Side Effects of stavudine: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Stavudine is an antiretroviral drug that has been used to treat HIV. It is known to cause a variety of side effects, including neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and mitochondrial toxicity. These side effects can be serious and may lead to other health problems. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Reason for Side Effects

Stavudine’s side effects are likely caused by its toxicity to mitochondria. Mitochondria are essential for energy production in cells, and stavudine can disrupt their function. This can lead to a variety of problems, including neuropathy and lipodystrophy. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Common Side Effects

Neuropathy

Stavudine can cause peripheral neuropathy, which is damage to the nerves in the hands and feet. This can lead to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain. 24 、 2

Lipodystrophy

Stavudine can cause lipodystrophy, which is a change in the distribution of body fat. This can lead to loss of fat in the face, arms, and legs, as well as accumulation of fat in the abdomen and neck. 21 、 18 、 6

Mitochondrial Toxicity

Stavudine can cause mitochondrial toxicity, which is damage to the mitochondria. This can lead to a variety of problems, including lactic acidosis, liver dysfunction, and muscle weakness. 5 、 10

Kidney Damage

Stavudine can cause kidney damage. While not explicitly mentioned in all the research, this is a potential consequence of stavudine's mitochondrial toxicity. It's important to monitor kidney function while taking stavudine. 20 、 9 、 14

Hepatitis

Stavudine can cause hepatitis. While not explicitly mentioned in all the research, this is a potential consequence of stavudine's mitochondrial toxicity. It's important to monitor liver function while taking stavudine. 8 、 14

Anemia

Stavudine can cause anemia. This is also a potential consequence of stavudine's mitochondrial toxicity. It's important to monitor blood counts while taking stavudine. 20 、 14

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Neuropathy

If you experience symptoms of neuropathy, it is important to talk to your doctor. They may recommend stopping stavudine or switching to a different antiretroviral drug. In some cases, vitamin B supplements may help. 24

Lipodystrophy

If you experience symptoms of lipodystrophy, it is important to talk to your doctor. They may recommend lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise. They may also prescribe medications to help manage the condition. 21

Mitochondrial Toxicity

Mitochondrial toxicity is a serious problem, and if you experience symptoms, you should seek medical attention immediately. 5 、 10

Kidney Damage

If you experience symptoms of kidney damage, you should talk to your doctor. They may recommend stopping stavudine or switching to a different antiretroviral drug. It is important to monitor kidney function closely while taking stavudine. 20

Hepatitis

If you experience symptoms of hepatitis, you should talk to your doctor. They may recommend stopping stavudine or switching to a different antiretroviral drug. It is important to monitor liver function closely while taking stavudine. 8

Anemia

If you experience symptoms of anemia, you should talk to your doctor. They may recommend iron supplements or other treatments. It is important to monitor blood counts closely while taking stavudine. 20

Comparison Between Studies

Common Points of Studies

Many studies have shown that stavudine can cause a variety of side effects, including neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and mitochondrial toxicity. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Differences in Studies

The frequency and severity of stavudine side effects may vary depending on the study. This may be due to a variety of factors, such as the age, sex, and HIV stage of the participants, as well as the dosage of stavudine and other medications being taken. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Precautions for Real-Life Applications

It is important to be aware of the potential side effects of stavudine. If you are taking stavudine, be sure to talk to your doctor about any concerns you have. It is important to monitor your health closely while taking this medication. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Limitations of Current Research

More research is needed to understand the long-term effects of stavudine, as well as its effects when combined with other medications. It is also important to investigate the individual variability in response to stavudine. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on understanding the long-term effects of stavudine and its interactions with other medications. It is also important to develop new treatments to prevent or manage the side effects of stavudine. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Conclusion

Stavudine is an antiretroviral drug that has been used to treat HIV, but it is known to cause a variety of side effects. These side effects can be serious and may lead to other health problems. It is important to be aware of the potential side effects of stavudine and to talk to your doctor about any concerns you have. 21 、 24 、 5 、 6 、 10 、 2 、 18

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
14
Neutral Content
5
Negative Content
9
Article Type
1
1
1
4
28
1.

Proteomic analysis identifies prohibitin down-regulation as a crucial event in the mitochondrial damage observed in HIV-infected patients.

Author: CiccosantiFabiola, CorazzariMarco, SoldaniFabio, MatarresePaola, PagliariniVittoria, IadevaiaValentina, TinariAntonella, ZaccarelliMauro, PerfettiniJean-Luc, MalorniWalter, KroemerGuido, AntinoriAndrea, FimiaGian Maria, PiacentiniMauro

Mitochondrial toxicity

HIV infection plays a significant role in the mitochondrial toxicity of HAART-treated patients. Down-regulation of the mitochondrial chaperone prohibitin is a causative event in NRTI-induced mitochondrial damage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Neuropsychiatric Effects of Antiviral Drugs.

Author: ZareifopoulosNicholas, LagadinouMaria, KarelaAnastasia, KyriakopoulouOurania, VelissarisDimitrios

Neuropsychiatric complications

Antiviral drugs can cause significant neuropsychiatric complications ranging from mild symptoms like irritability and difficulty sleeping to severe complications like depression, psychosis, and painful peripheral neuropathy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors differentially inhibit human LINE-1 retrotransposition.

Author: JonesR Brad, GarrisonKeith E, WongJessica C, DuanErick H, NixonDouglas F, OstrowskiMario A

LINE-1 function
Cancer progression
Genetic disease

This study discusses the role of LINE-1 elements, retrotransposons capable of autonomous replication, in genetic disease, oncogenesis, and normal physiology.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Nucleoside analog stavudine depletes mitochondrial DNA with no organelle loss in mouse oocytes.

Author: BostanAlionka, DemeestereIsabelle, VanderwindenJean-Marie, DevrekerFabienne, EnglertYvon

Decreased fertility
Mitochondrial dysfunction

This study examined the effects of stavudine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), on mouse oocyte mitochondria. Stavudine treatment was found to induce mitochondrial DNA depletion, leading to potential mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of oocyte competence, which could contribute to decreased fertility in HIV-positive women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Lipodystrophy syndrome among HIV infected children on highly active antiretroviral therapy in northern India.

Author: BhutiaEuden, HemalAlok, YadavTribhuvan Pal, RameshK L

Lipodystrophy syndrome

This study assesses the prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children on HAART and its associated risk factors in India.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Favourable one-year ART outcomes in adult Malawians with hepatitis B and C co-infection.

Author: MooreE, BeadsworthM B J, ChapondaM, MhangoB, FaragherB, NjalaJ, HoflandH W C, DaviesJ, HartI J, BeechingN J, ZijlstraE E, van OosterhoutJ J

Improved virological response
Increased mortality
Increased severe morbidity

Viral hepatitis B and C co-infection was not associated with severe hepatotoxicity, mortality, severe morbidity or virological failure in HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Malawi.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Severe toxicity and polymerase-γ gene abnormalities in Malawian adults on stavudine-based antiretroviral therapy.

Author: van OosterhoutJoep J, GardnerKristian, MallewaJane, KaundaSymon, KampiraElizabeth, PayneBrendan, HeydermanRobert S, ChinneryPatrick

Mitochondrial toxicity

This study found no evidence of monogenic POLG mutations in Malawian adults experiencing severe stavudine side effects during antiretroviral therapy. This suggests that POLG mutations are not a common cause of stavudine-associated mitochondrial toxicity in this population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Reasons for Missing Antiretroviral Therapy: Results from a Multi-Country Study in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.

Author: KooleOlivier, DenisonJulie A, MentenJoris, TsuiSharon, Wabwire-MangenFred, KwesigaboGideon, MulengaModest, AuldAndrew, AgolorySimon, MukadiYa Diul, van PraagEric, TorpeyKwasi, WilliamsSeymour, KaplanJonathan, ZeeAaron, BangsbergDavid R, ColebundersRobert

ART adherence
Missed ART
Symptoms

Symptoms were a common reason for missing ART, together with simply forgetting and food insecurity. A combination of ART regimens with fewer side effects, use of mobile phone text message reminders, and integration of food supplementation and livelihood programmes into HIV programmes, have the potential to decrease missed ART and hence to improve adherence and the outcomes of ART programmes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

13.

Higher rates of metabolic syndrome among women taking zidovudine as compared to tenofovir in rural Africa: preliminary data from the CART-1 study.

Author: LabhardtNiklaus Daniel, CheleboiMolisana, FaturyieleOlatunbosun, MotlatsiMokete M, PfeifferKarolin, LejoneThabo Ismael, CeruttiBernard, MuserJürgen, GuptaRavi Shankar, LynenLutgarde, HatzChristoph

HIV treatment
Metabolic syndrome

Stavudine, an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV infection, has been largely replaced by zidovudine and tenofovir due to its side effects. This study investigated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults taking either zidovudine or tenofovir-containing antiretroviral regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Antiretroviral-induced adverse drug reactions in HIV-infected patients in Mali: a resource-limited setting experience.

Author: OumarAboubacar Alassane, DakouoMamadou, TchibozoAnicet, MaigaMamoudou, LandouréGuida, Abdi-BogorehRaysso, TulkensPaul M, DaoSounkalo, YombiJean Cyr

Drug reactions

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is widely available in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but there is limited data on ART-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study reported the frequency and risk factors of ART-induced ADRs in a Malian population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

[Primary results of antiretroviral treatment among HIV/AIDS infected children in Lomé (Togo)].

Author: AtakoumaD-Y, TsolenyanuE, GbadoeA, GbetogloV, Lawson-EviK, AgbereA-R, Tatagan-AgbiK, AssimadiK

Improved HIV symptoms
Increased CD4 count
Digestive disorders

Antiretroviral treatment among HIV/AIDS infected children in Togo is giving good results but efforts remain to increase the number of beneficiaries.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

16.

MIL-53(Fe), MIL-101, and SBA-15 porous materials: potential platforms for drug delivery.

Author: GordonJeff, KazemianHossein, RohaniSohrab

Drug delivery

This study demonstrated the use of flexible microporous MIL-53(Fe) and mesoporous MIL-101 and SBA-15 as matrices for the adsorption and in vitro drug delivery of acetaminophen, progesterone, and stavudine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Recent advances in pharmacovigilance of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected and exposed children.

Author: KennyJulia, MusiimeVictor, JuddAli, GibbDiana

HIV survival improvement
Antiretroviral side effects

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with immediate and long-term adverse events in HIV-infected children, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Systematic review of antiretroviral-associated lipodystrophy: lipoatrophy, but not central fat gain, is an antiretroviral adverse drug reaction.

Author: de WaalReneé, CohenKaren, MaartensGary

Central fat gain
Lipoatrophy

A systematic review of 27 studies found clear evidence of a causal relationship between nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), especially thymidine analogues, and lipoatrophy. Central fat gain, however, appears to be a consequence of treating HIV infection, not a specific antiretroviral drug.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

20.

Lack of indinavir-associated nephrological complications in HIV-infected adults (predominantly women) with high indinavir plasma concentration in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Author: DanelChristine, MohRaoul, PeytavinGilles, AnzianAmani, MingaAlbert, GomisOlivier Ba, SeriBoga, NzunettuGustave, GabillardDelphine, SalamonRoger, BissagneneEmmanuel, AnglaretXavier

Increase CD4 count
Reduce viral load
Digestive intolerance
Severe anemia

This study evaluated the tolerance of indinavir combined with ritonavir (IDV/r 800/100 mg) twice daily in sub-Saharan African HIV-infected adults. The regimen resulted in high IDV levels and a high rate of digestive intolerance but surprisingly lacked nephrological side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Treatment options for lipodystrophy in HIV-positive patients.

Author: BehrensGeorg Mn

HIV therapy
lipodystrophy treatment
cardiovascular risk

The HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome is a major side effect of HIV-therapy. This syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Treatment options include dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, altering antiretroviral drug therapy, and the use of metabolically active drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Predictors of first-line antiretroviral therapy discontinuation due to drug-related adverse events in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study.

Author: ProsperiMattia C F, FabbianiMassimiliano, FantiIuri, ZaccarelliMauro, ColafigliManuela, MondiAnnalisa, D'AvinoAlessandro, BorghettiAlberto, CaudaRoberto, Di GiambenedettoSimona

Adverse event discontinuation
Antiretroviral therapy predictors
Antiretroviral therapy
Drug-related toxicity

Drug-related toxicity is a major cause of antiretroviral treatment discontinuation. This study aimed to investigate predictors of first-line antiretroviral therapy discontinuation due to adverse events and their evolution in recent years.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Rates of switching antiretroviral drugs in a primary care service in South Africa before and after introduction of tenofovir.

Author: NjugunaChristine, OrrellCatherine, KaplanRichard, BekkerLinda-Gail, WoodRobin, LawnStephen D

Adherence difficulties
Increased cost
Monitoring difficulties

This study examined patterns and risk factors for drug changes from stavudine (d4T) and zidovudine (AZT) to tenofovir (TDF) regimens in adults receiving antiretroviral therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Changing utilization of Stavudine (d4T) in HIV-positive people in 2006-2013 in the EuroSIDA study.

Author: PodlekarevaD, GrintD, KarpovI, RakmanovaA, MansinhoK, ChentsovaN, ZeltinaI, LossoM, ParczewskiM, LundgrenJ D, MocroftA, KirkO,

Stavudine use

Stavudine (d4T) use has declined sharply since 2006, but a low but persistent level of d4T use remains in Eastern Europe.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Routine data underestimates the incidence of first-line antiretroviral drug discontinuations due to adverse drug reactions: Observational study in two South African cohorts.

Author: de WaalReneé, CohenKaren, BoulleAndrew, FoxMatthew P, MaartensGary, IgumborEhimario U, DaviesMary-Ann

Antiretroviral treatment
Adverse drug reactions

A study compares the incidence of antiretroviral discontinuations due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) estimated from routinely collected clinical data and enhanced data with folder reviews in two South African cohorts.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

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