Effects of typhoid vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Typhoid vaccine has been studied extensively, with research revealing a variety of benefits and potential risks. 9 introduces a new oral typhoid vaccine, M01ZH09, which has shown to be well-tolerated and highly immunogenic in a single dose. This vaccine is also effective regardless of whether a bicarbonate buffer is used. Additionally, 15 demonstrates that retinoic acid can be used to manipulate the response to oral vaccines like Vivotif, which could lead to more effective vaccination strategies. Other studies like 21 have explored the safety and immunogenicity of M01ZH09 in Vietnamese children, further emphasizing its potential.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Typhoid vaccines have proven to be highly effective in reducing the risk of typhoid fever. 10 highlights the effectiveness of typhoid vaccines in reducing infection rates. Furthermore, 14 emphasizes the broader impact of typhoid vaccines, including herd protection, meaning that even those who aren't vaccinated benefit from the reduced spread of the disease.

Risks Summary

While typhoid vaccines are generally safe, some studies have reported potential adverse effects. 12 highlights a few cases of severe systemic reactions to a specific type of typhoid vaccine, emphasizing the need for further research and careful monitoring. However, it is important to note that these reactions were attributed to a specific type of vaccine and alternative, less reactogenic vaccines are now available.

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities Between Studies

The majority of studies agree that typhoid vaccines are a safe and effective way to prevent typhoid fever. 20 , 21 , and 6 all investigated the safety and immunogenicity of new typhoid vaccine candidates, suggesting that new advancements in vaccine technology are leading to even more effective options.

Differences Between Studies

Different studies have explored the use of typhoid vaccines in various ways. 5 presents a unique approach, utilizing the typhoid vaccine strain to deliver anthrax protective antigen, opening possibilities for multi-purpose vaccines. This highlights the versatility of typhoid vaccines and potential for future research.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While the research on typhoid vaccines is generally consistent, 4 suggests that childhood trauma could impact an individual's immune response, highlighting that factors beyond the vaccine itself can influence effectiveness. More research is needed to understand these potential interactions.

Practical Applications and Considerations

Typhoid vaccines are recommended for travelers to regions with high risks of typhoid fever and for individuals with specific medical conditions. 2 indicates that typhoid vaccines are safe for children, suggesting that they should be included in vaccination programs. It is essential to discuss vaccination with your doctor to determine if it's right for you.

Current Limitations in Research

While research on typhoid vaccines is ongoing, more research is needed, especially regarding the long-term safety and effectiveness of new vaccine candidates. The study in 4 suggests that more research is needed to understand the impact of individual factors on vaccine efficacy.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on long-term safety and effectiveness of new typhoid vaccines, as well as on addressing the growing challenge of drug-resistant strains of typhoid. Furthermore, research should aim to make typhoid vaccines more accessible globally, especially in regions most affected by the disease.

Conclusion

Typhoid vaccines are an important tool for preventing typhoid fever. New typhoid vaccine candidates are demonstrating promising results in terms of safety and effectiveness. If you are traveling to a region with a high risk of typhoid fever or have a medical condition that makes you susceptible to the disease, consider discussing typhoid vaccination with your doctor. However, before receiving any vaccine, it's always advisable to consult with a medical professional to ensure it's appropriate for your individual health status.

Literature analysis of 21 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
7
0
0
2
21
1.

Comparative analysis of immunological responses to oral (Ty21a) and parenteral (TAB) typhoid vaccines.

Author: D'AmelioR, TagliabueA, NencioniL, Di AddarioA, VillaL, ManganaroM, BoraschiD, Le MoliS, NisiniR, MatricardiP M

Typhoid vaccination
Fever
Headache
Local tenderness
Malaise

Two typhoid vaccines, TAB and Ty21a, induced different immune responses. Ty21a was well tolerated and free of side effects, while TAB induced fever and other side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Evaluation of a new Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine in children aged 2-5 years.

Author: Cordero-YapL, RiveraR G, DispoA P, MallaboJ

Improved immunogenicity
Reduced typhoid fever
General symptoms

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a new candidate Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine (TypheriX) in Filipino children aged 2-5 years. TypheriX was compared to a competitor vaccine (Typhim). TypheriX was associated with fewer general symptoms, particularly fever, and was highly immunogenic. This trial highlights the potential of Vi polysaccharide vaccines in preventing typhoid fever, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Phase I clinical trial of O-acetylated pectin conjugate, a plant polysaccharide based typhoid vaccine.

Author: SzuShousun C, LinKimi F-Y, HuntSteven, ChuChiayung, ThinhNguyen Duc

Typhoid fever prevention

A novel typhoid conjugate vaccine based on plant polysaccharide pectin was evaluated in a phase I trial. This vaccine has potential to provide protection against typhoid fever, which is a significant health concern in developing countries.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

5.

Anthrax protective antigen delivered by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a protects mice from a lethal anthrax spore challenge.

Author: OsorioManuel, WuYanping, SinghSunil, MerkelTod J, BhattacharyyaSiba, BlakeMilan S, KopeckoDennis J

Protection against anthrax

Bacillus anthracis is a bioterrorism agent. The current anthrax vaccine requires multiple doses and has limitations. This study developed a novel oral anthrax vaccine using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain Ty21a as a delivery vehicle. The vaccine demonstrated effectiveness in mice, eliciting strong immune responses and providing 100% protection against lethal anthrax challenge.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Safety and immunogenicity of the Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial.

Author: Kumar RaiGanesh, SalujaTarun, ChaudharyShipra, TamrakarDipesh, KanodiaPiush, GiriBishnu Rath, ShresthaRajeev, UranwSurendra, KimDeok Ryun, YangJae Seung, ParkIl-Yeon, KyungSeung-Eun, VemulaSridhar, Reddy EJagadeesh, KimBomi, GuptaBirendra Prasad, JoSue Kyoung, RyuJi Hwa, ParkHo Keun, ShinJong Hoon, LeeYoonyeong, KimHun, KimJerome H, MojaresZenaida Reynoso, WartelT Anh, SahastrabuddheSushant

Typhoid fever prevention

This study evaluated the immune non-inferiority of a typhoid Vi polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid (Vi-DT) conjugate vaccine compared to a WHO prequalified Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (Vi-TT) conjugate vaccine in participants of various ages from an endemic country. The Vi-DT vaccine development effort aimed to address the typhoid vaccine supply and demand gap and contribute to the global supply of typhoid conjugate vaccine.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effectiveness of Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine among children: a cluster randomized trial in Karachi, Pakistan.

Author: KhanM Imran, SoofiSajid Bashir, OchiaiR Leon, HabibMohammad Atif, SahitoShah Muhammad, NizamiS Qamaruddin, AcostaCamilo J, ClemensJohn D, BhuttaZulfiqar A,

Typhoid protection
Antibody decline

The ViCPS vaccine did not show statistically significant protection against typhoid fever in children aged 2-5 years. However, the vaccine showed significant total protection in children aged 5-16 years, suggesting that vaccinating school-aged children in urban, typhoid endemic areas may protect them against typhoid fever.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

The novel oral typhoid vaccine M01ZH09 is well tolerated and highly immunogenic in 2 vaccine presentations.

Author: KirkpatrickBeth D, TenneyKatherine M, LarssonCatherine J, O'NeillJ Patrick, VentroneCassandra, BentleyMatthew, UptonAnthony, HindleZoe, FidlerChristine, KutzkoDeborah, HoldridgeRegan, LapointeCasey, HamletSandra, ChatfieldSteven N

Typhoid vaccine

M01ZH09 is a live oral-dose typhoid vaccine candidate. It has been modified with two mutations that make it less harmful to humans. This study shows that M01ZH09 is well-tolerated and effective in inducing immune responses, even when administered in a single dose.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Comparison of safety and immunogenicity of a Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine with a whole-cell killed vaccine in Malaysian Air Force recruits.

Author: PanchanathanV, KumarS, YeapW, DeviS, IsmailR, SarijanS, SamS M, JusohZ, NordinS, LeboulleuxD, PangT

Efficacy
Safety

The Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine was significantly less reactogenic than the whole-cell killed (WCK) vaccine. It showed seroconversion rates of 75.5% and 67% at 2 and 6 weeks, respectively, compared to 25% and 31.3% in the WCK group. The Vi vaccine also boosted pre-existing protective antibody levels in individuals from typhoid-endemic regions.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Combined vaccination against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and typhoid fever: safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity.

Author: ProellStephan, MaiwaldHubert, NothdurftHans-Dieter, SaengerRoland, VollmarJens, De ClercqNorbert, von SonnenburgFrank

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Typhoid fever

This study evaluated the feasibility of combining hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and typhoid vaccines in a single injection.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Severe systemic reactions attributed to the acetone-inactivated parenteral typhoid vaccine.

Author: HoytR E, HeripD S

Severe systemic reactions

This report describes five active duty patients who experienced severe systemic reactions to the acetone-inactivated form of typhoid vaccine. The patients exhibited similar physical exam findings and laboratory abnormalities. While typhoid vaccine is recommended for travelers, the use of alternative, less reactogenic vaccines is now available.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Population impact of Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine.

Author: KhanM Imran, OchiaiR Leon, ClemensJohn D

Herd protection
Reduced burden
Typhoid fever prevention

Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection that is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world. This review discusses the importance of typhoid vaccination and highlights the potential of the Vi polysaccharide single-dose injectable typhoid vaccine to reduce the burden of the disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Retinoic acid elicits a coordinated expression of gut homing markers on T lymphocytes of Zambian men receiving oral Vivotif, but not Rotarix, Dukoral or OPVERO vaccines.

Author: Mwanza-LisuloMpala, ChombaMumba S, ChamaMubanga, BesaEllen C, FunjikaEvelyn, ZyamboKanekwa, BandaRose, ImikenduMercy, SianongoSandie, HancockRobert E W, LeeAmy, ChilengiRoma, StaggAndy J, NamangalaBoniface, KellyPaul M

Enhanced gut tropism
Improved vaccine response

This study showed that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased the expression of gut homing markers α4β7 integrin and CCR9 on T cells in healthy adult volunteers. This coordinated increase was observed in 57% of volunteers and only when ATRA was given together with an oral Vivotif vaccine. The coordinated response was strongly correlated with the gut IgA specific response to vaccine LPS. These results suggest that ATRA may be used to manipulate responses to oral vaccines, such as the live attenuated Vivotif vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Intravesical Ty21a Vaccine Promotes Dendritic Cells and T Cell-Mediated Tumor Regression in the MB49 Bladder Cancer Model.

Author: Domingos-PereiraSonia, SathiyanadanKarthik, La RosaStefano, PolákLenka, ChevalierMathieu F, MartelPaul, HojeijRim, DerréLaurent, HaefligerJacques-Antoine, JichlinskiPatrice, Nardelli-HaefligerDenise

NMIBC treatment

This study investigated the potential of Ty21a/Vivotif, a commercial vaccine against typhoid fever, as an alternative treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The study found that intravesical instillations of Ty21a effectively regressed tumors in a mouse model, mediated by the induction of antitumor adaptive immunity. The findings suggest that Ty21a could be a safe and effective treatment option for NMIBC patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Towards development of stable formulations of a live attenuated bacterial vaccine: a preformulation study facilitated by a biophysical approach.

Author: ZengYuhong, FanHaihong, ChiuehGary, PhamBinh, MartinRuss, Lechuga-BallesterosDavid, TruongVu L, JoshiSangeeta B, MiddaughC Russell

Vaccine stability

This study developed a new method for assessing the stability of live attenuated bacterial vaccines, such as the Ty21a typhoid vaccine. The study used fluorescence and circular dichroism techniques to identify conditions that could improve the stability of the vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Combined hepatitis A and B vaccines: a review of their immunogenicity and tolerability.

Author: MurdochDavid L, GoaKaren, FiggittDavid P

Cost-effective
Hepatitis A and B prevention
Fatigue
Headache
Injection site pain

The study reviewed combined hepatitis A and B vaccines, which are commercially available in different formulations. Both adult and pediatric formulations were found to be effective and generally well-tolerated, providing protection similar to their individual components. The two-dose pediatric formulation offers a practical option for regions with low immediate risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus, while the three-dose pediatric formulation is suitable for individuals at high risk of immediate exposure.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

[Design of field studies on vaccines which involves capturing indirect effect].

Author: PanJin-ren, HuangZheng-qiang, ChenKun

Direct effect
Indirect effect
Overall effect
Total effect

This study introduces the conceptual framework for four types of study designs that differentiate and account for direct, indirect, total, and overall effects of intervention programs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

20.

Evaluation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Ty2 aroC-ssaV-) M01ZH09, with a defined mutation in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2, as a live, oral typhoid vaccine in human volunteers.

Author: KirkpatrickB D, McKenzieRobin, O'NeillJ Patrick, LarssonCatherine J, BourgeoisA Louis, ShimkoJanet, BentleyMatthew, MakinJill, ChatfieldSteve, HindleZoë, FidlerChristine, RobinsonBrad E, VentroneCassandra H, BansalNivedita, CarpenterColleen M, KutzkoDeborah, HamletSandra, LaPointeCasey, TaylorDavid N

Typhoid vaccine
Fever

This study evaluates the safety and immunogenicity of a single oral dose of M01ZH09, a live, attenuated, oral typhoid vaccine harboring SPI-2 mutations. The study found that M01ZH09 was well-tolerated and immunogenic, with the highest dose being the most effective. The study suggests that M01ZH09 is a promising typhoid vaccine candidate and could be further developed as a vectoring system for heterologous antigens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

A randomised trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of the novel single oral dose typhoid vaccine M01ZH09 in healthy Vietnamese children.

Author: TranTinh Hien, NguyenThi Dung, NguyenThanh Truong, NinhThi Thanh Van, TranNguyen Bich Chau, NguyenVan Minh Hoang, TranThi Thu Nga, CaoThu Thuy, PhamVan Minh, NguyenThi Cam Binh, TranThi Diem Ha, PhamVan Toi, ToSong Diep, CampbellJames I, StockwellElaine, SchultszConstance, SimmonsCameron P, GloverClare, LamWinnie, MarquesFilipe, MayJames P, UptonAnthony, BudhramRonald, DouganGordon, FarrarJeremy, NguyenVan Vinh Chau, DolecekChristiane

Typhoid fever prevention

A new single-dose oral typhoid vaccine, M01ZH09, containing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with two attenuating deletions, has shown immunogenicity and acceptable safety in healthy adults. This vaccine holds promise for addressing the growing issue of drug-resistant typhoid fever, particularly in Asia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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