Side Effects of lomustine: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Lomustine is an anti-cancer drug used to treat various types of tumors. While lomustine is effective against various types of tumors, it is known to cause many side effects. This article will provide a detailed explanation of the side effects of lomustine and how to manage them, based on research papers on lomustine.

Reasons for Side Effects

Lomustine is a type of anti-cancer drug called an alkylating agent. Alkylating agents work by binding to DNA and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. However, alkylating agents can bind to the DNA of normal cells as well as cancer cells. Therefore, lomustine can cause side effects.

Common Side Effects

Blood Disorders

Lomustine can damage bone marrow cells, reducing the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. As a result, taking lomustine can increase the risk of infection, lead to anemia, and make bleeding more likely. 22 , 26 , 5 , 19 , 14 , 27 , 18 , 9 , 3 , 1

Digestive System

Lomustine can damage cells in the digestive system, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. 5 , 19 , 3 , 26 , 9

Liver

Lomustine can damage liver cells, leading to liver dysfunction. 7 , 5 , 3

Lungs

Lomustine can damage lung cells, leading to respiratory problems such as pneumonia. 3

Kidneys

Lomustine can damage kidney cells, leading to kidney dysfunction. 5 , 1

Nervous System

Lomustine can damage cells in the nervous system, causing neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, headaches, and dizziness. 18 , 10 , 21

Heart

Lomustine can damage heart cells, increasing the risk of heart disease such as heart failure. 3

Other

In addition to these side effects, lomustine can cause symptoms such as rash, hair loss, and weight loss. 5 , 19 , 26 , 9 , 27 , 18 , 10 , 21 , 1 , 3

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Blood Disorders

If blood disorders occur, treatment such as blood transfusions or bone marrow transplantation may be necessary. 19 , 14

Digestive System

If digestive system side effects occur, drug therapy such as anti-nausea and anti-diarrhea medications will be administered. 19

Liver

If liver side effects occur, lomustine administration may be stopped, or liver protective agents may be administered. 7

Lungs

If lung side effects occur, lomustine administration may be stopped, or drug therapy such as steroids may be administered. 3

Kidneys

If kidney side effects occur, lomustine administration may be stopped, or drug therapy such as diuretics may be administered. 5

Nervous System

If nervous system side effects occur, lomustine administration may be stopped, or drug therapy such as steroids may be administered. 18 , 10

Heart

If heart side effects occur, lomustine administration may be stopped, or drug therapy for heart conditions may be administered. 3

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have reported that lomustine is an effective anti-cancer drug, while also causing various side effects. It has also been reported that the severity of lomustine's side effects varies depending on the patient, and some patients have reported experiencing serious side effects.

Differences

The findings regarding lomustine's side effects may differ between studies. This may be because the number of patients, study design, and evaluation methods used in the studies vary. For example, 3 reports that patients receiving treatment with lomustine experienced heart side effects, but such findings were not observed in other studies. This may be because in 3 , there may have been a higher proportion of patients with heart problems compared to other studies.

Points to Note Regarding Application to Real Life

Lomustine is an effective anti-cancer drug for the treatment of malignant tumors, but it can cause a variety of side effects. When taking lomustine, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of side effects with your doctor before deciding on a treatment plan. Also, if you feel unwell while taking lomustine, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on lomustine is still insufficient. In particular, there are still many unknowns about the long-term side effects of lomustine. Therefore, it is important to be fully aware of the risks of long-term side effects when taking lomustine.

Future Research Directions

There is a need for research on the development of new treatment methods to reduce the side effects of lomustine and to identify patients who are more likely to respond to lomustine.

Conclusion

Lomustine is an effective anti-cancer drug for the treatment of malignant tumors, but it can cause a variety of side effects. When taking lomustine, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of side effects with your doctor before deciding on a treatment plan. Also, if you feel unwell while taking lomustine, consult your doctor immediately. Research on lomustine is still insufficient. There is a need for research on the development of new treatment methods to reduce the side effects of lomustine and to identify patients who are more likely to respond to lomustine.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
3
Article Type
2
0
0
4
26
2.

One year of procarbazine lomustine and vincristine is poorly tolerated in low grade glioma: a real world experience in a national neuro-oncology centre.

Author: KeoghRachel J, AslamRazia, HennessyMaeve A, CoyneZac, HennessyBryan T, BreathnachOscar S, GroganLiam, MorrisPatrick G

LGG treatment
LGG
chemotherapy side effects

PCV chemotherapy is an effective adjuvant therapy for low-grade glioma, but its tolerability in routine clinical practice is not well understood.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Chemotherapy Treatment and Trials in Low-Grade Gliomas.

Author: DonovanLaura E, LassmanAndrew B

Improved outcome
Survival advantage
Toxicity

This study reviews the treatment approach for low-grade gliomas, a group of tumors with heterogeneous clinical outcomes. The authors highlight the use of adjuvant chemotherapy with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine, as well as temozolomide, to improve survival.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

Low-grade and anaplastic oligodendroglioma.

Author: Van Den BentMartin J, BrombergJacolien E C, BucknerJan

Improved outcome
Standard of care
Cognitive side-effects

This review discusses the treatment of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, a type of brain tumor. The review highlights the role of chemotherapy, particularly PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, vincristine), as a standard of care for these tumors, especially in those with 1p/19q co-deletion.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Raynaud's phenomenon in a child with medulloblastoma as a late effect of chemotherapy.

Author: AtasErman, KorkmazerNadir, ArtikHatice A, BabacanOguzhan, KesikVural

Raynaud's phenomenon

Raynaud's phenomenon is a side effect of chemotherapy that can be caused by various drugs. This study investigates the occurrence of Raynaud's phenomenon in children receiving chemotherapy.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
LetterA written message for communication and exchange of information between individuals.

Language : English

11.

Enhanced anticancer properties of lomustine in conjunction with docosahexaenoic acid in glioblastoma cell lines.

Author: HarveyKevin A, XuZhidong, SaaddatzadehM Reza, WangHaiyan, PollokKaren, Cohen-GadolAaron A, SiddiquiRafat A

DHA anticancer potential
Glioblastoma treatment
Lomustine side effect reduction

This study investigated the anticancer effects of lomustine, a chemotherapeutic drug used for brain tumors, alone and in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Temozolomide salvage chemotherapy for recurrent anaplastic oligodendroglioma and oligo-astrocytoma.

Author: GwakHo-Shin, YeeGi Taek, ParkChul-Kee, KimJin Wook, HongYong-Kil, KangSeok-Gu, KimJeong Hoon, SeolHo Jun, JungTae-Young, ChangJong Hee, YooHeon, HwangJeong-Hyun, KimSe-Hyuk, ParkBong Jin, HwangSun-Chul, KimMin Su, KimSeon-Hwan, KimEun-Young, KimEalmaan, KimHae Yu, KoYoung-Cho, YunHwan Jung, YounJi Hye, KimJuyoung, LeeByeongil, LeeSeung Hoon

Improved survival
Tumor response
Side effects

Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy showed an objective response rate of 24% in patients with recurrent anaplastic oligodendroglioma and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

The use of lithium carbonate to prevent lomustine-induced myelosuppression in dogs: a pilot study.

Author: Abrams-OggAnthony C G

Lithium toxicoses
Myelosuppression

Lithium was investigated as a preventive measure for lomustine-induced myelosuppression in beagles.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

[A multicenter randomized controlled study of temozolomide in 97 patients with malignant brain glioma].

Author: QianZheng-zi, WangHua-qing, LiuXian-ming, YangShu-yuan, FuZhen, ChangYi, LiuXiu-ying, YuHao

Acceptable safety profile
Improved efficacy in brain tumor
Nausea
Vomiting

Temozolomide (TMZ) demonstrated superior efficacy compared to lomustine (CCNU) in treating refractory malignant brain gliomas. TMZ achieved a significantly higher response rate (35.71% vs. 9.09%) and a higher clinical benefit rate (90.48% vs. 75.00%) with an acceptable safety profile.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Chinese

16.

Retrospective analysis of treatment outcome in 315 patients with oligodendroglial brain tumors.

Author: VesperJ, GrafE, WilleC, TilgnerJ, TrippelM, NikkhahG, OstertagCb

Oligodendroglial tumor treatment

Chemotherapy with procarbazine and lomustine (PC) may be as effective as procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) for oligodendroglial brain tumors, while avoiding the additional risks associated with vincristine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma: the past, present, and future.

Author: EvensAndrew M, HutchingsMartin, DiehlVolker

Cure rate
HL treatment
Side effects

This review highlights significant advancements in the biology and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) over the past decades. New treatment regimens have increased the cure rate, but acute and long-term side effects remain a concern. Continued research is needed to improve long-term survival and reduce treatment toxicities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

[Analysis of selected undesirable effects of cytostatic drugs in treatment of the central nervous system tumours in children. Preliminary report].

Author: Sega-PondelDorota, WójcikDorota, NiedzielskaEwa, NiedzielskaMałgorzata, ChybickaAlicja

CNS tumor treatment tolerated
Well tolerated cytostatic therapy
Hepatic enzyme abnormalities
Hepatocellular damage
Hyperbilirubinemia
Myelosuppression

Children with brain tumors tolerated cytostatic therapy relatively well, with mild hyperbilirubinemia more frequent after adriamycin and temodal therapy.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Polish

20.

Treatment of newly diagnosed symptomatic pure low-grade oligodendrogliomas with PCV chemotherapy.

Author: LebrunC, FontaineD, BourgV, RamaioliA, ChanaletS, VandenbosF, LonjonM, FauchonF, PaquisP, FrenayM

Low-grade OG treatment
Survival increase
Cognitive side effects

This study reported the outcome of 33 consecutive patients with pure low-grade OG treated with PCV chemotherapy after surgery. Up-front chemotherapy with PCV regimen was found to be a good treatment for symptomatic pure low-grade OG, increasing the number of progression-free patients and time to progression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

MOPPEBVCAD chemotherapy with limited and conditioned radiotherapy in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10-year results, late toxicity, and second tumors.

Author: GobbiPaolo G, BrogliaChiara, LevisAlessandro, La SalaAntonio, ValentinoFrancesco, ChisesiTeodoro, SacchiStefano, CorbellaFranco, CavannaLuigi, IannittoEmilio, PavoneVincenzo, MolicaStefano, CorazzaGino Roberto, FedericoMassimo

Cancer treatment
Late toxicity
Second tumor incidence

MOPPEBVCAD chemotherapy with limited radiotherapy was used to reduce late toxicity and second tumor incidence while trying to improve effectiveness. The study reviewed late results, toxicity, and second tumor incidence in all patients treated.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

[Favourable result for temozolomide in recurrent high-grade glioma].

Author: TaalW, van der RijtC D D, Sillevis SmittP A E, KrosJ M, van HeuvelI, EntingR H, van den BentM J

Response to treatment
Side effects

Temozolomide was well-tolerated and effective in treating recurrent anaplastic gliomas, with a response rate of 80% for recurrent anaplastic oligodendroglioma or mixed oligo-astrocytoma. However, it had a limited role in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Dutch

23.

Phase II study of first-line chemotherapy with temozolomide in recurrent oligodendroglial tumors: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group Study 26971.

Author: van den BentM J, TaphoornM J B, BrandesA A, MentenJ, StuppR, FrenayM, ChinotO, KrosJ M, van der RijtC C D, VechtCh J, AllgeierA, GorliaT,

Treats oligodendroglial tumors

Temozolomide is a chemotherapy drug that has been used to treat recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma. This study investigated the use of temozolomide as a first-line chemotherapy for recurrent oligodendroglial tumors and mixed oligoastrocytomas after surgery and radiation therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Second-line chemotherapy with temozolomide in recurrent oligodendroglioma after PCV (procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine) chemotherapy: EORTC Brain Tumor Group phase II study 26972.

Author: van den BentM J, ChinotO, BoogerdW, Bravo MarquesJ, TaphoornM J B, KrosJ M, van der RijtC C D, VechtC J, De BeuleN, BaronB

Oligodendroglial tumor treatment

Temozolomide (TMZ) was investigated in recurrent oligodendroglial tumors (OD) and mixed oligoastrocytomas (OA) after prior PCV chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Complete response of a recurrent, multicentric malignant glioma in a patient treated with phenylbutyrate.

Author: BakerMatthew J, BremSteven, DanielsStephanie, ShermanBeverly, PhuphanichSurasak

Glioma treatment
Mild side effects

Sodium phenylbutyrate, a biological-response modifier, showed potential in treating a 44-year-old female with a recurrent, multicentric, malignant glioma. The patient experienced a durable remission lasting more than four years after being treated with sodium phenylbutyrate, despite previous resistance to other therapies. Sodium phenylbutyrate was well tolerated, suggesting its potential for treating malignant gliomas.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

26.

Treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumours using combination chemotherapy with lomustine and 5-fluorouracil.

Author: KaltsasG A, MukherjeeJ J, IsidoriA, KolaB, PlowmanP N, MonsonJ P, GrossmanA B, BesserG M

Neuroendocrine tumor treatment
Toxicity

This study reviewed patients with neuroendocrine tumors treated with a combination chemotherapy regimen of lomustine (CCNU) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The study aimed to assess the therapeutic response and adverse effects of this regimen compared to other chemotherapy regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Retrolective cohort study of an additive therapy with an oral enzyme preparation in patients with multiple myeloma.

Author: SakalováA, BockP R, DedíkL, HanischJ, SchiessW, GazováS, ChabronováI, HolomanovaD, MistríkM, HrubiskoM

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an additive therapy with an oral enzyme (OE) preparation given for more than 6 months additionally to standard combination chemotherapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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