Effects of amphetamine: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Amphetamine, a stimulant drug, has been the subject of extensive research, revealing its multifaceted effects on the human body and mind. 8 found that acute doses of d-amphetamine can reduce impulsivity in healthy volunteers. This was observed in various tasks, including the Stop Task (measuring behavioral inhibition), delay discounting tasks (evaluating the relative value of immediate vs. delayed rewards), and the Go/No-Go task. These findings suggest that amphetamine may have a potential role in managing impulsive behaviors. However, it's important to note that this study focused on acute administration and further research is needed to understand long-term effects.

Beyond its potential for managing impulsivity, amphetamine also has significant effects on mood. 1 compared the mood-altering effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate. The results showed that d-amphetamine had a greater efficacy ratio (2:1) than l-amphetamine in increasing euphoric mood. Methylphenidate exhibited intermediate efficacy between the two amphetamine isomers. These findings underscore the differential effects of these stimulants on mood and highlight the importance of understanding their specific mechanisms.

The potential benefits of amphetamine in treating certain conditions, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are also supported by research. 9 investigated the efficacy of stimulant medication in a group of preschool children with ADHD. The study found significant improvements in behavioral ratings for children receiving methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall), highlighting the potential of these medications in managing ADHD symptoms. It is crucial to acknowledge that the use of amphetamines for treating ADHD requires careful consideration due to potential side effects and the risk of misuse.

Research has also explored the potential for amphetamine to be misused and the role of medications in mitigating those risks. 11 investigated the efficacy of naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, in reducing relapse to amphetamine use in individuals with amphetamine dependence. The study aimed to understand if naltrexone could effectively modulate the reinforcing effects of amphetamine. While this study did not demonstrate conclusive results, it highlights the ongoing efforts to explore pharmacotherapies for mitigating amphetamine addiction.

In addition to its effects on the brain, amphetamine also has significant physiological effects. 12 examined the effects of atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, on the physiological responses to dextroamphetamine. The results showed that atomoxetine attenuated the increase in blood pressure and plasma cortisol levels induced by dextroamphetamine. These findings suggest that medications like atomoxetine might play a role in mitigating some of the physiological effects of amphetamine.

The route of administration can significantly impact the effects of amphetamine. 13 compared the effects of intranasal and oral administration of d-amphetamine. The results indicated that intranasal administration led to a faster onset of effects, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, compared to oral administration. This difference in onset highlights the potential for abuse associated with intranasal administration due to its quicker and potentially more intense effects.

The impact of amphetamine can also vary depending on the individual. 2 studied the relationship between amphetamine levels, side effects, and individual characteristics. This study found that the initial rate of amphetamine entering the bloodstream influenced both the incidence of side effects and the rise in blood pressure. It also suggested that personality traits might play a role in the response to amphetamine.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit summary

Amphetamine can be beneficial in managing conditions like ADHD. 9 demonstrated that stimulant medications can effectively improve behavioral ratings in preschool children with ADHD. Amphetamine can also improve focus and concentration. Additionally, 8 indicates that amphetamine can reduce impulsivity.

Risk summary

Amphetamine has several potential risks. It is a stimulant and can lead to misuse and addiction. Side effects of amphetamine include heart problems, stroke, psychosis, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. 6 and 10 suggest that amphetamine may increase smoking behavior. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid taking amphetamine. Always consult a doctor for guidance and never take amphetamine without a prescription.

Comparison between studies

Commonalities

Many studies consistently find that amphetamine increases mood, alertness, and focus. Amphetamine also consistently induces physiological changes, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Differences

The effects and side effects of amphetamine vary across studies. For example, 8 found that amphetamine reduces impulsivity, but 13 suggested a possible increase in impulsivity with certain administration methods. Similarly, the impact of amphetamine on smoking behavior varies in different research findings. 6 and 10 presented contrasting results. These variations likely stem from differences in study design, participants, dosage, and administration methods.

Consistency and inconsistencies in the results

The effects of amphetamine are influenced by various factors, leading to inconsistencies in research findings. For instance, the effect of amphetamine on impulsivity is not consistently reported, with some studies showing reductions and others suggesting potential increases. Similar inconsistencies are observed in the impact of amphetamine on smoking behavior. These inconsistencies emphasize the need for careful consideration of various factors affecting amphetamine's effects and the importance of further research to understand these complexities.

Precautions for real-life applications

While amphetamine can be helpful in treating ADHD, it is crucial to be aware of its potential for misuse and addiction. Always adhere to a doctor's instructions when taking amphetamine and never self-medicate. Additionally, be mindful of the potential for amphetamine to increase smoking behavior if you are a smoker.

Limitations of current research

The existing research on amphetamine is still incomplete. Further research is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of amphetamine's effects on the human body. Specifically, more research is required to understand the long-term side effects and the impact of amphetamine on the brain.

Future research directions

Future research on amphetamine should focus on understanding its effects on the brain, long-term side effects, and its impact on various mental health conditions. Research should also investigate strategies for preventing misuse and addiction to amphetamine.

Conclusion

Amphetamine can be an effective treatment for conditions like ADHD, but it carries risks of misuse and addiction. Always follow a doctor's guidance when using amphetamine and avoid self-medication. Continued research is vital to better understand the benefits and risks associated with amphetamine. It's essential to consider the multifaceted nature of amphetamine's effects and the individual factors that can influence its impact.

Literature analysis of 18 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
3
Article Type
17
0
1
0
17
1.

Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man.

Author: SmithR C, DavisJ M

Euphoric mood
Psychosis

d-amphetamine is more potent than l-amphetamine, while methylphenidate has an intermediate effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

An integrated approach for the evaluation of psychotropic drug in man. I. Studies on amphetamine. Relationship between drug levels and psychophysiological measurements.

Author: MorselliP L, PlacidiG F, MagginiC, GomeniR, GuazelliM, De LisioG, StandenS, TognoniG

Side effects

The effects of two different amphetamine formulations were evaluated in healthy volunteers using an integrated approach that included drug plasma levels, central (CNS) and peripheral responses, and performance tests. The study found interesting relationships between the initial rate of entry of amphetamine into the blood stream and both the incidence of side effects and the rise in arterial blood pressure. The methodology used in this study may be valuable for evaluating psychotropic drug effects in humans.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Effects of setting on the subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans.

Author: ZacnyJ P, BodkerB K, de WitH

Stimulant effects

The subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine (20mg) were not significantly affected by the setting (inpatient or outpatient) in a study involving eight healthy volunteers. Amphetamine produced typical stimulant effects, such as elation and euphoria, regardless of the environment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Drug preference in normal volunteers: effects of age and time of day.

Author: de WitH, UhlenhuthE H, JohansonC E

Mood effects
Stimulant effects

Amphetamine has reinforcing properties in normal volunteers, but diazepam does not. Age and time of drug administration may affect the subjective effects of amphetamine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine.

Author: JohansonC E, UhlenhuthE H

Decreases confusion
Increases arousal
Increases elation
Increases friendliness
Increases positive mood
Increases vigor

This study investigated the subjective effects of d-amphetamine in 31 normal human volunteers. Subjects chose amphetamine a mean of 4.03 times. Amphetamine produced changes in mood, including increased vigor, elation, friendliness, arousal, and positive mood, and decreased confusion.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Cigarette smoking and subjective response: effects of d-amphetamine.

Author: HenningfieldJ E, GriffithsR R

Oral d-amphetamine increased cigarette smoking behavior in eight adult smokers, including the number of cigarettes smoked, total puffs, and tobacco consumed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

d-Amphetamine versus methylphenidate effects in depressed inpatients.

Author: LittleK Y

Relief of depressive symptoms
None mentioned

This article discusses the use of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate, two stimulants used to treat ADHD, for treating depression. Both medications can improve mood in some patients, although they have distinct neurochemical effects. This suggests that individuals with depression may respond differently to each stimulant, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment approaches.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers.

Author: de WitHarriet, EnggasserJustin L, RichardsJerry B

Impulsivity reduction

This study investigated the acute effects of d-amphetamine on various measures of impulsivity. D-amphetamine was found to reduce impulsive responding on several tasks, suggesting that it may decrease impulsivity in individuals.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

A prospective study of stimulant response in preschool children: insights from ROC analyses.

Author: ShortElizabeth J, ManosMichael J, FindlingRobert L, SchubelEmily A

Stimulants improve behavior
Side effects infrequent

Methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) were effective in improving the behavior of preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at their best dose. Side effects were infrequent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking.

Author: RushCraig R, HigginsStephen T, VansickelAndrea R, StoopsWilliam W, LileJoshua A, GlaserPaul E A

Increased smoking

Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine are stimulants prescribed for ADHD. Previous studies have shown that d-amphetamine increases smoking rates. This study examines the effects of methylphenidate on smoking, as individuals with ADHD are at increased risk for smoking.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Author: Jayaram-LindströmNitya, HammarbergAnders, BeckOlof, FranckJohan

Amphetamine dependence reduction

Naltrexone was compared to placebo in reducing relapse to amphetamine use in amphetamine-dependent patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Atomoxetine attenuates dextroamphetamine effects in humans.

Author: SofuogluMehmet, PolingJames, HillKevin, KostenThomas

Potential for stimulant addiction treatment

Atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, attenuated some of the physiological and subjective responses to dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers. This supports the role of the noradrenergic system in mediating acute amphetamine responses and suggests potential use for stimulant addiction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of intranasal and oral d-amphetamine in healthy human subjects.

Author: LileJoshua A, BabalonisShanna, EmurianCleeve, MartinCatherine A, WermelingDaniel P, KellyThomas H

Abuse potential

This study compared the effects of intranasal versus oral administration of d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers. Intranasal administration resulted in a faster onset of stimulant effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, and improved performance on a cognitive task. These findings may explain the popularity of intranasal d-amphetamine use and highlight its potential for abuse.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

14.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the amphetamine sensitization model of schizophrenia in healthy male volunteers.

Author: O'DalyOwen Gareth, JoyceDaniel, StephanKlaas Enno, MurrayRobin McGregor, ShergillSukhwinder S

Improved memory
Aberrant brain activity

Amphetamine sensitization is associated with enhanced subjective response to the drug and aberrant brain activity in the prefrontal and temporal regions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Effects of amphetamine on reactivity to emotional stimuli.

Author: WardleMargaret C, de WitHarriet

Amphetamine abuse
Increased drug seeking

This study examined the effects of D-amphetamine on emotional reactivity to emotional stimuli in 36 healthy adults. Amphetamine enhanced self-reported and psychophysiological positive reactions to all pictures, independent of drug-induced mood changes. This suggests that stimulant drugs may have reinforcing effects beyond their euphoric properties.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Comparison of intranasal methamphetamine and d-amphetamine self-administration by humans.

Author: KirkpatrickMatthew G, GundersonErik W, JohansonChris-Ellyn, LevinFrances R, FoltinRichard W, HartCarl L

Increased positive mood
Increased cardiovascular activity

Methamphetamine and d-amphetamines appear to produce a similar dose-related profile of effects in humans, which supports their equivalence for abuse potential.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

17.

Separate and combined impact of acute naltrexone and alprazolam on subjective and physiological effects of oral d-amphetamine in stimulant users.

Author: MarksKatherine R, LileJoshua A, StoopsWilliam W, RushCraig R

Stimulant abuse attenuation
Side effects

Opioid antagonists (e.g., naltrexone) and GABAA receptor modulators (e.g., alprazolam) can reduce stimulant abuse, but high doses lead to side effects. This article suggests combining naltrexone and alprazolam to maximize efficacy while avoiding side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

Amphetamines in child medicine: a review of ClinicalTrials.gov.

Author: AlalalmehSamer O, HegaziOmar E, ShahwanMoyad, AlshehriFahad S, AshourAhmed M, AlgarniAlanood S, AlorfiNasser M

Therapeutic potential in ADHD
Addiction risk
Side effects

This study reviews the use of amphetamines in pediatric medicine, focusing on clinical trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Amphetamines show potential for treating ADHD but require careful consideration of side effects and addiction risks.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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