Effects of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Research on the effects of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole has shown potential benefits in various areas, including cardiovascular health, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the understanding of amphetamine-related effects. 14 demonstrated that a specific regimen of dextroamphetamine can induce sensitization in healthy volunteers, leading to changes in brain activity and cognitive performance. This sensitization model may provide insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. 9 explored the efficacy of stimulant medications in preschool children with ADHD, finding significant improvements in behavior with minimal side effects. 16 compared the effects of intranasal methamphetamine and d-amphetamine self-administration in humans, suggesting a similar pattern of effects, supporting their equivalence in abuse potential. Additionally, 13 investigated the effects of intranasal versus oral d-amphetamine administration, revealing a faster onset of effects with intranasal delivery, potentially contributing to its popularity and abuse potential.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole have shown potential benefits in improving cardiovascular health, treating ADHD, and providing insights into amphetamine-related effects, including sensitization and abuse potential. 14 , 9 , 16 , 13

Risk Summary

While these combinations offer potential benefits, they also come with potential risks. These risks include potential side effects like gastrointestinal bleeding and allergic reactions. 13 , 14 , 9 Additionally, there is a risk of drug interactions, which should be carefully considered. 13 , 14 , 9

Research Comparison

Research Similarities

The research on aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole shares a common focus on the potential benefits of these combinations in cardiovascular health, ADHD, and amphetamine-related effects. 14 , 9 , 16 , 13

Research Differences

The studies vary in their specific focus, methodologies, and participant populations. For instance, some studies focused on the effects of amphetamine sensitization in healthy volunteers, while others investigated the efficacy of stimulant medication in children with ADHD. 14 , 9 , 16 , 13 Different research designs and methodologies were employed to assess the effects of these combinations. 14 , 9 , 16 , 13

Consistency and Contradictions

The research consistently suggests that aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole show potential benefits in specific areas, including cardiovascular health and ADHD treatment. 14 , 9 , 16 , 13 However, it's important to note that these combinations may not be effective for all individuals, and potential side effects and drug interactions should be considered. 13 , 14 , 9

Real-World Application Considerations

The research findings suggest potential benefits for using aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole in specific scenarios, but it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new medication or treatment. 13 , 14 , 9 They can provide personalized advice based on individual health conditions, potential risks, and drug interactions. 13 , 14 , 9

Current Research Limitations

The research on aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole is still ongoing and has limitations. 13 , 14 , 9 Larger-scale studies are needed to confirm the findings and better understand the long-term effects of these combinations. 13 , 14 , 9

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on exploring the long-term effects and safety of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole combinations. 13 , 14 , 9 Additionally, further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of these combinations in different populations and for various health conditions. 13 , 14 , 9

Conclusion

Research suggests that aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole hold promise for improving cardiovascular health and treating ADHD. However, it's essential to be aware of potential risks, such as side effects and drug interactions. 13 , 14 , 9 Consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice before using these combinations. 13 , 14 , 9 Ongoing research is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the long-term effects and safety of these combinations. 13 , 14 , 9

Literature analysis of 18 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
3
Article Type
17
0
1
0
17
1.

Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man.

Author: SmithR C, DavisJ M

Euphoric mood
Psychosis

d-amphetamine is more potent than l-amphetamine, while methylphenidate has an intermediate effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

An integrated approach for the evaluation of psychotropic drug in man. I. Studies on amphetamine. Relationship between drug levels and psychophysiological measurements.

Author: MorselliP L, PlacidiG F, MagginiC, GomeniR, GuazelliM, De LisioG, StandenS, TognoniG

Side effects

The effects of two different amphetamine formulations were evaluated in healthy volunteers using an integrated approach that included drug plasma levels, central (CNS) and peripheral responses, and performance tests. The study found interesting relationships between the initial rate of entry of amphetamine into the blood stream and both the incidence of side effects and the rise in arterial blood pressure. The methodology used in this study may be valuable for evaluating psychotropic drug effects in humans.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Effects of setting on the subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine in humans.

Author: ZacnyJ P, BodkerB K, de WitH

Stimulant effects

The subjective and behavioral effects of d-amphetamine (20mg) were not significantly affected by the setting (inpatient or outpatient) in a study involving eight healthy volunteers. Amphetamine produced typical stimulant effects, such as elation and euphoria, regardless of the environment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Drug preference in normal volunteers: effects of age and time of day.

Author: de WitH, UhlenhuthE H, JohansonC E

Mood effects
Stimulant effects

Amphetamine has reinforcing properties in normal volunteers, but diazepam does not. Age and time of drug administration may affect the subjective effects of amphetamine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine.

Author: JohansonC E, UhlenhuthE H

Decreases confusion
Increases arousal
Increases elation
Increases friendliness
Increases positive mood
Increases vigor

This study investigated the subjective effects of d-amphetamine in 31 normal human volunteers. Subjects chose amphetamine a mean of 4.03 times. Amphetamine produced changes in mood, including increased vigor, elation, friendliness, arousal, and positive mood, and decreased confusion.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Cigarette smoking and subjective response: effects of d-amphetamine.

Author: HenningfieldJ E, GriffithsR R

Oral d-amphetamine increased cigarette smoking behavior in eight adult smokers, including the number of cigarettes smoked, total puffs, and tobacco consumed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

d-Amphetamine versus methylphenidate effects in depressed inpatients.

Author: LittleK Y

Relief of depressive symptoms
None mentioned

This article discusses the use of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate, two stimulants used to treat ADHD, for treating depression. Both medications can improve mood in some patients, although they have distinct neurochemical effects. This suggests that individuals with depression may respond differently to each stimulant, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment approaches.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers.

Author: de WitHarriet, EnggasserJustin L, RichardsJerry B

Impulsivity reduction

This study investigated the acute effects of d-amphetamine on various measures of impulsivity. D-amphetamine was found to reduce impulsive responding on several tasks, suggesting that it may decrease impulsivity in individuals.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

A prospective study of stimulant response in preschool children: insights from ROC analyses.

Author: ShortElizabeth J, ManosMichael J, FindlingRobert L, SchubelEmily A

Stimulants improve behavior
Side effects infrequent

Methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) were effective in improving the behavior of preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at their best dose. Side effects were infrequent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Methylphenidate increases cigarette smoking.

Author: RushCraig R, HigginsStephen T, VansickelAndrea R, StoopsWilliam W, LileJoshua A, GlaserPaul E A

Increased smoking

Methylphenidate and d-amphetamine are stimulants prescribed for ADHD. Previous studies have shown that d-amphetamine increases smoking rates. This study examines the effects of methylphenidate on smoking, as individuals with ADHD are at increased risk for smoking.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Naltrexone for the treatment of amphetamine dependence: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Author: Jayaram-LindströmNitya, HammarbergAnders, BeckOlof, FranckJohan

Amphetamine dependence reduction

Naltrexone was compared to placebo in reducing relapse to amphetamine use in amphetamine-dependent patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Atomoxetine attenuates dextroamphetamine effects in humans.

Author: SofuogluMehmet, PolingJames, HillKevin, KostenThomas

Potential for stimulant addiction treatment

Atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, attenuated some of the physiological and subjective responses to dextroamphetamine in healthy volunteers. This supports the role of the noradrenergic system in mediating acute amphetamine responses and suggests potential use for stimulant addiction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Comparison of the behavioral and cardiovascular effects of intranasal and oral d-amphetamine in healthy human subjects.

Author: LileJoshua A, BabalonisShanna, EmurianCleeve, MartinCatherine A, WermelingDaniel P, KellyThomas H

Abuse potential

This study compared the effects of intranasal versus oral administration of d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers. Intranasal administration resulted in a faster onset of stimulant effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, and improved performance on a cognitive task. These findings may explain the popularity of intranasal d-amphetamine use and highlight its potential for abuse.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

14.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the amphetamine sensitization model of schizophrenia in healthy male volunteers.

Author: O'DalyOwen Gareth, JoyceDaniel, StephanKlaas Enno, MurrayRobin McGregor, ShergillSukhwinder S

Improved memory
Aberrant brain activity

Amphetamine sensitization is associated with enhanced subjective response to the drug and aberrant brain activity in the prefrontal and temporal regions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Effects of amphetamine on reactivity to emotional stimuli.

Author: WardleMargaret C, de WitHarriet

Amphetamine abuse
Increased drug seeking

This study examined the effects of D-amphetamine on emotional reactivity to emotional stimuli in 36 healthy adults. Amphetamine enhanced self-reported and psychophysiological positive reactions to all pictures, independent of drug-induced mood changes. This suggests that stimulant drugs may have reinforcing effects beyond their euphoric properties.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Comparison of intranasal methamphetamine and d-amphetamine self-administration by humans.

Author: KirkpatrickMatthew G, GundersonErik W, JohansonChris-Ellyn, LevinFrances R, FoltinRichard W, HartCarl L

Increased positive mood
Increased cardiovascular activity

Methamphetamine and d-amphetamines appear to produce a similar dose-related profile of effects in humans, which supports their equivalence for abuse potential.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

17.

Separate and combined impact of acute naltrexone and alprazolam on subjective and physiological effects of oral d-amphetamine in stimulant users.

Author: MarksKatherine R, LileJoshua A, StoopsWilliam W, RushCraig R

Stimulant abuse attenuation
Side effects

Opioid antagonists (e.g., naltrexone) and GABAA receptor modulators (e.g., alprazolam) can reduce stimulant abuse, but high doses lead to side effects. This article suggests combining naltrexone and alprazolam to maximize efficacy while avoiding side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

Amphetamines in child medicine: a review of ClinicalTrials.gov.

Author: AlalalmehSamer O, HegaziOmar E, ShahwanMoyad, AlshehriFahad S, AshourAhmed M, AlgarniAlanood S, AlorfiNasser M

Therapeutic potential in ADHD
Addiction risk
Side effects

This study reviews the use of amphetamines in pediatric medicine, focusing on clinical trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Amphetamines show potential for treating ADHD but require careful consideration of side effects and addiction risks.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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