0.5 IU/mL by Day 7, compared with 43.8% of subjects in the control-classic group.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial.

Author: AlbererMartin, Gnad-VogtUlrike, HongHenoch Sangjoon, MehrKeyvan Tadjalli, BackertLinus, FinakGreg, GottardoRaphael, BicaMihai Alexandru, GarofanoAurelio, KochSven Dominik, Fotin-MleczekMariola, HoerrIngmar, ClemensRalf, von SonnenburgFrank

Boostable immune response
Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies
Safe and tolerable
Injection site reactions
Serious adverse reaction
Systemic adverse events

This first-in-human proof-of-concept clinical trial investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a prophylactic mRNA-based vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein (CV7201). The vaccine induced boostable functional antibodies against the viral antigen when administered with a needle-free device, but not when injected by a needle-syringe. The vaccine was generally safe with a reasonable tolerability profile.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

A single center, open label study of intradermal administration of an inactivated purified chick embryo cell culture rabies virus vaccine in adults.

Author: RecuencoSergio, WarnockEli, OsinubiModupe O V, RupprechtCharles E

Effective rabies vaccination
More efficient use of RV
Reduced vaccine volume
Safe rabies vaccination
Erythema
Induration
Tenderness

A clinical trial was conducted to compare the immunogenic and adverse effects of a purified chicken embryo cell (PCEC) rabies vaccine (RV) administered intradermally (ID) or intramuscularly (IM). The study found that the ID route of administration was safe and immunogenic, with a similar rate of increase in rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers as the IM route.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

[Adverse reaction caused by rabies vaccine in China: a Meta-analysis].

Author: ZhangX R, WuZ G, ZhangW S

Rabies prevention
Local reactions
Systemic reactions

This meta-analysis reviewed 29 studies on rabies vaccine adverse reactions in China. The overall adverse reaction rate was 9.82%, with local reactions more common than systemic reactions. Aqueous vaccine had a significantly higher adverse reaction rate than freeze-dried vaccine, suggesting the need to gradually eliminate aqueous vaccines.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : Chinese

11.

Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of the purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine manufactured in India and Germany: A randomized, single blind, multicentre, phase IV clinical study.

Author: SampathGadey, BanzhoffAngelika, DeshpandeAlaka, MalerczykClaudius, AroraAshwani Kumar, VakilHoshang, PreissScott

Immune response
Rabies vaccination
Adverse events

This study compares the immunogenicity and safety of India-manufactured purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV-I) with a German-manufactured batch (PCECV-G). All batches induced comparable immune responses and safety profiles when administered according to a 5-dose schedule. The study confirms the effectiveness and safety of the Indian-manufactured PCECV.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

[Technical guideline for human rabies prevention and control (2016)].

Author: ZhouH, LiY, ChenR F, TaoX Y, YuP C, CaoS C, LiL, ChenZ H, ZhuW Y, YinW W, LiY H, WangC L, YuH J,

Reduced rabies deaths

The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has published new technical guidelines for human rabies prevention and control. The guidelines cover the etiology, clinical characteristics, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology of rabies, as well as the varieties, mechanisms, effects, side-effects and security of rabies vaccine, and methods related to prevention and disposition of exposure.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

13.

Comparative study on the immunogenicity and safety of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV) administered according to two different simulated post exposure intramuscular regimens (Zagreb versus Essen).

Author: MahendraB J, NarayanaDh Ashwath, AgarkhedkarSharad, RavishH S, HarishB R, AgarkhedkarShalaka, MadhusudanaS N, BelludiAshwin, AhmedKhaleel, JonnalageddaRekha, VakilHoshang, BhusalChiranjiwi, AroraAshwani Kumar

Equal immunogenicity and safety
Shorter rabies PEP regimen

This study compared the effectiveness of two rabies vaccination regimens, the Essen regimen and the Zagreb regimen, in healthy adults in India. Both regimens provided comparable protection against rabies, but the Zagreb regimen required fewer doses and clinic visits, which could improve compliance.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Immunogenicity and safety of purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine under Zagreb 2-1-1 or 5-dose Essen regimen in Chinese children 6 to 17 years old and adults over 50 years: a randomized open-label study.

Author: LiRongCheng, LiYanPing, WenShuQing, WenHuiChun, NongYi, MoZhaojun, XieFang, PellegriniMichele

Non-inferiority of immune responses
Safety of PCECV

This study compared the effectiveness and safety of two rabies vaccination regimens, the Zagreb regimen and the Essen regimen, in Chinese children and adults. Both regimens provided comparable protection against rabies, but the Zagreb regimen required fewer doses and clinic visits.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Safety and Immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (VaxiRab N) administered intradermally as post exposure prophylaxis.

Author: RavishHardanahalli S, VijayashankarVeena, MadhusudanaShampur N, SudarshanMysore K, NarayanaDoddabele Ha, AndanaiahGangaboraiah, AshwinBelludi Y, RachanaAnnadani R, ShamannaManjula

Rabies prevention

A study compared the safety and immunogenicity of an indigenously developed rabies vaccine (VaxiRab N) to a WHO-recommended vaccine (Rabipur) when administered intradermally. Both vaccines demonstrated similar safety and efficacy, supporting the use of VaxiRab N for post-exposure prophylaxis in countries with financial constraints.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

16.

Safety and immunogenicity of chromatographically purified Vero cell rabies vaccine for intradermal pre- and post-exposure rabies prophylaxis.

Author: TantawichienTerapong, SibunruangSuda, TantawichienThanphet, AngsanakulJaruboot, BenjavongkulchaiManeerat, LimsuwanKornvika, UdomchaisakulPiyada, KhomvilaiSumana, SitprijaVisith

Safe and immunogenic
No serious adverse events

CPRV is safe and immunogenic when given for intradermal PrEP and PEP.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

A next-generation, serum-free, highly purified Vero cell rabies vaccine is safe and as immunogenic as the reference vaccine Verorab® when administered according to a post-exposure regimen in healthy children and adults in China.

Author: LiRongcheng, HuangLirong, LiJia, MoZhaojun, HeBin, WangYunpeng, WuXiaohong, MinutelloMaria, Guinet-MorlotFrançoise, PichonSylvie

Sanofi Pasteur has developed a next-generation, serum-free, highly purified Vero rabies vaccine (PVRV-NG) as an evolution of its current rabies vaccine Verorab®. This Phase III clinical trial aimed to demonstrate the non-inferiority of PVRV-NG over Verorab when administered according to a post-exposure regimen.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Safety and immunogenicity study of a new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine Vaxirab-N (Pitman-Moore strain) manufactured in India.

Author: Ashwath NarayanaDoddabele Hanumanthaiah, MadhusudanaShampur Narayana, SampathGadey, TripathyRadhe Madhab, SudarshanMysore Kalappa, Gangaboraiah, RavishHaradanahalli Shankaraiah, SatapathyDurga Madhab, GowdaGiriyanna, HollaRamesh, AshwinBelludi Yajman, PadhiAsutosh, ManjulaShamanna, PatelPradip Maganlal

Rabies prophylaxis
Mild to moderate adverse events

This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of Vaxirab-N, a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine, in healthy adults. The vaccine was found to be safe and immunogenic, with mild to moderate adverse events observed. The study recommends Vaxirab-N for rabies prophylaxis via both intramuscular and intradermal routes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Safety of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis during pregnancy: a follow-up study from Guangzhou, China.

Author: HuangGuihua, LiuHuazhang, CaoQing, LiuBeiyan, PanHuai, FuChuanxi

Fetal development
Rabies PEP safety

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies using the Essen vaccination regimen was safe for pregnant women and did not interfere with fetal or infant development.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Rabies neutralizing antibody after 2 intradermal doses on days 0 and 21 for pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Author: WongsarojPatarapha, UdomchaisakulPiyada, TepsumethanonSaowaluck, KhawplodPakamatz, TantawichienTerapong

Rabies prophylaxis

A two-visit intradermal pre-exposure regimen for rabies prophylaxis with 0.1 ml of cell-culture rabies vaccine is safe and immunogenic as the conventional intramuscular regimen. Both regimens resulted in rabies neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers ≥0.5 IU/ml on day 35. Mild local adverse events were observed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Evaluation of a one week intradermal regimen for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: results of a randomized, open label, active-controlled trial in healthy adult volunteers in India.

Author: SudarshanMysore Kalappa, NarayanaDoddabele Hanumanthaiah Ashwath, MadhusudanaShampur Narayan, HollaRamesh, AshwinBelludi Yajaman, GangaboraiahBilagumba, RavishHaradanahalli S

Immunogenic rabies prophylaxis
Safe rabies prophylaxis

A new one-week intradermal regimen for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis was found to be immunogenic and safe for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Bacillus atrophaeus inactivated spores as a potential adjuvant for veterinary rabies vaccine.

Author: Oliveira-NascimentoL, CaricatiA T P, Abdulack-LopesF, NevesL C M, CaricatiC P, PennaT C V, StephanoM A

Rabies prevention

This study explored the use of Bacillus atrophaeus inactivated spores (BAIS) as an alternative adjuvant for rabies vaccines. BAIS was as effective as saponin, a commercial adjuvant, in boosting antibody titers, and a combination of both adjuvants doubled the titers. The study suggests that BAIS is a viable alternative to commercial adjuvants, with the combined adjuvant formulation showing good stability.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Persistence of rabies antibody 5 years after postexposure prophylaxis with vero cell antirabies vaccine and antibody response to a single booster dose.

Author: ZhangXiaowei, ZhuZhenggang, WangChuanlin

Good neutralizing antibody response
High efficacy
Limited side effects

This study investigated the antibody response to a Vero cell antirabies vaccine, the persistence of antibody for 5 years, and the effect of a booster dose after this interval. The ChengDa rabies vaccine showed high efficacy with limited side effects, ensuring that the exposed patient will be on the safe side of the risk of rabies by the 14th day. A booster dose 5 years later was effective in inducing a good neutralizing antibody response.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Immunogenicity and safety study of Indirab: a Vero cell based chromatographically purified human rabies vaccine.

Author: SampathGadey, MadhusudanaShampur Narayan, SudarshanMysore Kalappa, AshwathnarayanaDoddabele Hanumanthaiah, MahendraBangalore Jayakrishna, UllasThankappan P, MohanKrishna, MadhusudhanSanthosh Kumar, RavishHaradanahalli Shankariah

Rabies prevention
Side effects

This study compared the safety and immunogenicity of a chromatographically purified Vero cell rabies vaccine, Indirab, to a reference vaccine, Verorab. Both vaccines were found to be safe and immunogenic, regardless of the route of administration.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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