Side Effects of daunorubicin: A Synthesis of Findings from 31 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Daunorubicin is a widely used chemotherapy drug for treating various cancers, particularly leukemia. However, numerous studies have highlighted significant side effects associated with its use, including cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and increased risk of infections. 17 , 1 , 2 Daunorubicin can potentially damage heart cells, leading to an increased risk of heart problems. 1 , 4 Additionally, daunorubicin can harm healthy cells by disrupting their DNA, resulting in various side effects. 2

Reasons for Side Effects

Daunorubicin's primary mechanism of action is to damage DNA, preventing cancer cells from multiplying. However, this action can also affect healthy cells, leading to side effects. The severity of these side effects varies depending on the dosage, individual patient characteristics, and other factors.

Common Side Effects

Cardiotoxicity

One of the major side effects of daunorubicin is cardiotoxicity. It can damage heart cells, potentially leading to heart problems. 1 , 4

Myelosuppression

Daunorubicin can suppress bone marrow function, leading to myelosuppression. This means a reduction in the production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. A decrease in white blood cells increases the risk of infections. Low red blood cell count can cause anemia, while a reduction in platelets increases the risk of bleeding. 17 , 27

Infections

Myelosuppression caused by daunorubicin leads to a weakened immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. 17 , 27

Other Side Effects

Other side effects associated with daunorubicin include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, rash, liver dysfunction, and kidney dysfunction. 17 , 1 , 27 , 30

Managing Side Effects

Cardiotoxicity Management

To minimize cardiotoxicity, cardioprotective medications can be administered, and the dosage of daunorubicin may be adjusted. 1 , 29 Before starting daunorubicin therapy, heart function tests are often conducted. 1

Myelosuppression Management

Myelosuppression can be mitigated through the administration of hematopoietic growth factors, which stimulate the production of white blood cells. 17 , 27 Adjusting the daunorubicin dosage or extending the interval between doses can also help manage myelosuppression. 17 , 27

Infection Management

To lower the risk of infections, antibiotics are administered, and isolation measures may be taken. 17 , 27 Preventive measures to avoid infections are also crucial. 17 , 27

Comparing Research Studies

Similarities in Research Findings

Numerous studies consistently report side effects like cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and increased risk of infections associated with daunorubicin. It's also commonly recognized that the severity of these side effects varies based on factors like the dosage of daunorubicin and individual patient characteristics. 17 , 1 , 2 , 27 , 30

Differences in Research Findings

The severity and frequency of daunorubicin's side effects can differ across studies. These variations can be attributed to differences in the patient populations studied, daunorubicin dosage, administration methods, and other factors. For example, combining daunorubicin with other drugs can influence the frequency of side effects. 17 , 1 , 2 , 27 , 30

Important Considerations in Everyday Life

Daunorubicin is an effective cancer treatment medication, but it's crucial to recognize the potential risks of side effects. It is essential to strictly adhere to your doctor's instructions regarding daunorubicin and report any side effects you experience immediately. 17 , 1 , 2 , 27 , 30

Current Research Limitations

Research on daunorubicin's side effects remains ongoing, and there is still much to learn, especially regarding its long-term impact. Developing more effective methods to reduce daunorubicin's side effects is crucial. 17 , 1 , 2 , 27 , 30

Future Research Directions

To develop more effective ways to manage daunorubicin's side effects, further research is essential. This could involve further investigations into the mechanisms behind daunorubicin's side effects and developing new drugs to mitigate them. 17 , 1 , 2 , 27 , 30

Conclusion

Daunorubicin is a valuable cancer treatment drug, but it's vital to be aware of its potential side effects. These side effects include cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and an increased risk of infections. While there are methods to manage these side effects, like cardioprotective medications, dosage adjustments, and hematopoietic growth factors, continuous research is necessary to further minimize them. Always follow your doctor's instructions when taking daunorubicin and report any side effects promptly. 17 , 1 , 2 , 27 , 30

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Cancer treatment
1
Improved cancer treatment
Reduced side effects
2
Anticancer activity
Cancer cell redox modulation
VitK3 therapeutic potential
3
Leukemia treatment
5
AML therapy improvement
Drug delivery improvement
Toxicity reduction
6
Treats AML
8
Drug quantification
Targeted drug delivery
9
Treat AML
10
Osteosarcoma treatment
11
Improved pharmacokinetics
Reduced cardiotoxicity
12
Cancer treatment
Cell imaging
Drug detection
13
Anti-inflammatory activity
Anticancer activity
Antioxidant activity
Antitumor activity
14
Anthracycline detection
16
Antileukemic treatment
Lower infectious complications
17
AML treatment
Improved survival
18
Enhanced selectivity
Minimized side effects
Reduced drug resistance
19
Cancer cell elimination
20
Visceral leishmaniasis treatment
21
AML treatment
22
Cancer treatment
23
Cancer prevention
Cancer treatment
24
Reduced side effects
Targeted drug delivery
25
Leukemia treatment
26
AML treatment
MDS treatment
27
Cancer treatment
Tumor-targeted drug delivery
28
Cardiotoxicity reduction
29
Reduced toxicity
Targeted drug delivery
30
AML treatment
31
Risk Keywords
Alopecia
Cardiotoxicity
Myelotoxicity
Thromboembolism
1
Anthracycline cardiotoxicity
4
Cardiotoxicity
5
Not specified
6
Cardiac problems
7
Early mortality
Febrile neutropenia
Infections
Long hospital stay
10
Cardiotoxicity
11
Chemotherapy side effects
13
Immunotoxicological effects
Pseudo-allergic response
15
Cardiotoxicity
Myelosuppression
17
Edema
Febrile neutropenia
Hypersensitivity
18
Side effects
20
Side effects
Toxicity
21
Drug resistance
22
None mentioned
24
Bone marrow suppression
Cardiac toxicity
27
Drug resistance
Side effects
30
Therapy-related AML
31
Literature analysis of 31 papers
Positive Content
29
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
1
1
0
8
31
1.

[Cardiooncology: Current Aspects of Prevention of Anthracycline Toxicity].

Author: VasyukY A, ShkolnikE L, NesterovV V, ShkolnikL D, VarlanG V

Cancer treatment
Alopecia
Cardiotoxicity
Myelotoxicity
Thromboembolism

Anthracyclines are effective chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of hematological and other malignancies. Cardiotoxicity is the most severe side effect of anthracycline administration, and early detection and prevention of anthracycline cardiotoxicity is an important trend in cardiology.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Russian

2.

Uncoupling DNA damage from chromatin damage to detoxify doxorubicin.

Author: QiaoXiaohang, van der ZandenSabina Y, WanderDennis P A, BorràsDaniel M, SongJi-Ying, LiXiaoyang, van DuikerenSuzanne, van GilsNoortje, RuttenArjo, van HerwaardenTessa, van TellingenOlaf, GiacomelliElisa, BellinMilena, OrlovaValeria, TertoolenLeon G J, GerhardtSophie, AkkermansJimmy J, BakkerJeroen M, ZuurCharlotte L, PangBaoxu, SmitsAnke M, MummeryChristine L, SmitLinda, ArensRamon, LiJunmin, OverkleeftHermen S, NeefjesJacques

Improved cancer treatment
Reduced side effects

Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity requires both DNA damage and chromatin damage, two cellular activities that can be separated chemically. Variants of anthracyclines that induce chromatin damage without causing double-strand breaks maintained similar anticancer potency, suggesting that chromatin damage is a major cytotoxic mechanism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

PRX1 knockdown potentiates vitamin K3 toxicity in cancer cells: a potential new therapeutic perspective for an old drug.

Author: HeTiantian, HatemElie, VernisLaurence, LeiMing, HuangMeng-Er

Anticancer activity
Cancer cell redox modulation
VitK3 therapeutic potential

This study investigates the anticancer properties of vitamin K3 and how it could be used more effectively to treat cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Anthracycline derivatives inhibit cardiac CYP2J2.

Author: KimJustin S, ArangoAndres S, ShahSwapnil, ArnoldWilliam R, TajkhorshidEmad, DasAditi

Anthracycline cardiotoxicity

This study investigated the interaction of anthracycline derivatives with CYP2J2, an enzyme involved in the production of cardioprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The findings suggest that anthracyclines can inhibit CYP2J2, potentially contributing to cardiotoxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Video-Audio MediaMedia that combines video and audio. Includes movies, TV shows, and online videos.

Language : English

5.

Targeted and controlled release delivery of daunorubicin to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by aptamer-modified gold nanoparticles.

Author: DaneshNoor Mohammad, LavaeeParirokh, RamezaniMohammad, AbnousKhalil, TaghdisiSeyed Mohammad

Leukemia treatment
Cardiotoxicity

This study designed and evaluated a sgc8c aptamer (Apt)-daunorubicin (Dau)-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) complex for the treatment of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia T-cells. The complex showed selective targeting of leukemia cells, pH-dependent drug release, and potential for clinical use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

The Use of Nanocarriers in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Therapy: Challenges and Current Status.

Author: SauvageFélix, BarrattGillian, HerfindalLars, Vergnaud-GauduchonJuliette

AML therapy improvement
Drug delivery improvement
Toxicity reduction
Not specified

Nanoparticulate drug carriers like liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to improve AML therapy by delivering more drug to the disease site, reducing toxicity. This technology could also be used to deliver nucleic acids for gene-silencing strategies and improve the druggability of poorly water-soluble molecules.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Potential adverse interaction of human cardiac calsequestrin.

Author: KangChulhee, NissenMark S, SanchezEmiliano J, LamKa-Sum, MiltingHendrik

Cardiac problems

Calsequestrin (CASQ) is a calcium storage protein in heart and skeletal muscle. Several drugs, including phenothiazines, anthracyclines and calcium channel blockers, bind to CASQ and can interfere with its function, potentially leading to cardiac problems.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Real-world effectiveness of CPX-351 vs venetoclax and azacitidine in acute myeloid leukemia.

Author: MatthewsAndrew H, PerlAlexander E, LugerSelina M, LorenAlison W, GillSaar I, PorterDavid L, BabushokDaria V, MaillardIvan P, CarrollMartin P, FreyNoelle V, HexnerElizabeth O, MartinMary Ellen, McCurdyShannon R, StadtmauerEdward A, ParalkarVikram R, BrunoXimena Jordan, HwangWei-Ting, MargolisDavid, PratzKeith W

Treat AML
Early mortality
Febrile neutropenia
Infections
Long hospital stay

This retrospective study compared CPX-351 and venetoclax and azacitidine (ven/aza) in older adults with newly diagnosed AML. While ven/aza patients were older and more likely treated in the community, there was no significant difference in overall survival between the two groups (13 months for CPX-351 vs 11 months for ven/aza). CPX-351 was associated with higher infection rates and longer hospital stays. Prospective randomized studies are needed to further evaluate these regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Nanomicelle formulation modifies the pharmacokinetic profiles and cardiac toxicity of daunorubicin.

Author: ZhangHongyong, LiYuanpei, LinTzu-Yin, XiaoKai, HaddadAshraf S, HendersonPaul T, JonasBrian A, ChenMingyi, XiaoWenwu, LiuRuiwu, LamKit S, PanChong-xian

Improved pharmacokinetics
Reduced cardiotoxicity

Leukemia stem cell-targeting micelles dramatically change the pharmacokinetics and reduce the cardiac toxicity of daunorubicin (DNR).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

14.

Oxygen- and Sulphur-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds as Potential Anticancer Agents.

Author: SachdevaHarshita, KhaturiaSarita, SaquibMohammad, KhatikNarsingh, KhandelwalAbhinav Raj, MeenaRavina, SharmaKhushboo

Anti-inflammatory activity
Anticancer activity
Antioxidant activity
Antitumor activity

This review article discusses the synthesis and anticancer potential of oxygen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds. Heterocycles are ring structures that contain at least one atom that is not carbon. The researchers found that these compounds have a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Nanomedicinal products: a survey on specific toxicity and side effects.

Author: BrandWalter, NoorlanderCornelle W, GiannakouChristina, De JongWim H, KooiMyrna W, ParkMargriet Vdz, VandebrielRob J, BosselaersIrene Em, SchollJoep Hg, GeertsmaRobert E

Immunotoxicological effects
Pseudo-allergic response

Nanomedicinal products (NMPs) have unique properties that may lead to different toxicity and side effects compared to conventional medications. A study of approved NMPs in the European Union found that while some NMPs can cause pseudo-allergic responses, there is no clear evidence of nanospecific toxicity related to specific structures. Further research is needed to better understand the potential for immunotoxicological effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

17.

Daunorubicin during delayed intensification decreases the incidence of infectious complications - a randomized comparison in trial CoALL 08-09.

Author: SchrammFranziska, ZimmermannMartin, JorchNorbert, PekrunArnulf, BorkhardtArndt, ImschweilerThomas, ChristiansenHolger, FaberJörg, FeuchtingerTobias, SchmidIrene, BeronGerhard, HorstmannMartin A, EscherichGabriele

Antileukemic treatment
Lower infectious complications
Cardiotoxicity
Myelosuppression

This study compared the effects of doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DNR), two anthracycline drugs used to treat leukemia. The researchers found that DNR was associated with a lower rate of infectious complications than DOX, with no difference in efficacy or survival.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

EMA Review of Daunorubicin and Cytarabine Encapsulated in Liposomes (Vyxeos, CPX-351) for the Treatment of Adults with Newly Diagnosed, Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes.

Author: TzoganiKyriaki, PenttiläKarri, LapveteläinenTuomo, HemmingsRobert, KoenigJanet, FreireJoão, MárciaSilva, ColeSusan, CoppolaPaola, FloresBeatriz, BarbachanoYolanda, RoigeSilvia Domingo, PignattiFrancesco

AML treatment
Improved survival
Edema
Febrile neutropenia
Hypersensitivity

Vyxeos, a liposomal combination of daunorubicin and cytarabine, is approved for treating high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A phase III trial showed that Vyxeos improved overall survival compared to standard chemotherapy in patients aged 60-75 years with untreated high-risk AML. Common side effects include hypersensitivity, febrile neutropenia, edema, and mucositis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Drug-induced histone eviction from open chromatin contributes to the chemotherapeutic effects of doxorubicin.

Author: PangBaoxu, QiaoXiaohang, JanssenLennert, VeldsArno, GroothuisTom, KerkhovenRon, NieuwlandMarja, OvaaHuib, RottenbergSven, van TellingenOlaf, JanssenJeroen, HuijgensPeter, ZwartWilbert, NeefjesJacques

Cancer cell elimination
Side effects

Anthracycline drugs, a class of DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, were found to promote histone eviction from open chromosomal areas, which can attenuate DNA repair and deregulate the transcriptome.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Structure prediction of gBP21 protein of L. donovani and its molecular interaction.

Author: SahooGanesh Chandra, Yousuf AnsariMd, DikhitManas Ranjan, KannanM, RanaSindhuprava, DasPradeep

Visceral leishmaniasis treatment
Side effects
Toxicity

Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) is a fatal disease caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani. The review discusses the potential of blocking the gBP21 protein involved in RNA editing as a therapeutic target.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Role of NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) on chemotherapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the effect of pharmacological inhibition of Nrf2.

Author: KarathedathSreeja, RajamaniBharathi M, Musheer AalamSyed Mohammed, AbrahamAjay, VaratharajanSavitha, KrishnamurthyPartha, MathewsVikram, VelayudhanShaji Ramachandran, BalasubramanianPoonkuzhali

AML treatment
Drug resistance

Nrf2 is a protein that plays a role in chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Nrf2 inhibitors, such as brusatol, may be helpful in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to overcome drug resistance in AML.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Anthracycline-GnRH derivative bioconjugates with different linkages: synthesis, in vitro drug release and cytostatic effect.

Author: SchlagePascal, MezoGábor, OrbánErika, BoszeSzilvia, ManeaMarilena

Cancer treatment

This study investigated the influence of different anthracycline anticancer drugs, linkages, and targeting moieties on the in vitro drug release and cytostatic effect of anthracycline-GnRH derivative bioconjugates. The results suggest that bioconjugates containing ester, hydrazone, and self-immolative spacers exert the highest cytostatic effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as adjuvant in cancer therapy.

Author: LecumberriElena, DupertuisYves Marc, MiralbellRaymond, PichardClaude

Cancer prevention
Cancer treatment
None mentioned

This review compiles the latest literature on the effects of green tea catechins, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), in combination with chemo/radiotherapy for cancer prevention and treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Immunoliposomes in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Therapy: An Overview of Possible Targets and Obstacles.

Author: SinghAditi, MyklebustNikolai Norevik, FurevikSarah Marie Vie, HaugseRagnhild, HerfindalLars

Reduced side effects
Targeted drug delivery

This article discusses the potential of immunoliposomes as a drug delivery system for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Immunoliposomes can target AML cells and leukaemic stem cells, minimizing toxic side effects on healthy organs and improving drug delivery to the target cells.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

28.

Daunorubicin-TiO2 nanocomposites as a "smart" pH-responsive drug delivery system.

Author: ZhangHaijun, WangCailian, ChenBaoan, WangXuemei

Cancer treatment
Tumor-targeted drug delivery

Daunorubicin (DNR) is an anticancer drug with a broad spectrum of activity but limited clinical application due to its serious side effects. This study investigated the use of a novel 'smart' pH-responsive drug delivery system (DDS) based on titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficiency of DNR.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Administration of chromium(III) and manganese(II) as a potential protective approach against daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence.

Author: LiuYang, WangDebin

Cardiotoxicity reduction

This study investigates the interaction between daunorubicin (DNR) and cardiac myosin (CM) in the presence of chromium(III) (Cr(3+)) and manganese(II) (Mn(2+)).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

Topoisomerase II inhibitors in AML: past, present, and future.

Author: EconomidesMinas P, McCueDeborah, BorthakurGautam, PemmarajuNaveen

AML treatment
Therapy-related AML

This review discusses the clinical use, safety profile, and future directions of topoisomerase II inhibitors in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These agents have improved outcomes, but can also lead to therapy-related AML.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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