Side Effects of enalapril: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Enalapril is a commonly used medication for treating high blood pressure and heart failure. Several studies have shown that enalapril is effective in improving blood pressure, reducing mortality and hospitalization rates in patients with heart failure, and slowing the progression of kidney disease. 7 , 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Reasons for side effects

Enalapril lowers blood pressure by inhibiting a hormone system called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS plays an important role in vasoconstriction, blood pressure elevation, and water retention in the body. When enalapril inhibits RAAS, these effects are suppressed, resulting in lower blood pressure. However, since RAAS affects various functions of the body, enalapril can also affect these functions, potentially causing side effects. 12 , 4 , 9

Common side effects

Cough

Cough is one of the most common side effects of enalapril. This is thought to be due to enalapril's inhibition of RAAS, which can cause airway constriction. 16 , 7 , 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Hypotension

Enalapril can cause low blood pressure, as it is a drug that lowers blood pressure. Caution is advised, especially in elderly individuals or those with dehydration. 16 , 5 , 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Kidney dysfunction

Enalapril may impair kidney function, especially in those with pre-existing kidney disease. 5 , 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Hyperkalemia

Enalapril can elevate potassium levels in the blood, particularly in individuals with kidney disease. 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Liver dysfunction

Enalapril can impair liver function, particularly in those with pre-existing liver disease. 20 , 1 , 24 , 3 , 10

Allergic reactions

Enalapril can trigger allergic reactions, especially in individuals with pre-existing allergies to enalapril or other ACE inhibitors. 20 , 1 , 24 , 3 , 10

Side effects management

Cough

If cough is severe, consult your doctor for a possible change in medication. 16 , 7 , 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Hypotension

If you are concerned about low blood pressure, consult your doctor to adjust your enalapril dosage. 16 , 5 , 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Kidney dysfunction

Individuals with kidney disease may require adjustments to their enalapril dosage. 5 , 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Hyperkalemia

If you are concerned about high potassium levels, consult your doctor to adjust your enalapril dosage. 1 , 18 , 24 , 3 , 10

Liver dysfunction

Individuals with liver disease may require adjustments to their enalapril dosage. 20 , 1 , 24 , 3 , 10

Allergic reactions

If you experience an allergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention. 20 , 1 , 24 , 3 , 10

Comparison between studies

Commonalities

Many studies indicate that enalapril is effective in improving high blood pressure. 7 , 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Differences

The effectiveness and side effects of enalapril may vary depending on the disease and the patient's condition. For example, in patients with heart failure, enalapril has been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalization rates, but it may not be effective in other diseases. 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Real-life application precautions

While enalapril is an effective medication for treating high blood pressure and heart failure, it carries the risk of side effects. If you are taking enalapril, it is crucial to consult your doctor to receive instructions on the appropriate dosage and administration method. Additionally, if you experience any changes in your health or side effects while taking the medication, consult your doctor immediately. 7 , 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Current research limitations

Despite extensive research on enalapril, there are still some aspects that remain unclear. For example, the long-term effects of enalapril have not been sufficiently studied. Additionally, the effectiveness and side effects of enalapril may vary between individuals. These aspects require further investigation in future research. 7 , 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Future research directions

Further research is necessary to understand the long-term effects of enalapril and the differences in its effectiveness and side effects among individuals. Additionally, more detailed research on the interactions of enalapril with other medications is required. 7 , 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Conclusion

Enalapril is an effective medication for treating high blood pressure and heart failure, but it carries the risk of side effects. If you are taking enalapril, it is crucial to consult your doctor to receive instructions on the appropriate dosage and administration method. Additionally, if you experience any changes in your health or side effects while taking the medication, consult your doctor immediately. 7 , 13 , 5 , 12 , 23 , 16 , 26 , 2 , 20 , 8

Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
7
Article Type
4
0
1
6
25
1.

[Angiotensin-receptor- and neprilysin-inhibition: a new option against heart failure].

Author: BruhnClaudia

Cardiovascular death reduction
Heart failure hospitalization reduction
Angioedema
Hyperkalemia
Hypotension
Impaired renal function

Sacubitril/valsartan is a new drug for treating heart failure that has shown benefits over enalapril in reducing death and hospitalization. Potential side effects include hypotension, angioedema, impaired renal function, and elevated potassium levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

2.

Therapy with intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide for pulmonary hypertension associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Author: Gonzalez-LopezL, Cardona-MuñozE G, CelisA, García-de la TorreI, Orozco-BarocioG, Salazar-ParamoM, Garcia-GonzalezC, Garcia-GonzalezA, Sanchez-OrtizA, Trujillo-HernandezB, Gamez-NavaJ I

PH treatment
Gastrointestinal side effects
Infections

This study compared the effectiveness of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCYC) and oral enalapril in treating mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). IVCYC was more effective in reducing pulmonary artery pressure, but it also had a higher rate of side effects, including infections and gastrointestinal issues.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

The Role of Metoprolol and Enalapril in the Prevention of Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in Lymphoma Patients.

Author: GeorgakopoulosPeter, KyriakidisMichael, PerpiniaAnastasia, KaravidasApostolos, ZimerasStelios, MamalisNikolaos, KouvelaMarousa, CharpidouAndriani

Cardiotoxicity

This trial investigated the long-term effects of doxorubicin on cardiac health in patients who had been treated with doxorubicin along with metoprolol or enalapril ten years prior.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Perinatal Na+ overload programs raised renal proximal Na+ transport and enalapril-sensitive alterations of Ang II signaling pathways during adulthood.

Author: CabralEdjair V, Vieira-FilhoLeucio D, SilvaPaulo A, NascimentoWilliams S, AiresRegina S, OliveiraFabiana S T, LuzardoRicardo, VieyraAdalberto, PaixãoAna D O

Renal and cardiovascular alterations

This study investigates the impact of high sodium intake on renal function, specifically looking at changes in sodium transporters and the renin-angiotensin system. It also explores the potential benefits of enalapril treatment for reversing these alterations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Azathioprine induced pancytopenia: a serious complication.

Author: HaddaV, PandeyB D, GuptaR, GoelA

Severe pancytopenia

This case report describes a patient with lupus nephritis who developed severe pancytopenia after treatment with azathioprine. The patient's condition improved after receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. This case highlights the importance of frequent monitoring of blood counts in patients taking azathioprine.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

The use of sacubitril/valsartan in anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: A mini case series.

Author: SheppardChristina E, AnwarMaria

Reduced cardiovascular mortality
Reduced hospitalizations due to heart failure

Sacubitril/valsartan has been shown to be beneficial in heart failure patients but has not been evaluated in patients with chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. This article suggests that the drug combination might be a viable option for managing cancer patients who develop heart failure based on current guidelines.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Pharmacotherapy problems in cardiology patients 30 days post discharge from a tertiary hospital in Brazil: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: BonettiAline F, BagatimBruna Q, BottacinWallace Entringer, MendesAntonio M, RottaInajara, ReisRenata C, FáveroMaria Luiza D, Fernandez-LlimosFernando, PontaroloRoberto

Pharmacotherapy problems

Pharmacist-led discharge counseling significantly reduced pharmacotherapy problems in cardiology patients in the 30-day postdischarge period, demonstrating its value as an indispensable service.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Side Effects of Antihypertensives Induced by Switching to Different Generic Medications: Case Reports.

Author: WattanapisitApichai, LertwatanachaiPenpun, PongsawatThittita, WattanapisitSanhapan, ThongruchJaruporn

Clinical endpoint comparability
Cost-effective
Generic variability
Side effects

Two patients with essential hypertension experienced side effects after switching to different generic antihypertensives. These two case reports emphasize the importance of monitoring adverse drug reactions and communicating with patients prior to switching to a new generic medication.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

An Investigation of Drug-Drug Interaction Alert Overrides at a Pediatric Hospital.

Author: HumphreyKate, JorinaMaria, HarperMarvin, DodsonBrenda, KimSeung-Yeon, OzonoffAl

DDI alert prevention

This study evaluated the overall rates of drug-drug interaction alert overrides.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Signaling Inhibitors-Losartan, Enalapril, and Cardosten-Prevent Infarction-induced Heart Failure Development in Rats.

Author: KissKrisztina, FeketeVeronika, PálócziJános, SárközyMárta, MurlasitsZsolt, PipisJudit, KheyfetsIrina A, DuginaJulia L, SergeevaSvetlana A, EpsteinOleg I, CsonkaCsaba, CsontTamás, FerdinandyPéter, BencsikPéter

Heart failure alleviation

This research aims to investigate the effects of preventive treatment with losartan, enalapril, and cardosten on infarction-induced heart failure. The team hypothesizes that these drugs, which inhibit RAAS signaling and target the AT1 receptor, might alleviate pathological hypertrophy and functional decline.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Effects of Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors Versus Enalapril or Valsartan on Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: JainArpit, MeyurShourya, WadhwaLovish, SinghKamaldeep, SharmaRishi, PanchalIshita, VarrassiGiustino

Heart failure treatment
Improved KCCQ score
Reduced renal decline

Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) is an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) that has shown significant benefits in treating heart failure patients. A meta-analysis of studies comparing LCZ696 with other drugs demonstrated a reduced rate of hospitalization for heart failure and improved quality of life.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Fixed-dose lercanidipine/enalapril for hypertension.

Author: MenneJan, HallerHermann

Hypertension treatment
Cough
Edema

Lercanidipine and enalapril are two drugs used to treat high blood pressure. This article summarizes the current literature on the use of a fixed-dose combination of these two drugs. The combination is more effective than either drug alone and is generally well-tolerated.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

[The additive antiproteinuric effect of Enalapril and Losartan to normotensive patients with pathology proteinuria].

Author: LiernM, DieguezS M, De ReyesV, VallejosG, CanepaC

Reduced blood pressure
Reduced urinary protein

This study evaluated the effectiveness of enalapril in reducing proteinuria and blood pressure in normotensive patients with proteinuria. Enalapril at two different doses significantly reduced proteinuria, and combined with losartan, further reduced proteinuria. Enalapril also significantly lowered blood pressure in all stages. No patients developed hyperkalemia, decreased glomerular filtration rate, or anemia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

18.

The Combination of Valsartan and Sacubitril in the Treatment of Hypertension and Heart Failure - an Update.

Author: NielsenPeter Munch, GrimmDaniela, WehlandMarkus, SimonsenUlf, KrügerMarcus

LCZ696 blood pressure
LCZ696 heart failure
LCZ696 long term effects

LCZ696 is a new drug that combines two different types of blood pressure-lowering drugs. This review discusses the effectiveness and safety of LCZ696.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Case Report: Severe Hematological, Muscle and Liver Toxicity Caused by Drugs and Artichoke Infusion Interaction in an Elderly Polymedicated Patient.

Author: CamposM G, MachadoJ, CostaM L, LinoS, CorreiaF, MaltezF

Gout treatment
Anemia
Liver cholestasis
Muscle pain

This case report describes a patient who developed serious side effects after taking artichoke infusion. The patient had a history of diabetes and hypertension and was taking multiple medications. The artichoke infusion caused muscle pain, anemia, liver problems, and inflammation.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Risk of acute liver injury associated with the use of drugs: a multicentre population survey.

Author: SabatéM, IbáñezL, PérezE, VidalX, ButiM, XiolX, MasA, GuarnerC, FornéM, SolàR, CastelloteJ, RigauJ, LaporteJ-R

Liver injury

Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, erythromicin, chlorpromazine, nimesulide, and ticlopidine presented the highest risk of acute liver injury (point relative risk > 25). Amoxicillin, metoclopramide, captopril and enalapril, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, fluoxetine, paroxetine, diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam, metamizole, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid and salbutamol showed the lowest risk (point relative risk < 5).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Diabetes-induced auditory complications: are they preventable? a comprehensive review of interventions.

Author: HajiabolhassanFahimeh, TavanaiElham

diabetes treatment
auditory complications
diabetes mellitus

This paper provides a comprehensive review of interventions for preventing and treating diabetes-induced auditory complications, covering various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Antiproteinuric effects of enalapril and losartan: a pilot study.

Author: WhiteColin Thomas, MacphersonCatherine Fiona, HurleyRobert Morrison, MatsellDouglas George

Proteinuria reduction
Side effects

Enalapril and losartan were both effective in reducing proteinuria in children with proteinuria and underlying renal injury.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

The Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions and Adverse Drug Events from Heart Failure Medications in Frail Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

Author: DuongMai H, GnjidicDanijela, McLachlanAndrew J, SakirisMarissa A, GoyalParag, HilmerSarah N

Adverse drug reactions

This review focuses on the prevalence, causality, and severity of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or adverse drug events (ADEs) related to heart failure medications in frail older adults, comparing them to non-frail older adults.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Beta-blockers and heart failure.

Author: CruickshankJohn M

Heart failure treatment
Bronchospasm
Metabolic disturbance
Sexual dysfunction

This review discusses the use of beta-blockers (BB) in the treatment of heart failure (HF). BB are effective in treating systolic HF, reducing all-cause death by 34-5%. Bisoprolol, metoprolol, and carvedilol are considered the most effective BB for treating systolic HF. The choice of BB is important, as benefit is not a class-effect. Adverse effects are mainly associated with beta-2 blockade and alpha-blockade.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

26.

Preventing cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer and lymphoma: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (PROACT).

Author: MaierRebecca H, PlummerChris, KasimAdetayo S, AkhterNasima, OgundimuEmmanuel, MaddoxJamie, GrahamJanine, StewartMichael, WardleyAndrew, HaneySophie, VahabiSharareh, OxenhamHelen, HumphreysAlison, CrestiNicola, VerrillMark, GrahamRichard, ChangLisa, HancockHelen C, AustinDavid

cancer treatment
cardiotoxicity
heart failure

Anthracyclines, effective chemotherapy drugs, can cause cardiotoxicity leading to heart failure. The PROACT trial will evaluate the effectiveness of the ACE inhibitor enalapril in preventing cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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