Side Effects of toremifene: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Side Effects of toremifene
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of toremifene: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Side Effects of toremifene: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Toremifene is an antiestrogen drug used to treat metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Toremifene has been shown to have beneficial effects on bone and blood lipids, similar to tamoxifen. 21 . However, toremifene, like tamoxifen, may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. 21 . Toremifene may also cause memory impairment. 16 . Additionally, toremifene may cause abnormal cell division in the liver. 24 .

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of toremifene may be caused by its binding to estrogen receptors and its metabolism in the liver. Toremifene can bind to estrogen receptors and exert estrogen-like effects, which may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. 21 . Toremifene is metabolized in the liver to produce active metabolites. These metabolites may damage DNA, leading to memory impairment and abnormal cell division in the liver. 16 , 24 .

Common Side Effects

Endometrial Cancer

Toremifene, similar to tamoxifen, may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. 21 .

Memory Impairment

Toremifene may cause memory impairment. 16 .

Abnormal Cell Division in the Liver

Toremifene may cause abnormal cell division in the liver. 24 .

Side Effect Management

Endometrial Cancer Management

Regular endometrial exams are recommended to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. 21 .

Memory Impairment Management

Lifestyle changes and cognitive training are recommended to maintain cognitive function and prevent memory impairment while using toremifene. 16 .

Abnormal Cell Division in the Liver Management

Regular liver function tests are recommended to prevent abnormal cell division in the liver. 24 .

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have shown that toremifene, similar to tamoxifen, has beneficial effects on bone and blood lipids. 21 , 9 . Several studies suggest that toremifene may increase the risk of endometrial cancer. 21 , 25 .

Differences

Some studies suggest that toremifene is less effective than tamoxifen in treating breast cancer. 15 . Other studies indicate that toremifene may have fewer side effects than tamoxifen. 1 .

Real-Life Application Considerations

Toremifene should be used only under the guidance of a doctor as a treatment for metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women. When using toremifene, it is crucial to consider the risks of endometrial cancer, memory impairment, and abnormal cell division in the liver. 21 , 16 , 24 . Regular checkups are essential while using toremifene.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on toremifene side effects is still inadequate, particularly regarding long-term side effects. 6 . Side effects of toremifene can vary from person to person. 1 . Therefore, it is difficult to predict all side effects of toremifene.

Future Research Directions

Long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the long-term side effects of toremifene. 6 . Research is also needed to predict toremifene side effects on an individual basis. 1 .

Conclusion

Toremifene is an effective drug for treating metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but it carries risks such as endometrial cancer, memory impairment, and abnormal cell division in the liver. 21 , 16 , 24 . When using toremifene, it is important to consider these risks and discuss with your doctor to choose the right treatment.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Similar efficacy
Similar side effects
2
Fewer hot flashes
Fewer sexual dysfunction events
Improved bone health
Less hematologic complications
Less metabolic complications
Prostate cancer treatment
3
ADT benefits
4
Prostate cancer treatment
5
Breast cancer treatment
6
Breast cancer recurrence treatment
7
Improved bone density
Menopausal symptom relief
8
Breast cancer treatment
Cholesterol lowering
Osteoporosis prevention
9
Mastalgia treatment
10
Estrogen benefits
Reduces fracture risk
11
Breast cancer treatment
12
Treatment of breast cancer
13
Bone loss prevention
14
Bone health
Breast cancer prevention
Cardiovascular health
15
Breast cancer treatment
16
Bone metastases treatment
17
Breast cancer treatment
18
Bone density
Breast cancer survival
Lipid profile
20
Breast cancer treatment
21
Avoid systemic side effects
Local toremifene
Maximal therapeutic effects
23
Prevention of breast cancer
24
Bone protection
Breast cancer prevention
25
Long progression-free time
Tumor response
Well tolerated
26
Risk Keywords
Dyslipidemia
Gynecological events
Liver dysfunction
1
Endometrial thickening
Fatty liver
Ovarian cysts
2
Cardiovascular side effects
Cognitive dysfunction
Fatigue
Hot flashes
Metabolic dysfunction
Metabolic side effects
Osteoporosis
3
ADT side effects
4
Side effects
5
Edema
Endometrial hyperplasia
Menopausal symptoms
Thromboembolic events
6
Headache
Nausea
Stomatitis
7
Breast cancer risk
8
Thromboembolic disorders
Uterine cancer
9
Hot flushes
Leg cramps
Venous thromboembolism
11
Retinal changes
12
Endometrial cancer
13
Cell lysis
14
Uterine effects
15
Memory impairment
16
Skin side effects
19
Endometrial cancer risk
Side effects
20
Endometrial carcinoma
21
Aneuploidy
24
Endometrial cancer
Liver tumors
25
Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
2
1
0
7
26
2.

A prospective, randomized study of Toremifene vs. tamoxifen for the treatment of premenopausal breast cancer: safety and genital symptom analysis.

Author: HongJin, HuangJiahui, ShenLili, ZhuSiji, GaoWeiqi, WuJiayi, HuangOu, HeJianrong, ZhuLi, ChenWeiguo, LiYafen, ChenXiaosong, ShenKunwei

Similar efficacy
Similar side effects
Endometrial thickening
Fatty liver
Ovarian cysts

Toremifene (TOR) and tamoxifen (TAM) had similar side effects on the female genital system and quality of life in premenopausal early breast cancer patients.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Androgen deprivation therapy: evidence-based management of side effects.

Author: AhmadiHamed, DaneshmandSiamak

ADT benefits
ADT side effects

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is widely used to treat prostate cancer, but it has various adverse effects. This review focuses on the most recent evidence-based treatment options for these side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: anticipated side-effects and their management.

Author: KimHoward S, FreedlandStephen J

Prostate cancer treatment
Side effects

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care for men with metastatic or recurrent prostate cancer, but it can cause various side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

[Evaluation of combination therapy of high-dose toremifene and oral chemotherapy].

Author: MurakamiShigeki, YamamotoYasuhisa

Breast cancer recurrence treatment
Headache
Nausea
Stomatitis

High-dose toremifene therapy is useful for the recurrence of receptor-positive breast cancer. Combination therapy of high-dose toremifene and oral chemotherapy is also useful.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Japanese

10.

Toremifene, a new agent for treatment of mastalgia: an open study.

Author: HamedH, KotheriA, Beechey-NewmanN, FentimanI S

Mastalgia treatment

This study investigated the tolerability and efficacy of toremifene, an antiestrogenic agent, in the treatment of mastalgia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

[Safety profile of raloxifene].

Author: MoriiHirotoshi

Estrogen benefits
Reduces fracture risk
Hot flushes
Leg cramps
Venous thromboembolism

Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that provides many of the benefits of estrogen therapy while minimizing the risks. It is effective for treating osteoporosis and has a good safety profile.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Japanese

12.

Kinetics of inhibition of glutamate uptake by antioestrogens.

Author: MäenpääHanna, SaransaariPirjo, TähtiHanna

Breast cancer treatment
Retinal changes

Tamoxifen and toremifene, antioestrogens used for breast cancer treatment, have been reported to cause retinal changes. The study investigated the mechanism by which these drugs inhibit glutamate uptake in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Both drugs were found to competitively inhibit glutamate transport, potentially hampering glutamate homeostasis in the retina.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Antiestrogenic and DNA damaging effects induced by tamoxifen and toremifene metabolites.

Author: LiuXuemei, PishaEmily, TonettiDebra A, YaoDan, LiYan, YaoJiaqin, BurdetteJoanna E, BoltonJudy L

Treatment of breast cancer
Endometrial cancer

This study investigated the genotoxic potential of tamoxifen and its metabolites. The results suggest that catechols formed from tamoxifen and toremifene could contribute to genotoxicity in vivo, which is ER-dependent.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

14.

The effects of tamoxifen and toremifene on bone cells involve changes in plasma membrane ion conductance.

Author: LehenkariPetri, ParikkaVilhelmiina, RautialaTimo J, WeckströmMatti, DahllundJohanna, HärkönenPirkko L, VäänänenH Kalervo

Bone loss prevention
Cell lysis

Tamoxifen and toremifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), were found to cause osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Both SERMs also had an ionophoric effect on the plasma membranes of bone cells, which may be involved in therapeutic responses and explain some clinical side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

[Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in the practice].

Author: NagykálnaiTamás

Bone health
Breast cancer prevention
Cardiovascular health
Uterine effects

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) offer a tissue-specific approach to treating breast cancer and bone loss with fewer adverse effects than traditional estrogen therapy.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Hungarian

17.

[A case of breast cancer with multiple bone metastases improved by high-dose toremifene].

Author: DoiT, NishiyamaK, WakasugiJ, OotakiS, KikuchiM, KubotaK, YamamotoH

Bone metastases treatment

A 63-year-old woman with breast cancer and multiple bone metastases was treated with toremifene at a dose of 120 mg/day after refusing chemotherapy due to side effects. After 3 months, her pain disappeared and her serum CA15-3 and BCA225 levels returned to normal.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Japanese

18.

[A case of lung and pleural metastases from breast cancer responding to toremifene].

Author: InoueK, TabeiT, KusawakeT, SugamataN, SuemasuK, HigashiY, KurosumiM

Breast cancer treatment

A patient with lung and pleural metastases from breast cancer was effectively treated with toremifene. High-dose toremifene may be an effective therapy for postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer with high levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Japanese

19.

Radiation recall--another call with tamoxifen.

Author: BoströmA, Sjölin-ForsbergG, WilkingN, BerghJ

Skin side effects

Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen drug used to treat breast cancer. This study found that tamoxifen can cause skin side effects in some patients. The study also found that toremifene, a similar drug, can be used to treat skin side effects caused by tamoxifen.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Antiestrogen stimulated human endometrial cancer growth: laboratory and clinical considerations.

Author: TonettiD A, O'ReganR, TanjoreS, EnglandG, JordanV C

Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial carcinoma

Both tamoxifen and toremifene, antiestrogens, showed similar growth stimulatory effects on human endometrial tumor cells. This suggests a potential risk of endometrial cancer with both drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

22.

Evolving role of toremifene in the adjuvant setting.

Author: HolliK

The Finnish Breast Cancer Group (FBCG) has conducted a multicenter trial comparing toremifene and tamoxifen as adjuvant therapies for postmenopausal node-positive breast cancer patients. An interim analysis of the first 500 patients showed no significant difference between the two drugs in terms of efficacy or side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Tissue distribution of transdermal toremifene.

Author: SoeL, WurzG T, MäenpääJ U, HubbardG B, CadmanT B, WiebeV J, TheonA P, DeGregorioM W

Avoid systemic side effects
Local toremifene
Maximal therapeutic effects

Toremifene, an antiestrogenic drug, may be more effective when administered locally via transdermal patches. This approach could potentially deliver higher concentrations to the target tissues while reducing systemic side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

24.

Induction of hepatic aneuploidy in vivo by tamoxifen, toremifene and idoxifene in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Author: SargentL M, DraganY P, SattlerC, BahnubN, SattlerG, MartinP, CisnerosA, MannJ, ThorgeirssonS, JordanV C, PitotH C

Prevention of breast cancer
Aneuploidy

Tamoxifen, toremifene, and idoxifene, antiestrogens used in breast cancer treatment, were found to induce aneuploidy in rat hepatocytes. This suggests that these drugs may have genotoxic effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

Alternate antiestrogens and approaches to the prevention of breast cancer.

Author: JordanV C

Bone protection
Breast cancer prevention
Endometrial cancer
Liver tumors

Tamoxifen is effective for breast cancer treatment and prevention, but concerns about side effects have led to the investigation of other antiestrogens. Toremifene and droloxifene have shown similar efficacy to tamoxifen, but without liver tumors in rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

26.

High dose toremifene in advanced breast cancer resistant to or relapsed during tamoxifen treatment.

Author: PyrhönenS, ValavaaraR, VuorinenJ, HajbaA

Long progression-free time
Tumor response
Well tolerated

High-dose toremifene was generally well tolerated, with a response rate of 4% in patients with advanced breast cancer refractory to tamoxifen therapy. However, a subgroup of patients who had achieved complete response during tamoxifen therapy experienced a longer progression-free time with toremifene.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.