Side Effects of d4t: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Side Effects of d4t
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of d4t: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Side Effects of d4t: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

d4T is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV infection. Research has shown that d4T can suppress the HIV virus and restore immune function. However, d4T can cause a number of side effects. These side effects vary depending on the dosage, duration of administration, and individual characteristics of the patient. 8 , , 2 , 13

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of d4T are mainly caused by mitochondrial toxicity. d4T can inhibit mitochondrial DNA replication and impair cellular energy production. 6 , 4 , 17 , 3

Common Side Effects

Peripheral neuropathy

One of the most common side effects of d4T is peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy can cause numbness, pain, or tingling in the hands and feet. 15 , 11 , 18

Lipid abnormalities

d4T can cause lipid abnormalities. Lipid abnormalities are a condition in which blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels are elevated. 9 , 12

Lactic acidosis

d4T can cause lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is a condition in which blood lactic acid levels are elevated.

Liver dysfunction

d4T can cause liver dysfunction.

Anemia

d4T can cause anemia. 2 , 17

Skin rash

d4T can cause skin rash. 2

Side Effects Management

Peripheral neuropathy management

If symptoms of peripheral neuropathy develop, d4T administration may be discontinued. Vitamin B complex administration or drug therapy such as analgesics may be effective. 15 , 18

Lipid abnormalities management

If symptoms of lipid abnormalities develop, dietary therapy and exercise therapy may be effective. If necessary, drug therapy such as cholesterol-lowering drugs will be administered. 9

Lactic acidosis management

If symptoms of lactic acidosis develop, consult a doctor immediately. Lactic acidosis is a serious condition that can be life-threatening.

Liver dysfunction management

If symptoms of liver dysfunction develop, d4T administration may be discontinued. Drug therapy such as liver protectants will also be administered.

Anemia management

If symptoms of anemia develop, drug therapy such as iron supplements will be administered. 2

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Many studies have shown that d4T is effective in treating HIV-infected patients. However, it is also clear that d4T can cause side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, lipid abnormalities, and lactic acidosis. These side effects vary depending on the dosage, duration of administration, and individual characteristics of the patient. 8 , , 2 , 13 , 6 , 4 , 17 , 3 , 15 , 11 , 18 , 9 , 12 ,

Differences Between Studies

The frequency and severity of d4T side effects can vary depending on the study. This is thought to be due to differences in the characteristics of the study subjects, as well as the dosage and duration of d4T administration. 8 , , 2 , 13 , 6 , 4 , 17 , 3 , 15 , 11 , 18 , 9 , 12 ,

Application to Real Life

d4T is an effective drug for treating HIV infection, but you need to be aware of the risk of side effects. d4T side effects vary from person to person, so it is important to take it as directed by your doctor. If you experience any abnormalities in your body while taking d4T, consult a doctor immediately. 8 , , 2 , 13 , 6 , 4 , 17 , 3 , 15 , 11 , 18 , 9 , 12 ,

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of d4T is still not sufficient. In particular, research on long-term side effects is lacking. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the long-term safety of d4T. 8 , , 2 , 13 , 6 , 4 , 17 , 3 , 15 , 11 , 18 , 9 , 12 ,

Future Research Directions

The development of new drug therapies to reduce the side effects of d4T and research to optimize the dosage and duration of administration of d4T are needed. Research is also needed to assess the long-term safety of d4T. 8 , , 2 , 13 , 6 , 4 , 17 , 3 , 15 , 11 , 18 , 9 , 12 ,

Conclusion

d4T is an effective drug for treating HIV infection, but you need to be aware of the risk of side effects. d4T side effects vary from person to person, so it is important to take it as directed by your doctor. If you experience any abnormalities in your body while taking d4T, consult a doctor immediately. 8 , , 2 , 13 , 6 , 4 , 17 , 3 , 15 , 11 , 18 , 9 , 12 ,

Literature analysis of 18 papers
Positive Content
16
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
1
0
0
1
18
1.

Low-dose short-term cyclosporine versus etretinate in psoriasis: improvement of skin, nail, and joint involvement.

Author: MahrleG, SchulzeH J, FärberL, WeidingerG, SteiglederG K

Nail and joint improvement
Psoriasis treatment
Cyclosporine side effects
Relapse risk

Low-dose short-term cyclosporine therapy was highly effective and well tolerated for psoriasis, compared to etretinate. Remission was better preserved by tapering the drug than by discontinuing treatment abruptly.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Constant mitochondrial DNA levels in blood leukocytes of patients enrolled in a NRTI-free therapeutic trial (BIKS-2 study).

Author: AmellalB, AllavenaC, André-GarnierE, FerréV, ValantinM A, DelfraissyJ F, LafeuilladeA, BonmarchandM, CalvezV, RaffiF

Effective
Safe

A nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-free regimen, consisting of lopinavir/ritonavir and efavirenz, did not affect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with HIV.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors prevent HIV protease inhibitor-induced atherosclerosis by ubiquitination and degradation of protein kinase C.

Author: BradshawEmily L, LiXiang-An, GuerinTheresa, EversonWilliam V, WilsonMelinda E, Bruce-KellerAnnadora J, GreenbergRichard N, GuoLing, RossStuart A, SmartEric J

Atherosclerosis prevention

Alpha-tocopherol did not prevent ritonavir-induced atherosclerosis in LDLR null mice. However, co-treatment with didanosine or D4T, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, did prevent atherosclerosis by inhibiting the upregulation of CD36 and cholesterol accumulation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Retracted PublicationCases where a publication has been formally withdrawn due to the discovery of serious errors or misconduct.

Language : English

6.

Structural determinants in human DNA polymerase gamma account for mitochondrial toxicity from nucleoside analogs.

Author: LimSusan E, PonamarevMikhail V, LongleyMatthew J, CopelandWilliam C

HIV infection delay
Mitochondrial toxicity

Antiviral nucleoside analog therapy successfully delays progression of HIV infection to AIDS, but these drugs cause unwelcome side-effects by inducing mitochondrial toxicity. We explored the role of three highly conserved amino acid residues in the active site of human pol gamma that modulate selection of nucleotide analogs as substrates for incorporation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

The use of a triple nucleoside-nucleotide regimen for nonoccupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis.

Author: WinstonA, McAllisterJ, AminJ, CooperD A, CarrA

Reduced side effects

This study compared the side effects and completion rates of nonoccupational post-exposure prophylaxis (NPEP) regimens using tenofovir-lamivudine-stavudine (TDF-3TC-d4T) to previous regimens.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

[Evaluation for two-year highly active antiretroviral therapy in Chinese HIV-1 infection patients].

Author: LiHui, ZhengYu-Huang, ShenZi, LiuMeng, LiuChun, HeYan, ChenJun, OuQiu-Ying, HuangZhu-Lin

Improved HIV-1 VL
Improved immune reconstitution
Abdominal pain
Baldness
CNS disorders
Decreased WBC
Fever
Increased GGT
Increased amylase
Peripheral polyneuropathy
Rashes

A three-drug regimen of didanosine, stavudine and nevirapine showed a good antiretroviral effect and immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infected patients over 24 months. The regimen led to a significant decrease in viral load and increase in CD4+ cell count, however, side effects such as gastrointestinal disorder, peripheral neuritis, decreased white blood cell count, and increased gamma glutamyl transferase and amylase were observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

9.

Hyperlipidaemia a risk factor for femoral head osteonecrosis (Legg-Calv -Perthes-like disease) in children with AIDS: case report.

Author: Aguiar De AragãoPaula, LemosRenata B P, AquinoMaria Zilda, Souza MarquesHeloisa Helena

Improved survival
Hyperlipidemia
Osteonecrosis

This study describes a case of hip osteonecrosis in an adolescent with AIDS who was being treated with protease inhibitors. The study suggests a possible link between hyperlipidemia and osteonecrosis in patients receiving protease inhibitors.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

[Efficacy and safety of a reduced-dose of stavudine in HIV-infected patients under immunological and virological stable conditions].

Author: PedrolEnric, MartínTeodoro, del PozoMiguel Angel, FloresJuan, SanzJosé, CartónJosé A, JusdadoJuan-José, ArazoPiedad, RiberaEsteve, DeigElisabet,

Improved lipid profile
Improved neuropathy

Reducing the dose of stavudine (d4T) in virologically and immunologically stable patients with HIV did not negatively impact treatment efficacy. The study showed that a d4T dose reduction may lead to improved safety profile, but further research with longer follow-up is needed to confirm this.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : Spanish

12.

Higher rates of metabolic syndrome among women taking zidovudine as compared to tenofovir in rural Africa: preliminary data from the CART-1 study.

Author: LabhardtNiklaus Daniel, CheleboiMolisana, FaturyieleOlatunbosun, MotlatsiMokete M, PfeifferKarolin, LejoneThabo Ismael, CeruttiBernard, MuserJürgen, GuptaRavi Shankar, LynenLutgarde, HatzChristoph

HIV treatment
Metabolic syndrome

Stavudine, an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV infection, has been largely replaced by zidovudine and tenofovir due to its side effects. This study investigated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults taking either zidovudine or tenofovir-containing antiretroviral regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Synthesis and in vitro transdermal penetration of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) carbonate derivatives of stavudine.

Author: N'DaDavid D, BreytenbachJaco C, LegoabeLesetja J, BreytenbachJ Wilma

Reduced side effects
No permeation enhancement

This study synthesized derivatives of stavudine (d4T), an anti-HIV drug, to improve its physicochemical properties for transdermal delivery. The goal was to increase transdermal penetration and reduce severe side effects associated with oral therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Novel synthesis and in vitro drug release of polymeric prodrug: Chitosan-O-isopropyl-5'-O-d4T monophosphate conjugate.

Author: YangLin, ZengRong, LiChao, LiGang, QiaoRenzhong, HuLiming, LiZelin

Antiretroviral treatment

A new way to synthesize chitosan-O-isopropyl-5'-O-d4T monophosphate conjugate was developed. This conjugate may be used as a sustained polymeric prodrug for improving therapy efficacy and reducing side effects in antiretroviral treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Peripheral neuropathy during stavudine-didanosine antiretroviral therapy.

Author: ReliquetV, MussiniJ M, ChennebaultJ M, LafeuilladeA, RaffiF

Resolved neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy

This study found that the d4T-ddI combination did not seem to increase the incidence of peripheral neuropathy in HIV infected patients, but the low number of patients with PN prevented the identification of risk factors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: is there still a role for stavudine?

Author: GallantJoel E

Improved CD4(+) T-cell counts
Improved haemoglobin levels
Lipoatrophy
Neuropathic symptoms
Peripheral neuropathy

This study compared three antiretroviral therapy strategies in HIV-infected patients and found that TDF-based regimens were more effective, better tolerated, and less toxic than thymidine analogue-based regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
CommentA short article/note that provides an opinion/perspective/interpretation on a published paper/topic.

Language : English

17.

Transgenic expression of the deoxynucleotide carrier causes mitochondrial damage that is enhanced by NRTIs for AIDS.

Author: LewisWilliam, HaaseChad P, MillerYoon K, FergusonBrandy, StuartTami, LudawayTomika, McNaughtJamie, RussRodney, SteltzerJeffrey, SantoianniRobert, LongRobert, FiermonteGiuseppe, PalmieriFerdinando

Cardiomyopathy
Mitochondrial dysfunction

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are drugs used to treat AIDS. However, NRTIs can cause mitochondrial side effects. Studies show that transgenic mice that overexpress the mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier (DNC) in the heart are more susceptible to cardiac dysfunction when treated with NRTIs. This suggests that the DNC may play a role in mitochondrial dysfunction in patients treated with NRTIs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

18.

Blockade of the spinal BDNF-activated JNK pathway prevents the development of antiretroviral-induced neuropathic pain.

Author: SannaMaria Domenica, GhelardiniCarla, GaleottiNicoletta

Improved antiretroviral therapy
Pain management
Antiretroviral neuropathy
Pain syndromes

This study investigated the role of the JNK signaling pathway in antiretroviral painful neuropathy. Inhibiting JNK blocked mechanical hypersensitivity induced by antiretrovirals, suggesting JNK is a potential therapeutic target.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.