Effects of vinorelbine injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 12 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

The research papers provided focus on varenicline, a medication used to aid in smoking cessation. 10 specifically investigates the effectiveness of two different dosages of varenicline (0.5 mg and 1 mg) for smoking cessation. This study found no significant difference in abstinence rates between the two dosages after one year. Both groups had similar rates of adherence and experienced similar side effects.

5 examines the gastrointestinal side effects of varenicline at a maintenance dosage (1 mg twice daily). The study, a meta-analysis, suggests that varenicline may increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects at this dosage.

2 explores the potential for abuse of varenicline by smokers and non-smokers. The study found that varenicline is unlikely to be abused.

6 investigates the impact of varenicline on attention and inhibitory control among smokers seeking treatment. The study found that varenicline improved lapses in attention compared to placebo. However, there was no significant difference between groups in inhibitory control.

9 examines the effect of lowering the dose of varenicline on alcohol self-administration in individuals with alcohol use disorders. This study found no evidence that a lower dose of varenicline effectively reduced alcohol craving or consumption. Higher plasma levels of varenicline, however, were associated with reduced drinking.

1 explores the efficacy and safety of varenicline as a smoking cessation aid. The study suggests that varenicline may increase the success rate of smoking cessation.

11 investigates the effects of varenicline on smoking reduction in smokers who are not yet ready to quit. While the study showed some evidence that varenicline might help reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, it did not definitively prove its efficacy for this purpose.

8 is a meta-analysis that investigates the impact of adverse effects on varenicline discontinuation. This research indicates that varenicline’s side effects can lead to discontinuation, potentially decreasing the success rate of smoking cessation.

3 examines how varenicline affects the subjective and physiological effects of intravenous nicotine in humans. The study found that varenicline reduces the effects of nicotine.

4 explores the effects of varenicline on craving, cue reactivity, and smoking reward. The study found that varenicline reduces tonic craving, cue-provoked craving, and the perceived reward from smoking.

12 compares the effectiveness of varenicline combined with a nicotine patch versus varenicline alone, as well as the impact of extending the duration of varenicline treatment. This study found no significant differences in smoking cessation rates between the groups.

7 investigates the short-term effects of varenicline administration on cortisol levels in healthy non-smokers. The study found that varenicline does not impact cortisol levels during short-term administration.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Varenicline is a medication used to aid in smoking cessation. Studies suggest that varenicline may be effective in helping people quit smoking. 1 , 4

Risk Summary

Varenicline can cause side effects. Some individuals may experience gastrointestinal issues, insomnia, or other side effects. 5 , 8

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

The provided research papers primarily focus on the efficacy and safety of varenicline as a smoking cessation aid.

Differences

The research papers differ in their focus. For instance, 10 investigates the effect of different varenicline dosages, while 5 focuses on the gastrointestinal side effects of varenicline.

Consistency and Contradictions

The research results are generally consistent in suggesting that varenicline can be effective in aiding smoking cessation. However, some research, such as 8 , highlights the potential for adverse effects to reduce the effectiveness of varenicline by leading to discontinuation.

Real-Life Application Considerations

If you are considering using varenicline to quit smoking, it is essential to consult with your doctor. They can help you assess your individual needs and potential risks and benefits. Discuss your medical history, any existing conditions, and potential interactions with other medications. You may also benefit from counseling or support groups during your smoking cessation journey.

Limitations of Current Research

The research provided includes a variety of study designs, some with limitations such as small sample sizes, specific participant populations, or short follow-up periods. More research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects and safety of varenicline.

Future Research Directions

Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and safety of varenicline. Additionally, investigating the most effective dosage and administration methods, as well as potential interactions with other medications, is crucial. Long-term studies with larger sample sizes are essential for gathering more robust evidence.

Conclusion

Varenicline shows promise as a smoking cessation aid. Studies have shown that it can be effective in helping individuals quit smoking, but it is important to be aware of potential side effects. Consult with your doctor to determine if varenicline is right for you and discuss the best way to manage any potential side effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects and safety of varenicline.

Literature analysis of 12 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
10
2
0
1
12
1.

Smoking cessation efficacy and safety of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist.

Author: TonstadSerena

Nicotine craving relief
Smoking cessation
Nicotine withdrawal

Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist, has shown promising results in Phase 3 studies for inducing smoking cessation and maintaining smoking abstinence. It has the potential to relieve nicotine craving and withdrawal symptoms while reducing the reinforcing effects of nicotine.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Human abuse liability of the smoking cessation drug varenicline in smokers and nonsmokers.

Author: McCollS L, BursteinA H, ReevesK R, BillingC B, StolarM, SellersE M

Smoking cessation
Abuse potential

Varenicline, a medication to help people stop smoking, is unlikely to be abused. This was demonstrated in a study where smokers and nonsmokers were given varenicline or a placebo. Varenicline did not produce the same pleasurable effects as amphetamine, a known drug of abuse. Additionally, varenicline was associated with some unpleasant effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Varenicline attenuates some of the subjective and physiological effects of intravenous nicotine in humans.

Author: SofuogluMehmet, HermanAryeh I, MooneyMarc, WatersAndrew J

Smoking cessation

This study characterized the effects of varenicline, a partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist used for smoking cessation, on nicotine's dose-dependent effects in abstinent smokers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

4.

Varenicline effects on craving, cue reactivity, and smoking reward.

Author: BrandonThomas H, DrobesDavid J, UnrodMarina, HeckmanBryan W, OliverJason A, RoetzheimRichard C, KarverSloan Beth, SmallBrent J

Reduced reward from smoking
Reduced tobacco cravings
None mentioned

Varenicline reduced tonic craving, cue-provoked craving, the expected value of cigarettes, number of puffs and time spent smoking, and self-reported reward from smoking compared to placebo.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Gastrointestinal adverse effects of varenicline at maintenance dose: a meta-analysis.

Author: LeungLawrence K, PatafioFrancis M, RosserWalter W

gastrointestinal adverse effects

Varenicline is a medication that helps people quit smoking. It can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

The effects of varenicline on attention and inhibitory control among treatment-seeking smokers.

Author: RhodesJessica D, HawkLarry W, AshareRebecca L, SchlienzNicolas J, MahoneyMartin C

Smoking cessation

Varenicline improved lapses in attention among treatment-seeking smokers preparing to make a quit attempt, suggesting that attention may play a role in its mechanism of action for smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Effects of short-term varenicline administration on cortisol in healthy, non-smoking adults: a randomized, double-blind, study.

Author: MockingRoel J T, WeverStephany A, PflanzC Patrick, PringleAbbie, ParsonsElizabeth, McTavishSarah F, CowenPhil J, HarmerCatherine J, ScheneAart H

Effective smoking cessation
Depressogenic side effects

Varenicline is a highly effective drug for smoking cessation, but it has been linked to depression in some users. It remains unclear whether this is due to varenicline itself, or to smoking and/or smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Adverse Effects Cause Varenicline Discontinuation: A Meta-Analysis.

Author: DrovandiAaron D, ChenCarla C, GlassBeverley D

Smoking cessation
Discontinuation

Varenicline is a smoking cessation drug that is effective in providing prolonged smoking abstinence. However, its adverse effect profile may cause discontinuation, potentially reducing smoking abstinence rates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

9.

Effect of Lowering the Dose of Varenicline on Alcohol Self-administration in Drinkers With Alcohol Use Disorders.

Author: VerplaetseTerril L, PittmanBrian P, ShiJulia M, TetraultJeanette M, CoppolaSabrina, McKeeSherry A

Alcohol consumption reduction
Insomnia

This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the effect of varenicline (1 and 2 mg/day) on alcohol consumption in adults with alcohol use disorders. The 2 mg/day dose reduced alcohol craving but did not significantly reduce alcohol consumption. The 1 mg/day dose had no significant effect on craving or consumption.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

10.

Effect of 0.5 mg versus 1 mg varenicline for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: Fouz-RosónNatalia, Montemayor-RubioTeodoro, Almadana-PachecoVirginia, Montserrat-GarcíaSoledad, Gómez-BasteroAna Paulina, Romero-MuñozConcepción, Polo-PadilloJuan

Side effects

This open-label randomized trial compared the effectiveness of 1 mg and 0.5 mg varenicline in smoking cessation. The study found that both doses were equally effective in achieving abstinence at 1 year, with similar rates of adherence and side effects. This suggests that a lower dose of varenicline may be just as effective as a higher dose for smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Varenicline for smoking reduction in smokers not yet ready to quit: A double-blind, proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial.

Author: SteinbergMarc L, LuShou-En, WilliamsJill M

Quitting self-efficacy
Smoking reduction

Varenicline is a promising treatment option for smokers who are willing to reduce but not quit smoking. While varenicline did not lead to a significant reduction in cigarettes per day compared to placebo, it did increase the number of smokers who made a quit attempt. Successful reduction in cigarettes per day was associated with increased self-efficacy for quitting.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Effects of Combined Varenicline With Nicotine Patch and of Extended Treatment Duration on Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: BakerTimothy B, PiperMegan E, SmithStevens S, BoltDaniel M, SteinJames H, FioreMichael C

Insomnia
Nausea

This randomized clinical trial found no significant difference in smoking cessation rates at 52 weeks between varenicline monotherapy and combined varenicline plus nicotine patch therapy, or between 12-week and 24-week treatment durations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

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