Effects of varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 12 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Varenicline, a medication used to help people quit smoking, has been shown to be effective in reducing cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms. 1 A study comparing the effectiveness of 0.5mg and 1mg doses of varenicline, both taken twice daily for 8 weeks, found no significant difference in smoking cessation rates between the two doses. 10 Both doses were similarly effective in helping people quit smoking, with comparable adherence and side effect profiles. 10 Varenicline has also been shown to be safe and unlikely to be abused. 2 Research suggests that combining varenicline with nicotine patches or extending the treatment duration may increase cessation effectiveness, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings. 12 Varenicline has been shown to improve attention in smokers preparing to quit smoking. 6 While varenicline is generally safe, it can cause gastrointestinal side effects. 5 Additionally, some people may experience side effects that lead them to discontinue the medication. 8 Varenicline has also been found to have an impact on alcohol consumption, particularly at higher doses. 9 Furthermore, varenicline has been shown to affect the subjective and physiological effects of nicotine. 3 Interestingly, varenicline may also be helpful for smokers who are not yet ready to quit, as it can help them reduce their cigarette intake. 11 Varenicline can affect various aspects of smoking behavior, including cravings, cue reactivity, and the perceived reward from smoking. 4 Finally, varenicline has been shown to affect cortisol levels, a hormone associated with stress, in healthy non-smokers. 7

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Varenicline is effective in helping people quit smoking. 1 It is generally safe and well-tolerated. 2 Varenicline can also help improve attention in smokers. 6

Risks Summary

Varenicline can cause gastrointestinal side effects. 5 It may lead to discontinuation due to side effects. 8

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have shown that varenicline is effective in reducing cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms, making it a valuable tool for smoking cessation. 1 、 10 、 2

Differences

Studies have investigated different aspects of varenicline’s effectiveness and safety, including dose comparisons, combined therapies, effects on cognition and other behaviors, and potential side effects. 10 、 12 、 6 、 5 、 8 、 9 、 3 、 11 、 4 、 7

Consistency and Inconsistencies of Results

Overall, the evidence suggests that varenicline is an effective and generally safe medication for smoking cessation. 1 、 10 、 2 However, further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of combined therapies and extended treatment durations, as well as to better understand the impact of varenicline on various behaviors, such as alcohol consumption. 12 、 9

Considerations for Real-World Application

If you are considering quitting smoking, talk to your doctor about whether varenicline might be right for you. 1 、 10 Follow your doctor's instructions carefully regarding dosage and administration. 2 Be aware of potential side effects and discuss any concerns with your doctor. 5 、 8

Limitations of Current Research

More research is needed to address the long-term effects of varenicline and to explore its potential for reducing alcohol consumption and improving attention in a wider range of individuals. 2 、 9 、 6

Future Research Directions

Further studies are needed to explore the potential benefits of combined therapies, extended treatment durations, and other strategies to enhance varenicline’s efficacy. 12 It is also important to investigate the long-term effects of varenicline and its impact on different populations. 2

Conclusion

Varenicline is a valuable medication for smoking cessation. 1 、 10 It is generally safe and effective in reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms. 1 、 2 If you are considering quitting smoking, talk to your doctor about whether varenicline might be right for you. 1 、 10

Literature analysis of 12 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
10
2
0
1
12
1.

Smoking cessation efficacy and safety of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist.

Author: TonstadSerena

Nicotine craving relief
Smoking cessation
Nicotine withdrawal

Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, has shown promising results in Phase 3 studies for inducing smoking cessation and maintaining smoking abstinence. It has the potential to relieve nicotine craving and withdrawal symptoms while reducing the reinforcing effects of nicotine.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Human abuse liability of the smoking cessation drug varenicline in smokers and nonsmokers.

Author: McCollS L, BursteinA H, ReevesK R, BillingC B, StolarM, SellersE M

Smoking cessation
Abuse potential

Varenicline, a medication to help people stop smoking, is unlikely to be abused. This was demonstrated in a study where smokers and nonsmokers were given varenicline or a placebo. Varenicline did not produce the same pleasurable effects as amphetamine, a known drug of abuse. Additionally, varenicline was associated with some unpleasant effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Varenicline attenuates some of the subjective and physiological effects of intravenous nicotine in humans.

Author: SofuogluMehmet, HermanAryeh I, MooneyMarc, WatersAndrew J

Smoking cessation

This study characterized the effects of varenicline, a partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist used for smoking cessation, on nicotine's dose-dependent effects in abstinent smokers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

4.

Varenicline effects on craving, cue reactivity, and smoking reward.

Author: BrandonThomas H, DrobesDavid J, UnrodMarina, HeckmanBryan W, OliverJason A, RoetzheimRichard C, KarverSloan Beth, SmallBrent J

Reduced reward from smoking
Reduced tobacco cravings
None mentioned

Varenicline reduced tonic craving, cue-provoked craving, the expected value of cigarettes, number of puffs and time spent smoking, and self-reported reward from smoking compared to placebo.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Gastrointestinal adverse effects of varenicline at maintenance dose: a meta-analysis.

Author: LeungLawrence K, PatafioFrancis M, RosserWalter W

gastrointestinal adverse effects

Varenicline is a medication that helps people quit smoking. It can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

The effects of varenicline on attention and inhibitory control among treatment-seeking smokers.

Author: RhodesJessica D, HawkLarry W, AshareRebecca L, SchlienzNicolas J, MahoneyMartin C

Smoking cessation

Varenicline improved lapses in attention among treatment-seeking smokers preparing to make a quit attempt, suggesting that attention may play a role in its mechanism of action for smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Effects of short-term varenicline administration on cortisol in healthy, non-smoking adults: a randomized, double-blind, study.

Author: MockingRoel J T, WeverStephany A, PflanzC Patrick, PringleAbbie, ParsonsElizabeth, McTavishSarah F, CowenPhil J, HarmerCatherine J, ScheneAart H

Effective smoking cessation
Depressogenic side effects

Varenicline is a highly effective drug for smoking cessation, but it has been linked to depression in some users. It remains unclear whether this is due to varenicline itself, or to smoking and/or smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Adverse Effects Cause Varenicline Discontinuation: A Meta-Analysis.

Author: DrovandiAaron D, ChenCarla C, GlassBeverley D

Smoking cessation
Discontinuation

Varenicline is a smoking cessation drug that is effective in providing prolonged smoking abstinence. However, its adverse effect profile may cause discontinuation, potentially reducing smoking abstinence rates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

9.

Effect of Lowering the Dose of Varenicline on Alcohol Self-administration in Drinkers With Alcohol Use Disorders.

Author: VerplaetseTerril L, PittmanBrian P, ShiJulia M, TetraultJeanette M, CoppolaSabrina, McKeeSherry A

Alcohol consumption reduction
Insomnia

This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of varenicline (1 and 2 mg/day) on alcohol consumption in adults with alcohol use disorders. The 2 mg/day dose reduced alcohol craving but did not significantly reduce alcohol consumption. The 1 mg/day dose had no significant effect on craving or consumption.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

10.

Effect of 0.5 mg versus 1 mg varenicline for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: Fouz-RosónNatalia, Montemayor-RubioTeodoro, Almadana-PachecoVirginia, Montserrat-GarcíaSoledad, Gómez-BasteroAna Paulina, Romero-MuñozConcepción, Polo-PadilloJuan

Side effects

This open-label randomized trial compared the effectiveness of 1 mg and 0.5 mg varenicline in smoking cessation. The study found that both doses were equally effective in achieving abstinence at 1 year, with similar rates of adherence and side effects. This suggests that a lower dose of varenicline may be just as effective as a higher dose for smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Varenicline for smoking reduction in smokers not yet ready to quit: A double-blind, proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial.

Author: SteinbergMarc L, LuShou-En, WilliamsJill M

Quitting self-efficacy
Smoking reduction

Varenicline is a promising treatment option for smokers who are willing to reduce but not quit smoking. While varenicline did not lead to a significant reduction in cigarettes per day compared to placebo, it did increase the number of smokers who made a quit attempt. Successful reduction in cigarettes per day was associated with increased self-efficacy for quitting.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Effects of Combined Varenicline With Nicotine Patch and of Extended Treatment Duration on Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: BakerTimothy B, PiperMegan E, SmithStevens S, BoltDaniel M, SteinJames H, FioreMichael C

Insomnia
Nausea

This randomized clinical trial found no significant difference in smoking cessation rates at 52 weeks between varenicline monotherapy and combined varenicline plus nicotine patch therapy, or between 12-week and 24-week treatment durations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

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