Effects of artemether and lumefantrine: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Effects of artemether and lumefantrine
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Effects of artemether and lumefantrine: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Effects of artemether and lumefantrine: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is widely used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria due to its effectiveness against multidrug-resistant parasites. 17 AL may also disrupt transmission through a direct antigametocyte effect, but the extent of this effect is uncertain. 17 AL has been shown to be more effective than non-AL treatments in clearing gametocytes and interrupting transmission. 17 However, AL may cause ototoxicity. 14 The effects of AL-associated ototoxicity are not related to weight, age, or the interval between exposure to the drug and the exit audiogram. 14 AL-associated ototoxicity appears to be irreversible and likely drug-related rather than malaria-related. 14 Additionally, AL can lead to delayed-onset hemolytic anemia, which can be fatal. 15 AL-associated hemolytic anemia should be carefully considered in the context of limited access to or patient refusal of blood products. 15 AL should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. 1 Use of AL during the first trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal abnormalities and adverse birth outcomes. 1 AL can be administered at the recommended dose without modification for individuals with different weights or BMIs. 16 AL has been found to be effective and well-tolerated in treating uncomplicated malaria in Western Kenya. 13 However, further efficacy monitoring of AL, including pharmacokinetic studies, is recommended as its efficacy may be waning in Western Kenya. 13 Co-administration of AL with vitamin C-rich juice does not impair its antimalarial efficacy and may improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. 20 AL can lead to mutations in the pfk13 gene of the malaria parasite, which confer artemisinin resistance. 3 Therefore, it is important to monitor the effectiveness of AL and monitor for the emergence of artemisinin resistance. 3

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

AL is widely used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria due to its effectiveness against multidrug-resistant parasites. 17 AL has been shown to be more effective than non-AL treatments in clearing gametocytes and interrupting transmission. 17 AL can be administered at the recommended dose without modification for individuals with different weights or BMIs. 16

Risk Summary

AL may cause ototoxicity. 14 AL can lead to delayed-onset hemolytic anemia, which can be fatal. 15 AL should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. 1 Use of AL during the first trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal abnormalities and adverse birth outcomes. 1 AL can lead to mutations in the pfk13 gene of the malaria parasite, which confer artemisinin resistance. 3

Comparison of studies

Commonalities of studies

Several studies have shown that AL is effective in treating malaria. 17 5 12 7 13 AL has also been shown to be effective in clearing gametocytes and interrupting transmission. 17 21

Differences of studies

The effectiveness and safety of AL may vary depending on the study region and population. 13 7 5 The effectiveness of AL may vary depending on the location and time period. 5 AL may also have side effects, such as ototoxicity and delayed-onset hemolytic anemia. 14 15

Consistency and contradictions of results

Multiple studies have shown that AL is effective in treating malaria. 17 5 12 7 13 However, the effectiveness and safety of AL may vary depending on the study region and population. 13 7 5 The effectiveness of AL may vary depending on the location and time period. 5 AL may also have side effects, such as ototoxicity and delayed-onset hemolytic anemia. 14 15

Cautions regarding application to real life

AL is widely used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 17 AL has been shown to be more effective than non-AL treatments in clearing gametocytes and interrupting transmission. 17 However, AL may cause ototoxicity and delayed-onset hemolytic anemia. 14 15 AL should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. 1 It is important to consider these risks and benefits when considering the use of AL. 1

Limitations of current research

There is still not enough research on the effectiveness and safety of AL. 13 The effectiveness of AL may vary depending on the location and time period. 5 AL may also have side effects, such as ototoxicity and delayed-onset hemolytic anemia. 14 15 Therefore, further research on AL is needed. 3

Directions for future research

Research is needed to further investigate the effectiveness and safety of AL in various regions and populations. 5 It is important to monitor the effectiveness of AL and monitor for the emergence of artemisinin resistance. 3 Research is also needed to reduce the side effects of AL. 14

Conclusion

AL is widely used as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 17 AL has been shown to be more effective than non-AL treatments in clearing gametocytes and interrupting transmission. 17 However, AL may cause ototoxicity and delayed-onset hemolytic anemia. 14 15 AL should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. 1 It is important to consider these risks and benefits when considering the use of AL. 1

Literature analysis of 21 papers
Positive Content
16
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
4
Article Type
6
3
3
2
21
1.

Pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester treatment with artemisinin derivatives versus non-artemisinin antimalarials: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

Author: SaitoMakoto, McGreadyRose, TintoHalidou, RouambaToussaint, MoshaDominic, RulisaStephen, KariukiSimon, DesaiMeghna, ManyandoChristine, NjunjuEric M, SeveneEsperanca, ValaAnifa, AugustoOrvalho, ClerkChristine, WereEdwin, MremaSigilbert, KisinzaWilliam, ByamugishaJosaphat, KagawaMike, SinglovicJan, YoreMackensie, van EijkAnna Maria, MehtaUshma, StergachisAndy, HillJenny, StepniewskaKasia, GomesMelba, GuérinPhilippe J, NostenFrancois, Ter KuileFeiko O, DellicourStephanie

Artemisinin use
Pregnancy outcomes

This study compared adverse pregnancy outcomes after artemisinin-based treatment versus non-artemisinin-based treatments for malaria in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Molecular surveillance for polymorphisms associated with artemisinin-based combination therapy resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in Mozambique, 2018.

Author: ChidimatembueArlindo, SvigelSamaly S, MayorAlfredo, AídePedro, NhamaAbel, NhamussuaLídia, NhacoloArsénio, BassatQuique, SalvadorCrizólgo, EnosseSónia, SaifodineAbuchahama, De CarvalhoEva, CandrinhoBaltazar, ZulligerRose, GoldmanIra, UdhayakumarVenkatachalam, LucchiNaomi W, HalseyEric S, MaceteEusébio

Anti-malarial resistance surveillance
Anti-malarial resistance

This study investigated the prevalence of anti-malarial drug resistance markers in a therapeutic efficacy study (TES) of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) in Mozambique. The study found that polymorphisms associated with drug resistance were present in the pfk13, pfcrt, and pfmdr1 genes, highlighting the need for continued surveillance of anti-malarial resistance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Hepatic safety and tolerability of cipargamin (KAE609), in adult patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a randomized, phase II, controlled, dose-escalation trial in sub-Saharan Africa.

Author: NdayisabaGilles, YekaAdoke, AsanteKwaku Poku, GrobuschMartin P, KaritaEtienne, MugerwaHenry, AsiimweStephen, OduroAbraham, FofanaBakary, DoumbiaSeydou, JainJay Prakash, BarsainyaSarita, Kullak-UblickGerd A, SuGuoqin, SchmittEsther K, CsermakKatalin, GandhiPreetam, HughesDavid

Potent activity
Rapid activity
Liver function elevation

Cipargamin, a novel anti-malarial drug, demonstrated potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Although transient liver function test elevations were observed in previous trials, the drug was deemed safe at single doses of 10 to 150 mg and 10 to 50 mg daily for 3 days in this study. This was the first study on cipargamin conducted in sub-Saharan Africa.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Malaria Transmission Dynamics in a High-Transmission Setting of Western Kenya and the Inadequate Treatment Response to Artemether-Lumefantrine in an Asymptomatic Population.

Author: AndagaluBen, WatsonOliver J, OnyangoIrene, OpotBenjamin, OkothRaphael, ChemworGladys, SifunaPeter, JumaDennis, CheruiyotAgnes, YedaRedemptah, OkudoCharles, WafubwaJackline, YalwalaSantos, AbuomDavid, OgutuBernhards, CowdenJessica, AkalaHoseah M, KamauEdwin

Asymptomatic infection
Treatment failure

Asymptomatic malaria infections are a significant contributor to disease transmission. This study found that children aged 6-11 years old were more likely to harbor both asexual and sexual parasites than younger children, highlighting their role as a reservoir for malaria transmission. Importantly, the study also revealed high rates of treatment failure with artemether-lumefantrine, suggesting the need to expand surveillance programs using molecular methods to better monitor and evaluate treatment outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine and polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum kelch13-propeller gene in Equatorial Guinea.

Author: Riloha RivasMatilde, WarsameMarian, Mbá AndemeRamona, Nsue EsidangSalomón, NcogoPolicarpo Ricardo, PhiriWonder Philip, Oki EburiConsuelo, Edú MayeCorona Eyang, MenardDidier, LegrandEric, BerzosaPedro, GarciaLuz, Lao SeoaneAngela Katherine, NtabanganaSpes Caritas, RingwaldPascal

Malaria treatment
Drug resistance

This study evaluated the efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine, the first- and second-line therapies for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infections in Equatorial Guinea.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Efficacy and safety of pyronaridine-artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in children in South-West Nigeria: an open-labelled randomized controlled trial.

Author: FaladeCatherine O, OrimadegunAdebola E, OlusolaFiyinfoluwa I, MichaelObaro S, AnjorinOluwafunmibi E, FunweiRoland I, AdedapoAduragbenro D, OlusanyaAbiola L, OrimadegunBose E, MokuoluOlugbenga A

Treatment of malaria

Pyronaridine-artesunate (PA) is a newer fixed-dose ACT that has been prequalified by the WHO for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. This study compares the efficacy and safety of PA and AL using the WHO 28-day anti-malarial therapeutic efficacy study protocol in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Coadministered Ruxolitinib and Artemether-Lumefantrine in Healthy Adults.

Author: ChughlayM Farouk, BarnesKaren I, El GaaloulMyriam, AblaNada, MöhrleJörg J, GriffinPaul, van GiersbergenPaul, ReuterStephanie E, SchultzHayley B, KressAnita, TapleyPeter, WebsterRebecca A, WellsTimothy, McCarthyJames S, BarberBridget E, MarquartLouise, BoyleMichelle J, EngwerdaChristian R, ChalonStephan

Immune response disruption
Malaria treatment

Despite recurrent malaria infection, individuals in endemic areas remain vulnerable to reinfection. This randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of combining ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, with artemether-lumefantrine, an antimalarial drug. The combination was well-tolerated, with adverse events and pharmacokinetics consistent with those of individual drugs. Ruxolitinib significantly inhibited pSTAT3 phosphorylation, a key factor in parasite-induced dysfunctional immune responses. This study supports further investigation of this combination for treating malaria infections.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Artemisinin-based combination therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: MaigaFatoumata O, WeleMamadou, ToureSounkou M, KeitaMakan, TangaraCheick Oumar, RefeldRandi R, ThieroOumar, KayentaoKassoum, DiakiteMahamadou, DaraAntoine, LiJian, ToureMahamoudou, SagaraIssaka, DjimdéAbdoulaye, MatherFrances J, DoumbiaSeydou O, ShafferJeffrey G

Uncomplicated falciparum malaria
Artemisinin resistance

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the most effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. This study will review the effectiveness of ACT in Mali, where malaria is prevalent.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

Therapeutic efficacy and effects of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine coformulated or copackaged on malaria-associated anemia in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Southwest Nigeria.

Author: GbotoshoGrace O, SowunmiAkintunde, OkuboyejoTitilope M, HappiChristian T, FolarinOnikepe A, MichaelObaro S, AdewoyeElsie O

Clear fever
Clear parasitemia
Resolve MAA

This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine co-formulated (AAcf) or co-packaged (AAcp) on malaria-associated anemia (MAA) in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. All three drug combinations cleared fever and parasitemia rapidly and had similar rates of resolution of MAA.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

A randomized controlled trial of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, artesunate-mefloquine and extended artemether-lumefantrine treatments for malaria in pregnancy on the Thailand-Myanmar border.

Author: SaitoMakoto, CarraraVerena I, GilderMary Ellen, MinAung Myat, TunNay Win, PimanpanarakMupawjay, Viladpai-NguenJacher, PawMoo Kho, HaohankhunnathamWarat, KonghahongKamonchanok, PhyoAung Pyae, ChuCindy, TurnerClaudia, LeeSue J, DuanguppamaJureeporn, ImwongMallika, BanconeGermana, ProuxStephane, SinghasivanonPratap, WhiteNicholas J, NostenFrançois, McGreadyRose

Malaria treatment
Drug resistance
Treatment failure

Malaria, a life-threatening disease, is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to drug resistance. This review discusses the challenges posed by drug resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion, particularly in pregnant women. The review highlights the need for effective treatments, especially for pregnant women, and emphasizes the importance of further research into artemisinin-based combination therapies for Plasmodium vivax malaria.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria among Children in Western Kenya, 2016 to 2017.

Author: WestercampNelli, OwidhiMary, OtienoKephas, CheboreWinnie, BuffAnn M, DesaiMeghna, KariukiSimon, SamuelsAaron M

Malaria treatment
Antimalarial resistance

This study evaluated the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) in treating uncomplicated malaria in Kenya. Both treatments were efficacious, but AL showed signs of waning efficacy, with more reinfections compared to DP. The study recommends further efficacy monitoring for AL, including pharmacokinetic studies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

14.

Effects of weight, age, and time on artemether-lumefantrine associated ototoxicity and evidence of irreversibility.

Author: TooveyStephen

Malaria treatment
Hearing loss

This study investigates the association between artemether-lumefantrine treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and decreases in audiometrically determined hearing thresholds. The study found no correlation between audiometric changes and subject age or weight. It concludes that the audiometric changes associated with artemether-lumefantrine treatment appear irreversible.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Fatal case of delayed-onset haemolytic anaemia after oral artemether-lumefantrine.

Author: GustafssonLotta, JamesSunil, ZhangYimeng, ThozhuthumparambilKarunakaran Pradeep

Fatal haemolysis
Severe anemia

Postartemisinin delayed haemolysis (PADH) is a known complication of artemisinin-based antimalarial treatments, leading to severe anemia. This report describes the first documented fatal case of PADH, highlighting the importance of post-treatment monitoring and careful consideration of treatment options, especially when access to blood products is limited or refused.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Pharmacokinetic properties of the antimalarial combination therapy artemether-lumefantrine in normal-weight, overweight and obese healthy male adults.

Author: SugiartoSri Riyati, Page-SharpMadhu, DrinkwaterJocelyn J, DavisWendy A, SalmanSam, DavisTimothy M E

No dose modification needed

Artemether-lumefantrine, an antimalarial combination therapy, does not require dose modification in overweight or obese patients with malaria, as simulated Day 7 plasma lumefantrine concentrations remained above the threshold for minimizing Plasmodium falciparum recrudescences.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

The Relative Effects of Artemether-lumefantrine and Non-artemisinin Antimalarials on Gametocyte Carriage and Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Author: IppolitoMatthew M, JohnsonJulia, MullinChristopher, MallowChristopher, MorganNadia, WallenderErika, LiTianjing, RosenthalPhilip J

Falciparum malaria treatment
Transmission interruption
Multidrug resistant parasites

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. This study assessed the effect of the most widely-deployed ACT, artemether-lumefantrine (AL), on gametocyte clearance and transmission interruption compared to non-ACTs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

18.

Safety, infectivity and immunogenicity of a genetically attenuated blood-stage malaria vaccine.

Author: WebsterRebecca, SekuloskiSilvana, OdedraAnand, WoolleyStephen, JenningsHelen, AmanteFiona, TrenholmeKatharine R, HealerJulie, CowmanAlan F, ErikssonEmily M, SathePriyanka, PeningtonJocelyn, BlanchAdam J, DixonMatthew W A, TilleyLeann, DuffyMichael F, CraigAlister, StormJanet, ChanJo-Anne, EvansKrystal, PapenfussAnthony T, SchofieldLouis, GriffinPaul, BarberBridget E, AndrewDean, BoyleMichelle J, de Labastida RiveraFabian, EngwerdaChristian, McCarthyJames S

Malaria vaccine

This study describes the development of a genetically attenuated malaria vaccine targeting the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP), essential for parasite virulence. This vaccine, designed to be safe and immunogenic, is currently being tested in healthy volunteers for its safety, infectivity, and ability to induce an immune response.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

The Effect of Artemisinin-Based Drugs vs Non-artemisinin-based Drugs on Gametophyte Carrying in the Body After the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Author: ZouYuanyuan, JulieNadia, GuoShiyuan, TangYexiao, ZhangHongying, XuZhiyong, WuWanting, YuanYueming, WuZhibin, GuoWenfeng, LiChangqing, HuangXinan, XuQin, DengChangsheng, SongJianping, WangQi

Malaria treatment

This meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in controlling gametocytes, the malaria parasite stage responsible for transmission. ACTs showed promise in preventing gametocythemia but require further research to optimize their use in malaria control.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.