Effects of entacapone: A Synthesis of Findings from 20 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Multiple studies on the effects of entacapone suggest that it may prolong the effectiveness of levodopa and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease patients. 18 , 15 , 13 , 11 Entacapone works by inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of levodopa, thereby increasing levodopa levels in the blood and improving its delivery to the brain. 20 , 19 , 16 Entacapone may also help reduce the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by adjusting levodopa dosages. 15 Furthermore, entacapone may affect the absorption rate and distribution of levodopa. 19 , 16 In addition to prolonging the effectiveness of levodopa, entacapone may also reduce side effects associated with levodopa. 15 , 13 Entacapone is commonly used in Parkinson's disease treatment as part of the levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) combination. 7 , 4 Entacapone may also modify the pharmacokinetic changes caused by oral administration of levodopa. 3 , 1 It may also influence levodopa pharmacokinetics when used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), a sustained-release formulation of levodopa. 4 Entacapone may enhance the efficacy of levodopa when used together. 12 Entacapone may prolong the effectiveness of levodopa by increasing its blood levels. Entacapone may reduce the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by reducing levodopa dosages. 15

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Entacapone is considered an important adjunct to levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease patients, potentially prolonging levodopa's effectiveness and improving motor function. 18 , 15 , 13 , 11 Entacapone may enhance levodopa's effect by increasing its blood levels and delivery to the brain, leading to a longer-lasting effect. 20 , 19 , 16 Entacapone may also help reduce the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by adjusting levodopa dosages. 15 Entacapone may affect the absorption rate and distribution of levodopa. 19 , 16 Entacapone may not only prolong the effectiveness of levodopa but also reduce levodopa-associated side effects. 15 , 13 Entacapone is commonly used in Parkinson's disease treatment as part of the levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) combination. 7 , 4 Entacapone may enhance the efficacy of levodopa when used together. 12 Entacapone may prolong the effectiveness of levodopa by increasing its blood levels. Entacapone may reduce the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by reducing levodopa dosages. 15

Risks Summary

Entacapone may lead to elevated homocysteine levels in some individuals. 14 , 8 , 3 , 1 In some cases, entacapone may delay the effects of levodopa. 16 Entacapone may impact liver function. 6 , 9 Entacapone may interact with other medications. 6 Entacapone may influence the digestive system. 2 Entacapone may affect sleep patterns. 7 , 2

Research Comparisons

Research Similarities

Multiple studies have indicated that entacapone may extend the effectiveness of levodopa and enhance motor function in Parkinson's disease patients. 18 , 15 , 13 , 11 These studies suggest that entacapone could be a valuable adjunct to levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, research consistently indicates that entacapone inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme involved in levodopa metabolism, leading to increased levodopa levels in the blood and improved delivery to the brain. 20 , 19 , 16 Also, several studies point to the possibility of entacapone impacting homocysteine metabolism, potentially causing elevated homocysteine levels in some patients. 14 , 8 , 3 , 1

Research Differences

The effectiveness of entacapone in prolonging levodopa's effectiveness may vary among individuals and depending on the method of administration. 16 The impact of entacapone on homocysteine levels may differ based on the patient's vitamin status. 14 Entacapone not only increases levodopa blood levels but may also influence its absorption rate and distribution. 19 , 16 Beyond extending the effects of levodopa, entacapone may also have the potential to reduce levodopa-related side effects. 15 , 13 Entacapone is widely used in Parkinson's disease treatment as part of the levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) combination. 7 , 4 Entacapone may modify the pharmacokinetic changes caused by oral administration of levodopa. 3 , 1 It may also influence levodopa pharmacokinetics when used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), a sustained-release formulation of levodopa. 4 Entacapone may enhance the efficacy of levodopa when used together. 12 Entacapone may prolong the effectiveness of levodopa by increasing its blood levels. Entacapone may reduce the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by reducing levodopa dosages. 15

Consistency and Contradictions of the Results

The effects of entacapone may differ based on the individual patient and the method of administration. 16 The impact of entacapone on homocysteine levels may vary depending on the patient's vitamin status. 14 Further research is needed to fully evaluate the effects of entacapone.

Important Considerations for Real-Life Application

Entacapone is considered an important adjunct to levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease patients, potentially prolonging levodopa's effectiveness and improving motor function. 18 , 15 , 13 , 11 However, entacapone may lead to elevated homocysteine levels in some individuals. 14 , 8 , 3 , 1 It's crucial to follow the guidance of your doctor regarding entacapone dosage.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the effects of entacapone remains limited. 16 The effectiveness of entacapone may vary based on the individual patient and the method of administration. 16 Further research is needed to investigate the long-term impact of entacapone. 13

Directions for Future Research

Further investigation into the effects of entacapone is necessary. 16 A more thorough examination of the impact of entacapone on homocysteine levels is required. 14 Long-term studies are necessary to assess the long-term effects of entacapone. 13 Research should explore the effects of entacapone in combination with other medications. 6 Entacapone may modify the pharmacokinetic changes caused by oral administration of levodopa. 3 , 1 It may also influence levodopa pharmacokinetics when used in combination with levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), a sustained-release formulation of levodopa. 4 Entacapone may enhance the efficacy of levodopa when used together. 12 Entacapone may prolong the effectiveness of levodopa by increasing its blood levels. Entacapone may reduce the risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia by reducing levodopa dosages. 15

Conclusion

Entacapone is considered an important adjunct to levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease patients, potentially prolonging levodopa's effectiveness and improving motor function. 18 , 15 , 13 , 11 However, entacapone may lead to elevated homocysteine levels in some individuals. 14 , 8 , 3 , 1 It's crucial to follow the guidance of your doctor regarding entacapone dosage.

Literature analysis of 20 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
6
1
0
1
20
2.

A Pilot Study Exploring the Association of Entacapone, Gut Microbiota, and the Subsequent Side Effects in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.

Author: FuShih-Chen, LeeChung-Han, HsiehYi-Chen, WuPei-Hua, LinSheng-Hsuan, WangHsiuying

Improved Parkinson's treatment
Drowsiness
GI problems

This pilot study aims to examine the hypothesis that entacapone-induced gastrointestinal discomfort might be caused by alterations in the microbial composition, possibly by adjusting the effect of levodopa.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and entacapone on homocysteine levels in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients: A randomized controlled study.

Author: AnamnartChumpol, KitjarakRam

Reduced homocysteine levels
Increased homocysteine levels

This study evaluated whether homocysteine (Hcy) levels are increased in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and the effects of vitamin B12, folate, or entacapone on Hcy levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Population pharmacokinetics of levodopa gel infusion in Parkinson's disease: effects of entacapone infusion and genetic polymorphism.

Author: SenekM, NyholmD, NielsenE I

PD treatment

This study characterized the population pharmacokinetics of levodopa following continuous infusion of levodopa-entacapone-carbidopa intestinal gel (LECIG) and levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. The study found that the continuous maintenance dose of LECIG should be decreased by approximately 35% to achieve similar drug exposure as with LCIG.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Comparison of the inhibitory effects of tolcapone and entacapone against human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.

Author: LvXia, WangXin-Xin, HouJie, FangZhong-Ze, WuJing-Jing, CaoYun-Feng, LiuShu-Wen, GeGuang-Bo, YangLing

Treatment of Parkinson's disease
Drug-drug interactions
Hepatotoxicity

Tolcapone and entacapone are COMT inhibitors for Parkinson's disease. Tolcapone has hepatotoxicity risks. This study compared their inhibitory effects on human UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). Tolcapone exhibited more potent inhibitory effects on UGT1A1, UGT1A7, and UGT1A10, increasing the risk of drug-drug interactions.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Effects of levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone and smoked cocaine on facial affect recognition in cocaine smokers.

Author: BediGillinder, ShiffrinLaura, VadhanNehal P, NunesEdward V, FoltinRichard W, BisagaAdam

Social processing impairment

Cocaine users have problems with social processing, which can be exacerbated by certain medications. This study found that levodopa-carbidopa-entacapone (LCE), a potential treatment medication for cocaine addiction, increased the response threshold for identifying facial fear in cocaine users. Cocaine itself had no effect on facial emotion recognition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

8.

[Effects of entacapone on plasma homocysteine in Parkinson's disease patients on levodopa].

Author: ZhaoPeng, YangJun-feng, LiuWei, WangYu, SunYa-nan, LiQi, ZhangWei, ZhangBen-shu

Hyperhomocysteinemia
Levodopa bioavailability

A cross-sectional study of 98 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients found that entacapone partially alleviates hyperhomocysteinemia in PD patients on levodopa. The plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in patients on levodopa and entacapone were lower than those in patients on levodopa alone, but still higher than those in patients never on levodopa and in the control group.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Chinese

9.

The liver toxicity biomarker study phase I: markers for the effects of tolcapone or entacapone.

Author: McBurneyRobert N, HinesWade M, VonTungelnLinda S, SchnackenbergLaura K, BegerRichard D, MolandCarrie L, HanTao, FuscoeJames C, ChangChing-Wei, ChenJames J, SuZhenqiang, FanXiao-hui, TongWeida, BoothShelagh A, BalasubramanianRaji, CourchesnePaul L, CampbellJennifer M, GraberArmin, GuoYu, JuhaszPeter, LiTricia Y, LynchMoira D, MorelNicole M, PlastererThomas N, TakachEdward J, ZengChenhui, BelandFrederick A

Liver toxicity biomarker discovery

This study investigated the molecular effects of tolcapone and entacapone, two medications used to treat Parkinson's disease, on rat liver and blood plasma. The study found that tolcapone, a known hepatotoxic drug, induced distinct molecular changes compared to entacapone, a drug with a better safety profile. These findings suggest that molecular analysis could be used to identify biomarkers for potential drug-induced liver injury.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Relationship between 3-O-methyldopa and the clinical effects of entacapone in advanced Parkinson's disease.

Author: IshiharaAiko, MiyachiTakafumi, NakamuraTakeshi, OhtsukiToshiho, KimuraYasuhiro, KihiraKenji, YamawakiTakemori, MatsumotoMasayasu

Parkinson's treatment

The measurement of 3-OMD and levodopa pharmacokinetics can predict the clinical effects of entacapone, a drug for Parkinson's disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Immediate versus delayed switch from levodopa/carbidopa to levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone: effects on motor function and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease with end-of-dose wearing off.

Author: LewMark F, SomogyiMonique, McCagueKevin, WelshMickie,

Motor function improvement
Quality of life improvement
Diarrhea
Dizziness
Nausea

Immediate switch to levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) provided greater motor improvement and improved quality of life in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with end-of-dose wearing off (EODWO) compared to delayed switch.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Effects of carbidopa and entacapone on the metabolic fate of the norepinephrine prodrug L-DOPS.

Author: GoldsteinDavid S, HolmesCourtney, SewellLaToya, PechnikSandra, KopinIrwin J

Orthostatic hypotension treatment
Drug interactions
Parkinson's disease

L-DOPS is a prodrug of norepinephrine that is being investigated for orthostatic hypotension. This study found that carbidopa, an inhibitor of L-aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase, blocks the conversion of L-DOPS to norepinephrine and reduces its pressor effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

13.

Long-term effectiveness and quality of life improvement in entacapone-treated Parkinson's disease patients: the effects of an early therapeutic intervention.

Author: GrandasF, HernándezB,

Improved QoL
Increased 'on' time
Reduced discontinuation
Adverse reactions

Entacapone, a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease, was effective in reducing motor fluctuations and improving quality of life. Early adjustment of entacapone and levodopa doses reduces the number of treatment discontinuations during the first months of treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

The controversy concerning plasma homocysteine in Parkinson disease patients treated with levodopa alone or with entacapone: effects of vitamin status.

Author: ZesiewiczTheresa A, WeckerLynn, SullivanKelly L, MerlinLisa R, HauserRobert A

Reduces levodopa-induced HHcy
Hyperhomocysteinemia

Levodopa treatment for Parkinson's disease can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), but COMT inhibition may help reduce it. The effectiveness of COMT inhibition depends on the patient's vitamin status, with those with low folate levels seeing a greater reduction in homocysteine.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Entacapone increases and prolongs the central effects of l-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat.

Author: GerlachManfred, van den BuuseMaarten, BlahaCharles, BremenDirk, RiedererPeter

Reduced risk of dyskinesia

Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, was studied for its effectiveness in treating Parkinson's disease. The study found that adding entacapone to levodopa treatment improved dopamine levels in the brain and may reduce the risk of dyskinesia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Delayed administration may improve entacapone effects in parkinsonian patients non-responding to the drug.

Author: BrusaL, BassiA, LunardiG, FedeleE, PeppeA, StefaniA, PasqualettiP, StanzioneP, PierantozziM

Improved L-dopa bioavailability
Prolonged clinical effect

Entacapone is a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease. This study will examine whether delaying the administration of entacapone in patients taking L-dopa/carbidopa can improve the clinical effects of entacapone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

19.

The effects of different repeated doses of entacapone on the pharmacokinetics of L-Dopa and on the clinical response to L-Dopa in Parkinson's disease.

Author: HeikkinenH, NuttJ G, LeWittP A, KollerW C, GordinA

Parkinson's disease treatment

Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, effectively reduced the levels of 3-OMD, increasing the bioavailability of L-Dopa and potentially improving clinical outcomes in Parkinson's disease patients with levodopa-related fluctuations.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Pharmacokinetics of oral entacapone after frequent multiple dosing and effects on levodopa disposition.

Author: RouruJ, GordinA, HuupponenR, HuhtalaS, SavontausE, KorpelaK, ReinikainenK, ScheininM

Parkinson's treatment

The pharmacokinetics of entacapone after multiple dosing and the pattern of COMT inhibition in erythrocytes during the first day of dosing as well as during steady state were evaluated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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