Effects of amphotericin b injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Several studies have revealed that amphetamine-based drugs have various effects on human behavior and mental state. 10 suggests that methylphenidate, an ADHD medication, could increase smoking behavior. Also, 5 shows that d-amphetamine brings subjective effects like increased vigor and elation but it is unclear whether it influences drug choice. 8 suggests that d-amphetamine could have an effect on inhibiting impulsive behaviors. Meanwhile, 13 reports that intranasally administered d-amphetamine has a faster onset compared to oral administration, which could be associated with the popularity of intranasal use of prescription stimulants and increased potential for abuse. 15 suggests that amphetamines could enhance reactivity to pleasant feelings and emotions. Moreover, 12 shows that atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, could inhibit blood pressure and cortisol increases triggered by dextroamphetamine. These research results indicate that amphetamine-based drugs could have various effects on human behavior and mental state.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Amphetamine-based drugs have proven therapeutic effects on certain conditions like ADHD. For example, 9 shows that methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts are effective in improving the behaviors of preschool children. Also, 18 demonstrates that amphetamine plays a crucial role in the treatment of ADHD in children. Further, 4 shows that amphetamine brings subjective effects like increased elation and vigor. However, these effects can vary significantly among individuals and the risk of drug abuse and dependence exists, requiring cautious use.

Risks Summary

Amphetamine-based drugs are known to have a high potential for abuse and dependence. 10 suggests that d-amphetamine might increase smoking behavior. Also, 13 shows that intranasally administered d-amphetamine has a faster onset compared to oral administration, indicating an increased potential for abuse. Moreover, 11 shows that there is no approved pharmacotherapy for amphetamine dependence. Amphetamine-based drugs could also have cardiovascular effects and mental side effects, requiring careful use.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Many studies show that amphetamine-based drugs affect human behavior and mental states in various ways. Specifically, effects like elation, increased vigor, impulse control, and cognitive enhancement have been reported. On the other hand, risks like drug abuse and dependence, as well as cardiovascular effects, have been pointed out.

Differences Among Studies

Studies have reported varying degrees of effectiveness, side effects, and mechanisms of action of amphetamine-based drugs. For example, 7 shows that there are differences in the effectiveness of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate in treating depressed patients. Also, 17 suggests that combining naltrexone and alprazolam could suppress the abuse effects of amphetamines. These research results indicate the complexity of the mechanism of action of amphetamine-based drugs and highlight the need for careful consideration when determining optimal medication methods for each patient.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Research results regarding the effectiveness and side effects of amphetamine-based drugs are not always consistent. For example, shows that the effects of amphetamines are not altered by environmental factors. On the other hand, 5 shows that amphetamine brings subjective effects like increased elation and vigor. These contradictory research results could reflect the complexity of the mechanism of action of amphetamine-based drugs and the large individual differences in response. Furthermore, differences in research methods and the characteristics of the study subjects might lead to differing results. More research is required for a deeper understanding of the effects and side effects of amphetamine-based drugs.

Practical Application and Precautions

Amphetamine-based drugs are used in medical practice as effective treatments for conditions like ADHD. However, these drugs have a high potential for abuse and dependence, therefore it is crucial to use them at the proper dosage under a doctor's supervision. Self-medication can lead to a high risk of health issues, so it must be avoided at all costs. Additionally, amphetamine-based drugs could interact with other drugs, so it is important to consult with a doctor before taking them and inform them about any other medications being taken. Amphetamine-based drugs have various effects, but it is necessary to understand that the effects vary significantly among individuals, and the risk of side effects exists.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the effectiveness and side effects of amphetamine-based drugs is still insufficient. In particular, the impact of long-term use and the mechanisms of drug dependence are not fully understood. Additionally, many studies have focused on specific populations, so generalizing their results is challenging. Moreover, although drug abuse and dependence are becoming serious social issues, there is still a lack of research regarding countermeasures. More research is needed to develop a deeper understanding of the effects and side effects of amphetamine-based drugs and to promote safe use.

Future Directions for Research

Future research should focus on understanding the impact of long-term use of amphetamine-based drugs, the mechanisms of drug dependence, and developing effective treatments for abuse and dependence. Additionally, research is needed to evaluate the effects and side effects of amphetamine-based drugs more accurately, taking into account factors like individual differences and environmental influences. Furthermore, research is vital to developing effective educational and awareness programs for preventing drug abuse and dependence. Amphetamine-based drugs play an important role in medical practice but are drugs with a potential for abuse and dependence. Future research is expected to promote safe use of amphetamine-based drugs and make better use of their effects.

Conclusion

Amphetamine-based drugs have various effects but also pose risks of abuse and dependence. This article has presented research findings regarding the effectiveness and risks of amphetamine-based drugs. To ensure safe use of amphetamine-based drugs, it is important to use them at the proper dosage under a doctor's supervision. Self-medication is highly risky for health issues, so it must be avoided. It is important to understand the effects and side effects of amphetamine-based drugs correctly and strive for safe use.

Literature analysis of 18 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
3
Article Type
17
0
1
0
17
1.

Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man.

Author: SmithR C, DavisJ M

Euphoric mood
Psychosis

d-amphetamine is more potent than l-amphetamine, while methylphenidate has an intermediate effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

An integrated approach for the evaluation of psychotropic drug in man. I. Studies on amphetamine. Relationship between drug levels and psychophysiological measurements.

Author: MorselliP L, PlacidiG F, MagginiC, GomeniR, GuazelliM, De LisioG, StandenS, TognoniG

Side effects

The effects of two different amphetamine formulations were evaluated in healthy volunteers using an integrated approach that included drug plasma levels, central (CNS) and peripheral responses, and performance tests. The study found interesting relationships between the initial rate of entry of amphetamine into the blood stream and both the incidence of side effects and the rise in arterial blood pressure. The methodology used in this study may be valuable for evaluating psychotropic drug effects in humans.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Effects of setting on the subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans.

Author: ZacnyJ P, BodkerB K, de WitH

Stimulant effects

The subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine (20mg) were not significantly affected by the setting (inpatient or outpatient) in a study involving eight healthy volunteers. Amphetamine produced typical stimulant effects, such as elation and euphoria, regardless of the environment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Drug preference in normal volunteers: effects of age and time of day.

Author: de WitH, UhlenhuthE H, JohansonC E

Mood effects
Stimulant effects

Amphetamine has reinforcing properties in normal volunteers, but diazepam does not. Age and time of drug administration may affect the subjective effects of amphetamine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine.

Author: JohansonC E, UhlenhuthE H

Decreases confusion
Increases arousal
Increases elation
Increases friendliness
Increases positive mood
Increases vigor

This study investigated the subjective effects of d-amphetamine in 31 normal human volunteers. Subjects chose amphetamine a mean of 4.03 times. Amphetamine produced changes in mood, including increased vigor, elation, friendliness, arousal, and positive mood, and decreased confusion.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Cigarette smoking and subjective response: effects of d-amphetamine.

Author: HenningfieldJ E, GriffithsR R

Oral d-amphetamine increased cigarette smoking behavior in eight adult smokers, including the number of cigarettes smoked, total puffs, and tobacco consumed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

d-Amphetamine versus methylphenidate effects in depressed inpatients.

Author: LittleK Y

Relief of depressive symptoms
None mentioned

This article discusses the use of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate, two stimulants used to treat ADHD, for treating depression. Both medications can improve mood in some patients, although they have distinct neurochemical effects. This suggests that individuals with depression may respond differently to each stimulant, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment approaches.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers.

Author: de WitHarriet, EnggasserJustin L, RichardsJerry B

Impulsivity reduction

This study investigated the acute effects of d-amphetamine on various measures of impulsivity. D-amphetamine was found to reduce impulsive responding on several tasks, suggesting that it may decrease impulsivity in individuals.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

A prospective study of stimulant response in preschool children: insights from ROC analyses.

Author: ShortElizabeth J, ManosMichael J, FindlingRobert L, SchubelEmily A

Stimulants improve behavior
Side effects infrequent

Methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) were effective in improving the behavior of preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at their best dose. Side effects were infrequent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking.

Author: RushCraig R, HigginsStephen T, VansickelAndrea R, StoopsWilliam W, LileJoshua A, GlaserPaul E A

Increased smoking

Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine are stimulants prescribed for ADHD. Previous studies have shown that d-amphetamine increases smoking rates. This study examines the effects of methylphenidate on smoking, as individuals with ADHD are at increased risk for smoking.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Author: Jayaram-LindströmNitya, HammarbergAnders, BeckOlof, FranckJohan

Amphetamine dependence reduction

Naltrexone was compared to placebo in reducing relapse to amphetamine use in amphetamine-dependent patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Atomoxetine attenuates dextroamphetamine effects in humans.

Author: SofuogluMehmet, PolingJames, HillKevin, KostenThomas

Potential for stimulant addiction treatment

Atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, attenuated some of the physiological and subjective responses to dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers. This supports the role of the noradrenergic system in mediating acute amphetamine responses and suggests potential use for stimulant addiction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of intranasal and oral d-amphetamine in healthy human subjects.

Author: LileJoshua A, BabalonisShanna, EmurianCleeve, MartinCatherine A, WermelingDaniel P, KellyThomas H

Abuse potential

This study compared the effects of intranasal versus oral administration of d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers. Intranasal administration resulted in a faster onset of stimulant effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, and improved performance on a cognitive task. These findings may explain the popularity of intranasal d-amphetamine use and highlight its potential for abuse.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

14.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the amphetamine sensitization model of schizophrenia in healthy male volunteers.

Author: O'DalyOwen Gareth, JoyceDaniel, StephanKlaas Enno, MurrayRobin McGregor, ShergillSukhwinder S

Improved memory
Aberrant brain activity

Amphetamine sensitization is associated with enhanced subjective response to the drug and aberrant brain activity in the prefrontal and temporal regions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Effects of amphetamine on reactivity to emotional stimuli.

Author: WardleMargaret C, de WitHarriet

Amphetamine abuse
Increased drug seeking

This study examined the effects of D-amphetamine on emotional reactivity to emotional stimuli in 36 healthy adults. Amphetamine enhanced self-reported and psychophysiological positive reactions to all pictures, independent of drug-induced mood changes. This suggests that stimulant drugs may have reinforcing effects beyond their euphoric properties.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Comparison of intranasal methamphetamine and d-amphetamine self-administration by humans.

Author: KirkpatrickMatthew G, GundersonErik W, JohansonChris-Ellyn, LevinFrances R, FoltinRichard W, HartCarl L

Increased positive mood
Increased cardiovascular activity

Methamphetamine and d-amphetamines appear to produce a similar dose-related profile of effects in humans, which supports their equivalence for abuse potential.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

17.

Separate and combined impact of acute naltrexone and alprazolam on subjective and physiological effects of oral d-amphetamine in stimulant users.

Author: MarksKatherine R, LileJoshua A, StoopsWilliam W, RushCraig R

Stimulant abuse attenuation
Side effects

Opioid antagonists (e.g., naltrexone) and GABAA receptor modulators (e.g., alprazolam) can reduce stimulant abuse, but high doses lead to side effects. This article suggests combining naltrexone and alprazolam to maximize efficacy while avoiding side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

Amphetamines in child medicine: a review of ClinicalTrials.gov.

Author: AlalalmehSamer O, HegaziOmar E, ShahwanMoyad, AlshehriFahad S, AshourAhmed M, AlgarniAlanood S, AlorfiNasser M

Therapeutic potential in ADHD
Addiction risk
Side effects

This study reviews the use of amphetamines in pediatric medicine, focusing on clinical trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Amphetamines show potential for treating ADHD but require careful consideration of side effects and addiction risks.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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