Side Effects of tranylcypromine: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Tranylcypromine is a potent antidepressant that is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, but its use is limited to special indications due to side effects and dietary restrictions. , 1

The antidepressant action of tranylcypromine is not completely explainable by its effects on monoamine oxidase. Tranylcypromine also leads to an increase in brain trace amines, which are believed to play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression. It also affects other pathophysiological pathways associated with depression. 20

A combination of tranylcypromine and tricyclic antidepressants can be effective in the treatment of therapy-resistant depression. However, this combination is associated with an increased risk of side effects. 24

Reasons for Side Effects

Tranylcypromine's side effects are due to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase, which leads to an increase in the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. 20

Common Side Effects

Sleep Disturbances

Sleep disturbances are a common side effect of tranylcypromine. 22 , 1 , 8 These disturbances can range from difficulty falling asleep to early awakenings.

Nausea

Nausea is another common side effect of tranylcypromine. 22 This side effect is often mild, but it can be severe in some cases.

Headaches

Headaches are also a common side effect of tranylcypromine. 22 These headaches can be mild or severe, and they can be accompanied by other symptoms such as dizziness.

Hypotension

Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is a potential side effect of tranylcypromine. 5 It can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. Orthostatic hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up, is a common manifestation of hypotension. 21 , 16 , 10 , 26

Weight Gain

Weight gain can occur as a side effect of tranylcypromine. 16 This side effect is likely due to the drug's effects on appetite and metabolism.

Hepatocellular Damage

Hepatocellular damage, or damage to the liver cells, is a potential but rare side effect of tranylcypromine. 5

Hypertension

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a potential side effect of tranylcypromine. 5 , 17 It can be caused by the drug's interaction with other medications or by the drug's effects on the cardiovascular system.

Serotonin Syndrome

Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when tranylcypromine is used in combination with other serotonin-enhancing drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). 6 , 18 Symptoms include mental status changes (confusion, agitation), muscle rigidity, sweating, tremors, and fever.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Sleep Disturbances

If sleep disturbances occur, consult your doctor. They may prescribe sleep medication or suggest lifestyle changes to improve sleep quality. 22 , 1

Nausea

If nausea occurs, consult your doctor. They may prescribe anti-nausea medication or suggest dietary changes to manage the side effect. 22

Headaches

If headaches occur, consult your doctor. They may prescribe pain medication or investigate the cause of the headaches. 22

Hypotension

If hypotension occurs, consult your doctor. They may prescribe medication to stabilize blood pressure or suggest precautions such as avoiding sudden changes in posture. 21 , 16 , 10 , 26

Weight Gain

If weight gain occurs, consult your doctor. They may suggest dietary changes and exercise to manage weight. 16

Hepatocellular Damage

If liver function abnormalities are suspected, consult your doctor for further evaluation and management. 5

Hypertension

If hypertension occurs, consult your doctor. They may prescribe medication to lower blood pressure or suggest lifestyle changes to manage the condition. 5 , 17

Serotonin Syndrome

If you experience symptoms of serotonin syndrome, seek immediate medical attention. This condition requires prompt treatment to prevent serious complications. 6 , 18

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Many studies indicate that tranylcypromine can cause a variety of side effects, including sleep disturbances, nausea, headaches, and hypotension. 22 , 1 , 8 , , 20

Differences in Studies

There are variations in the reported frequency and severity of side effects across different studies. 22 , 1 , 8 , , 20

Cautions Regarding Real-Life Applications

Tranylcypromine should only be used under the guidance of a qualified medical professional. 5 , , 1

Individuals taking tranylcypromine should be aware of the dietary restrictions necessary to avoid potentially dangerous interactions. 5 , , 1 , 17

It is essential to inform your doctor about all medications and supplements you are taking, as tranylcypromine can interact with other drugs. 6 , 18

Limitations of Current Research

More research is needed to fully understand the effectiveness and side effects of tranylcypromine. , 1

Future Research Directions

Further research is required to gain a more comprehensive understanding of tranylcypromine's effects, including its effectiveness, side effects, and interactions. , 1

Conclusion

Tranylcypromine is a potent antidepressant, but its use is limited by side effects and dietary restrictions. , 1 , 20 It is important to be aware of these risks and to discuss them with your doctor before starting treatment with tranylcypromine. 5 , , 1

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Effective depression treatment
1
Antidepressant efficacy
2
Depression remission
3
Effective for atypical depression
Effective for unresponsive depression
5
Agoraphobia treatment
Depression treatment
7
Treats phobic anxiety
8
Alzheimer's treatment
Depression treatment
Parkinson's treatment
9
Depression treatment
10
Depressive illness treatment
11
Depression treatment
OCD treatment
13
Neurodegenerative disease treatment
Neuroprotection
14
Rapid response
Treats depression
15
Treats depression
16
Possible antidepressant augmentation
17
Analgesia
18
Potent antidepressant
20
Behavioral improvement
Cognitive improvement
Dementia treatment
21
Good tolerability
MAO-A inhibition
22
Antidepressant activity
23
Effective for therapy resistant depression
Safe when properly administered
24
Treats depression
25
Effective for depression
26
Risk Keywords
Interactions
Side effects
1
Need for more research
Side effects
2
Hypotonia
3
Hypertensive reactions
Hypomania
Orthostatic hypotension
Sexual dysfunction
Weight gain
4
Hepatocellular damage
Hypertensive crisis
5
Confusion
Diarrhea
Hypertension
Hypomania
Myoclonus
Serotonin syndrome
Tremor
6
Side effects
Symptom recurrence
8
Food interactions
Side effects
9
Orthostatic hypotension
Overdose toxicity
10
Side effects
11
Side effects
12
Fatigue
Somnolence
13
Extrapyramidal symptoms
15
Orthostatic hypotension
Prolonged P-R interval
Side effects
Weight gain
16
Hypertensive crisis
Serious complications
17
Serotonin syndrome
18
Myoclonus
Seizures
19
Dietary restrictions
20
Orthostatic hypotension
21
Headaches
Nausea
Sleep disturbances
22
Autonomic side effects
23
Unusual toxicity
24
Drug discontinuation
Side effects
25
Toxic side effects
26
Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
17
Neutral Content
6
Negative Content
3
Article Type
2
0
0
7
26
2.

Continuation and maintenance treatments in major depression: the neglected role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

Author: KennedyS H

Antidepressant efficacy
Need for more research
Side effects

The importance of continuation and maintenance antidepressant therapy is increasingly recognized. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine have demonstrated long-term efficacy but often cause intolerable side effects. Moclobemide is a well-tolerated alternative antidepressant, but there is a need for prospective controlled trials to evaluate its long-term efficacy.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Safety of high-intensity treatment with the irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Author: AdliM, PilhatschM, BauerM, KöberleU, RickenR, JanssenG, UlrichS, BschorT

Depression remission
Hypotonia

Tranylcypromine (TCP) is clinically feasible for the treatment of inpatients with depression, with good benefit-risk-ratio. Prospective data aiming at comparisons with modern antidepressants and clarifying further safety issues are warranted.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Adverse consequences of fluoxetine-MAOI combination therapy.

Author: FeighnerJ P, BoyerW F, TylerD L, NeborskyR J

Confusion
Diarrhea
Hypertension
Hypomania
Myoclonus
Serotonin syndrome
Tremor

Concurrent or sequential use of fluoxetine and MAOIs is associated with a high incidence of adverse effects, particularly the 'serotonergic syndrome.'

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

[Tranylcypromine for chronic therapy-resistant agoraphobia with panic disorder and recurrent depressive disorder].

Author: BoernerReinhard J, LühringFrauke

Agoraphobia treatment
Depression treatment

Tranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), was effective in treating therapy-resistant depression and agoraphobia in a patient who also received pharmacological, behavioral and psychodynamic interventions.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

11.

Monoamine oxidase. Its inhibition.

Author: YoudimM B

Depressive illness treatment
Side effects

MAO inhibitors were initially used as antidepressants but fell into disrepute due to side effects. Recent research has focused on developing drugs that specifically inhibit or stimulate MAO activity, leading to the development of new drugs with selective inhibition of enzyme forms. MAO inhibitors may have potential for treating depressive illness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in psychiatry. Status of current knowledge].

Author: VolzH P, GleiterC H, MöllerH J

Side effects

Moclobemide, a reversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (type A), is a promising alternative to traditional monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

13.

Afternoon fatigue and somnolence associated with tranylcypromine treatment.

Author: JoffeR T

Depression treatment
OCD treatment
Fatigue
Somnolence

Tranylcypromine treatment can cause afternoon fatigue and somnolence, affecting work and driving abilities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Lights and shadows on monoamine oxidase inhibition in neuroprotective pharmacological therapies.

Author: BindaClaudia, MilczekErika M, BoniventoDaniele, WangJin, MatteviAndrea, EdmondsonDale E

Neurodegenerative disease treatment
Neuroprotection

MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) are used for Parkinson's disease and depression. Safinamide, a selective MAO B inhibitor, shows neuroprotective effects. Rasagiline is used in combination with L-dopa and its metabolic products also have neuroprotective effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Comparison of molindone and tranylcypromine in the treatment of refractory depression.

Author: SmallJ G, KellamsJ J, DennisJ L, MilsteinV

Rapid response
Treats depression
Extrapyramidal symptoms

Molindone was found to be more effective and less toxic than tranylcypromine in treating treatment-resistant depression. Molindone produced a more rapid response and fewer disabling side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

The efficacy and tolerability of combined antidepressant treatment in different depressive subgroups.

Author: O'BrienS, McKeonP, O'ReganM

Treats depression
Orthostatic hypotension
Prolonged P-R interval
Side effects
Weight gain

Tranylcypromine, amitriptyline, and a combination of the two were found to be effective in treating major depression in 80 patients. Combined treatment showed slightly better self-reported improvements and earlier response, but was less well tolerated than single treatments.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Combining stimulants with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a review of uses and one possible additional indication.

Author: FeinbergS Shalom

Possible antidepressant augmentation
Hypertensive crisis
Serious complications

This article reviews the use of stimulant augmentation with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for antidepressant-resistant depression. While MAOI use has declined due to concerns about hypertensive crises, experienced clinicians still utilize this combination for specific indications. The article presents a case suggesting another potential indication.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Somatosensory evoked potentials as indicators of altered cerebral excitability during psychotropic drug treatment.

Author: FörstlH, ZagorskiA, Pohlmann-EdenB

Myoclonus
Seizures

Increased amplitude of the early cortical somatosensory evoked potentials was observed in five patients who developed myoclonus and/or generalized seizures during treatment with antidepressants, returning to normal values after discontinuation of the drugs.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Tranylcypromine compared with L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease.

Author: TariotP N, SunderlandT, CohenR M, NewhouseP A, MuellerE A, MurphyD L

Behavioral improvement
Cognitive improvement
Dementia treatment
Orthostatic hypotension

Tranylcypromine was tested in 7 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type who had previously shown mild improvement with L-deprenyl. Tranylcypromine caused significant side effects, particularly orthostatic hypotension, at lower doses than L-deprenyl.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Therapeutic and side-effect profile of a selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor, brofaromine. Results of dose-finding trials in depressed patients.

Author: SchiwyW, HeathW R, Delini-StulaA

Good tolerability
MAO-A inhibition
Headaches
Nausea
Sleep disturbances

Brofaromine was effective in treating endogenous depression, with a statistically significant dose-response relationship and a good tolerability profile.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Antidepressant efficacy of tranylcypromine isomers: a controlled study.

Author: MoisesH W, BeckmannH

Antidepressant activity
Autonomic side effects

The (+)-isomer of tranylcypromine was more effective than the (-)-isomer in treating depression, but also had more pronounced autonomic side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Combined MAO-inhibitor and tri- (tetra) cyclic antidepressant treatment in therapy resistant depression.

Author: SchmaussM, KapfhammerH P, MeyrP, HoffP

Effective for therapy resistant depression
Safe when properly administered
Unusual toxicity

A combination of tranylcypromine and tri- (tetra) cyclic antidepressants was effective in treating therapy-resistant depression. The combination was generally safe and well-tolerated.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Adverse reactions to monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Part I. A comparative study.

Author: RabkinJ, QuitkinF, HarrisonW, TricamoE, McGrathP

Treats depression
Drug discontinuation
Side effects

Phenelzine and tranylcypromine had more side effects than imipramine and placebo in depressed outpatients, but these did not lead to drug discontinuation more often than with tranylcypromine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

26.

The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of elderly, depressed patients.

Author: JenikeM A

Effective for depression
Toxic side effects

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can be effective and non-toxic in treating depression in elderly patients, despite being rarely used in this population.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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