Effects of methylphenidate: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Methylphenidate is a commonly used medication for treating children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but its impact on brain development remains unclear. Research studies have investigated the effects and potential risks of methylphenidate, along with its influence on the brain. A study in 27 suggested that methylphenidate might affect different brain regions in children and adults. Specifically, the study observed an age-dependent impact on the thickness of the right medial cortex, with an increase in children and no change in adults. A study in 6 compared standard and sustained-release formulations of methylphenidate in children with minimal brain dysfunction. The findings revealed no clinically significant differences between the two formulations or substantial improvements over pre-treatment measurements. 2 examined the behavioral and biochemical effects of intravenous methylphenidate in schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients. The study found that methylphenidate significantly increased positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients, potentially associated with heightened sensitivity in dopaminergic postsynaptic receptors. In 14 , researchers assessed methylphenidate preference in ADHD patients using a choice procedure. The results showed a significant preference for methylphenidate over placebo, which was likely attributed to therapeutic efficacy rather than abuse potential. A study in 11 investigated the dose-response effects of methylphenidate on academic performance and classroom behavior in adolescents with ADHD. While methylphenidate generally had positive effects on academic measures, the greatest benefit was observed at the lowest dose. A study in 23 examined the effects of extended-release methylphenidate on children with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD symptoms. The results suggested that methylphenidate was effective and well-tolerated in reducing hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, with side effects similar to those seen in typically developing children with ADHD. In 5 , researchers studied the effects of methylphenidate on normal adults. The study found that methylphenidate generally facilitated performance, reduced physical activity, and increased emotional responsivity, similar to the effects observed in children. A study in 25 investigated the age-dependent effects of methylphenidate on the human dopaminergic system in young versus adult patients with ADHD. The study found that methylphenidate treatment increased the cerebral blood flow response to methylphenidate in the thalamus and striatum of children but not in adults. 20 explored the effects of once-daily oral and transdermal methylphenidate on the sleep behavior of children with ADHD, suggesting that methylphenidate may have adverse effects on sleep patterns. A study in 16 further characterized the abuse potential of oral methylphenidate relative to oral d-amphetamine in stimulant-abusing volunteers. The study found that methylphenidate has some abuse potential. In 26 , researchers conducted a direct comparison of the acute effects of MDMA, methylphenidate, and modafinil in healthy subjects. The study found that methylphenidate had a stronger impact on the cardiovascular system compared to modafinil and MDMA. 3 examined the pharmacological effects of methylphenidate on plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) and growth hormone (GH). The study observed a significant increase in GH levels after methylphenidate administration, suggesting an impact on dopaminergic neurotransmission. 22 investigated the potential of methylphenidate for treating tobacco dependence in smokers without ADHD. The study showed no efficacy in helping smokers quit. 4 investigated the effects of sustained-release and standard methylphenidate on cognitive and social behavior in children with ADHD. The study found that both formulations were effective, but standard methylphenidate was superior in reducing disruptive behavior. A study in 12 highlighted the development of a new once-a-day formulation of methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD. 28 systematically reviewed the literature on the association between long-term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. The meta-analysis suggested a reduction in height and weight, but the effect sizes were small and potentially minimal in clinical impact. A study in 1 explored the effects of methylphenidate in children with learning disabilities. The study found that methylphenidate improved performance on various psychological tests but did not affect performance on standardized achievement tests. In 7 , researchers investigated drug and placebo side effects in a methylphenidate-placebo trial for children with ADHD. The study observed that side effects were reported on both placebo and methylphenidate, highlighting the potential for misinterpretation of ADHD symptoms as side effects. 15 examined the reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate as a function of dose and sleepiness. The study indicated that sleepiness modulated the reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate. In 18 , researchers investigated the neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate administration on drug-naïve boys with ADHD. 9 assessed the short-term side effects of stimulant medication in preschool children with ADHD. The study found that methylphenidate had relatively low toxicity in preschool children and that some behavioral changes perceived as side effects might actually be normal behaviors or ADHD behaviors in this age group. In 8 , researchers compared the effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate in depressed inpatients. The study indicated that both drugs produced similar behavioral and subjective effects and could alleviate depressive symptoms, but their neurochemical effects differed. A study in 10 examined laboratory measures of methylphenidate effects in cocaine-dependent patients receiving treatment. The study found that methylphenidate did not significantly increase cocaine craving or ratings suggesting abuse potential. 13 conducted a prospective study of stimulant response in preschool children, finding that stimulant medication improved behavioral ratings and was well-tolerated. 24 compared the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination. The study found that co-administration enhanced cardiovascular and adverse effects. 17 examined the subjective effects of methylphenidate in adolescents with ADHD, documenting subjective effects associated with drug abuse potential in adults. 21 systematically reviewed the evidence on the safety of therapeutic methylphenidate in adults. The review found that methylphenidate was well-tolerated in the short term, with no serious side effects observed. 19 investigated whether formulation differences alter the abuse liability of methylphenidate. The study suggested that extended-release methylphenidate, with its slow ascending plasma concentration profile, might have lower abuse potential compared to immediate-release methylphenidate.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Methylphenidate has the potential to improve focus, attention, reduce impulsivity, and enhance behavior in individuals with ADHD. 27 , 11 , 23 , 28 , 13 It may also improve visual-motor skills in children with learning disabilities. 1 Additionally, some research suggests that methylphenidate could help with smoking cessation. 22 However, the effectiveness and suitability of methylphenidate can vary significantly from person to person.

Risk Summary

Methylphenidate can cause adverse effects such as headaches, insomnia, loss of appetite, anxiety, and depression. 6 , 2 , 15 , 9 , 7 , 17 It can also increase heart rate and blood pressure, disrupt sleep patterns, and pose a risk for substance abuse. 25 , 20 , 16 , 21 , 19 Moreover, long-term use of methylphenidate may affect height and weight in children. 28 The likelihood of these risks varies depending on factors such as dosage, patient age, and other underlying conditions.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Numerous studies have shown that methylphenidate can potentially improve symptoms in individuals with ADHD. 27 , 6 , 11 , 23 , 4 , 12 , 28 , 13 Research consistently indicates that methylphenidate can cause side effects. 6 , 2 , 9 , 7 However, the effectiveness and side effects of methylphenidate can vary significantly depending on factors such as patient age, dosage, and the type of formulation used. 27 , 11 , 23 , 4 , 12 , 28 , 9

Differences

Research findings regarding the impact of methylphenidate on the brain have produced diverse results. For example, 27 suggested that methylphenidate might affect different brain regions in children and adults, while 25 indicated that methylphenidate might lead to long-lasting effects on dopamine function in children but not in adults. Similarly, studies have yielded contrasting views on the potential for methylphenidate abuse. While 14 proposed that methylphenidate preference in ADHD patients reflects therapeutic efficacy rather than abuse potential, 16 suggested that methylphenidate has a degree of abuse potential. Moreover, the relationship between methylphenidate dosage and its effects has also yielded varying outcomes. While 11 observed a decrease in effectiveness and potential worsening of symptoms with higher doses, 23 found that methylphenidate effectively improved behaviors in children with ASD and ADHD symptoms, with similar side effects to those experienced by typically developing children with ADHD. These inconsistencies might stem from differences in the study participants' age, the type of methylphenidate formulation used, dosage, and research design.

Consistency and Discrepancies in Results

While numerous studies have demonstrated the potential efficacy of methylphenidate for treating ADHD, research findings regarding its impact on the brain and the possibility of abuse remain inconsistent. 27 , 11 , 23 , 28 , 13 , 25 , 20 , 16 , 21 , 19 These discrepancies might be attributed to differences in participant age, methylphenidate formulations, dosage, and research design. Therefore, further research is crucial to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects and risks associated with methylphenidate.

Considerations for Real-World Application

Methylphenidate can be an effective treatment for ADHD, but it carries the potential for side effects. 27 , 11 , 23 , 28 , 13 When considering the use of methylphenidate, it is essential to consult with a doctor to carefully weigh the benefits and risks. Regular blood tests during treatment are also recommended, as advised by the physician. 28 Additionally, it is crucial to remember that methylphenidate has the potential for misuse. 16 , 19

Limitations of Current Research

While numerous studies have been conducted on methylphenidate, some limitations exist. For instance, many studies have employed relatively small sample sizes, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Furthermore, research on the long-term effects of methylphenidate is scarce, leaving the long-term consequences unclear. 28 Additionally, studies investigating the impact of methylphenidate on the brain often focus on specific brain regions, leaving the effects on the entire brain largely unexplored. 27 , 25 To overcome these limitations, larger sample sizes, longitudinal studies tracking long-term effects, and research exploring the influence on the whole brain are necessary.

Future Research Directions

Further research is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of methylphenidate on the brain, its long-term effects, and the potential for misuse. Specifically, studies with larger sample sizes, longitudinal studies tracking long-term effects, and research exploring the impact on the whole brain are needed. 27 , 28 , 25 , 20 , 16 Additionally, research considering individual variations is crucial. For example, studies should investigate how factors such as patient age, genetic background, and other underlying conditions influence the effects and side effects of methylphenidate. Through these investigations, establishing safe and effective methods for using methylphenidate becomes paramount.

Conclusion

Methylphenidate holds the potential to be an effective treatment for ADHD, but it is crucial to acknowledge the associated risks. Consulting with a physician to carefully assess the benefits and risks is essential before considering methylphenidate use. Moreover, it is important to remember that methylphenidate has the potential for misuse. To minimize risks and establish safe and effective methods for utilizing methylphenidate, ongoing research is vital. It is also essential to consider individual differences and further explore the long-term effects of methylphenidate.

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
4
Article Type
26
1
2
2
28
1.

Methylphenidate effects in learning disabilities. Psychometric changes.

Author: Gittleman-KleinR, KleinD F

Cognitive function improvement

Methylphenidate was tested in 61 children with learning disabilities for its effects on psychological and achievement test performance. The drug improved performance on many psychological tests, but had no effect on standardized achievement tests. Methylphenidate appears to have a specific effect on visual-motor processes that positively impact performance tasks, but not verbal tasks. Methylphenidate treatment alone did not improve reading performance, but the data suggest stimulation effects on children's cognitive functions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

2.

Behavioral and biochemical effects of methylphenidate in schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients.

Author: SharmaR P, JavaidJ I, PandeyG N, JanicakP G, DavisJ M

Improved symptoms
Nonspecific actions

Methylphenidate significantly increased positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients but not in non-schizophrenic patients, suggesting a potential link between dopaminergic postsynaptic sensitivity and psychotic symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Pharmacological effects of methylphenidate on plasma homovanillic acid and growth hormone.

Author: SharmaR P, JavaidJ I, PandeyG N, EastonM, DavisJ M

GH increase
HVA decrease

Methylphenidate is a potent psychotogenic stimulant that increases serum growth hormone levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder.

Author: PelhamW E, SturgesJ, HozaJ, SchmidtC, BijlsmaJ J, MilichR, MoorerS

Effective ADHD treatment

Two studies compared sustained-release methylphenidate (SR-20) to standard methylphenidate for attention deficit disorder. SR-20 was less effective at reducing disruptive behavior, and most boys responded better to standard methylphenidate. However, SR-20 had a longer duration of action, lasting up to eight hours.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Effects of methylphenidate in normal adults with reference to drug action in hyperactivity.

Author: AmanM G, VamosM, WerryJ S

Facilitates performance
Increases emotional responsivity
Reduces activity
Hyperactivity

Methylphenidate had similar effects on adult volunteers compared to hyperactive children, supporting the contention that stimulant drug effects in hyperactive children are not paradoxical or atypical.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Comparison of sustained-release and standard methylphenidate in the treatment of minimal brain dysfunction.

Author: WhitehouseD, ShahU, PalmerF B

Methylphenidate side effects

Methylphenidate was effective in treating minimal brain dysfunction in children. The standard form and the sustained-release form were equally effective. The most common side effects were headache, hyperactivity and restlessness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Drug and placebo side effects in methylphenidate-placebo trial for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: FineS, JohnstonC

None mentioned
Side effects mistaken for ADHD symptoms

This study highlights the potential for misinterpretation of side effects from methylphenidate, a medication used to treat ADHD. The study found that side effects were reported on both placebo and methylphenidate, and many were similar to ADHD symptoms. This suggests that parents and teachers may mistakenly attribute ADHD symptoms to the medication, which could lead to poor adherence to treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

d-Amphetamine versus methylphenidate effects in depressed inpatients.

Author: LittleK Y

Relief of depressive symptoms
None mentioned

This article discusses the use of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate, two stimulants used to treat ADHD, for treating depression. Both medications can improve mood in some patients, although they have distinct neurochemical effects. This suggests that individuals with depression may respond differently to each stimulant, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment approaches.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Author: FirestoneP, MustenL M, PistermanS, MercerJ, BennettS

Anxiety
Mood changes

Methylphenidate was generally well-tolerated by preschool children with ADHD, with no children withdrawing due to adverse effects. The most common side effects, generally observed at the higher dose (0.5 mg/kg), included decreased appetite, insomnia, and mood changes. Interestingly, some side effects were associated with improved behavior.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Laboratory measures of methylphenidate effects in cocaine-dependent patients receiving treatment.

Author: RoacheJ D, GrabowskiJ, SchmitzJ M, CresonD L, RhoadesH M

Treat cocaine dependence
Anger
Anxiety
Depression
Dysphoria

This study examined the effects of methylphenidate in patients with cocaine dependence.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Dose-response effects of methylphenidate on ecologically valid measures of academic performance and classroom behavior in adolescents with ADHD.

Author: EvansS W, PelhamW E, SmithB H, BuksteinO, GnagyE M, GreinerA R, AltenderferL, Baron-MyakC

ADHD management
Improved academic performance
Deterioration

This study investigated the effects of methylphenidate on the academic performance and classroom behavior of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methylphenidate was found to have positive effects on academic measures, with the greatest benefit observed at the lowest dose.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

12.

Development of a new once-a-day formulation of methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: proof-of-concept and proof-of-product studies.

Author: SwansonJames, GuptaSuneel, LamAndrew, ShoulsonIra, LernerMarc, ModiNishit, LindemulderElizabeth, WigalSharon

Improved efficacy

This study reviewed the development of sustained-release formulations of methylphenidate, a medication for ADHD, and explored the reasons for their reduced efficacy compared with immediate-release formulations. Tachyphylaxis, or a rapid decrease in response to a drug, was hypothesized to be a contributing factor.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

A prospective study of stimulant response in preschool children: insights from ROC analyses.

Author: ShortElizabeth J, ManosMichael J, FindlingRobert L, SchubelEmily A

Stimulants improve behavior
Side effects infrequent

Methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) were effective in improving the behavior of preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at their best dose. Side effects were infrequent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Assessing methylphenidate preference in ADHD patients using a choice procedure.

Author: FredericksEmily MacDonald, KollinsScott H

Reduced ADHD symptoms

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study found that adults with ADHD preferred MPH over a placebo, but this preference was likely due to the drug’s therapeutic effects rather than its potential for abuse. MPH choosers, those who reliably chose MPH over placebo, had higher levels of ADHD symptoms than those who did not choose MPH.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate: dose and time in bed.

Author: RoehrsTimothy, JohansonChris Ellyn, MeixnerRenata, TurnerLauren, RothThomas

Stimulant-like effects

Methylphenidate, a stimulant medication used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has reinforcing and subjective effects that vary depending on the dose and level of sleepiness. This study found that methylphenidate was more frequently preferred after 4 hours of time in bed compared to 8 hours. The 10mg dose showed the strongest preference and was associated with stimulant-like subjective effects. This suggests that sleepiness significantly influences the reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

16.

Reinforcing, subject-rated, performance and physiological effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in stimulant abusing humans.

Author: StoopsWilliam W, GlaserPaul E A, FillmoreMark T, RushCraig R

Abuse potential

This study examined the abuse potential of oral methylphenidate compared to oral d-amphetamine. Both drugs were found to have reinforcing effects and produced stimulant-like effects, but methylphenidate was less potent.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

17.

Measurement of the subjective effects of methylphenidate in 11- to 15-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Author: MartinCatherine A, GuenthnerGreg, BingcangChristopher, RayensMary Kay, KellyThomas H

ADHD treatment
Abuse potential
Nontherapeutic use

Methylphenidate (MPH) was found to have subjective effects in adolescents with ADHD that have been associated with drug abuse potential in adults. In a randomized, double-blind study, MPH significantly affected subjective ratings, mood, and performance on a continuous performance task, indicating a potential for abuse.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

The neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Author: CoghillDavid R, RhodesSinead M, MatthewsKeith

ADHD treatment

This study investigated the effects of chronic methylphenidate (MPH) administration on neuropsychological functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study aimed to clarify the inconsistent findings regarding the neuropsychological effects of MPH and their relationship to clinical efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Do formulation differences alter abuse liability of methylphenidate? A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study in recreational drug users.

Author: ParasrampuriaDolly A, SchoedelKerri A, SchullerReinhard, SilberSteven A, CicconePatrick E, GuJoan, SellersEdward M

Abuse potential reduction
Methylphenidate treatment
Drug abuse

This study compared the abuse liability of immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (OROS) methylphenidate. OROS methylphenidate, with its slower drug delivery, resulted in lower subjective effects, suggesting a lower abuse potential compared to IR methylphenidate.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Effects of once-daily oral and transdermal methylphenidate on sleep behavior of children with ADHD.

Author: FaraoneStephen V, GlattStephen J, BuksteinOscar G, LopezFrank A, ArnoldL Eugene, FindlingRobert L

ADHD treatment
Sleep disturbances

Methylphenidate, a stimulant used to treat ADHD, can affect sleeping patterns.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Safety of therapeutic methylphenidate in adults: a systematic review of the evidence.

Author: GodfreyJ

Treat ADHD
Increased BP
Increased HR

Methylphenidate is a stimulant medication used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review found that methylphenidate is safe and well-tolerated in adults. However, there is limited information on its long-term safety.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

22.

Methylphenidate for treating tobacco dependence in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder smokers: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Author: HurtRichard D, EbbertJon O, CroghanIvana T, SchroederDarrell R, SoodAmit, HaysJ Taylor

Nicotine withdrawal relief

Methylphenidate, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, is used for ADHD. Its neuropsychologic effects are similar to nicotine, suggesting potential therapeutic use in smoking cessation. However, previous research showed no efficacy in helping smokers with ADHD to quit.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

23.

Effects of extended release methylphenidate treatment on ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and associated behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD symptoms.

Author: PearsonDeborah A, SantosCynthia W, AmanMichael G, ArnoldL Eugene, CasatCharles D, MansourRosleen, LaneDavid M, LovelandKatherine A, BuksteinOscar G, JergerSusan W, FactorPerry, VanwoerdenSalome, PerezEvelyn, ClevelandLynne A

Reduced ADHD symptoms
Side effects
Stereotypies

MPH formulations are efficacious and well-tolerated for children with ASD and significant ADHD symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination.

Author: HysekCédric M, SimmlerLinda D, SchillingerNathalie, MeyerNicole, SchmidYasmin, DonzelliMassimiliano, GrouzmannEric, LiechtiMatthias E

Cardiovascular effects

This study compared the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination in healthy subjects. The combined use of methylphenidate and MDMA did not produce more psychoactive effects compared with either drug alone, but potentially enhanced cardiovascular and adverse effects. Methylphenidate and MDMA differentially altered facial emotion recognition. Methylphenidate enhanced the recognition of sad and fearful faces, whereas MDMA reduced the recognition of negative emotions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Age-Dependent Effects of Methylphenidate on the Human Dopaminergic System in Young vs Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: SchranteeAnouk, TammingaHyke G H, BouzianeCheima, BottelierMarco A, BronEsther E, MutsaertsHenk-Jan M M, ZwindermanAeilko H, GrooteInge R, RomboutsSerge A R B, LindauerRamon J L, KleinStefan, NiessenWiro J, OpmeerBrent C, BoerFrits, LucassenPaul J, AndersenSusan L, GeurtsHilde M, RenemanLiesbeth

Age-dependent effects

Methylphenidate treatment increased the cerebral blood flow response to methylphenidate in the thalamus and striatum of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but not in adults. These findings suggest that methylphenidate may have lasting effects on the dopaminergic system in children with ADHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Direct comparison of the acute subjective, emotional, autonomic, and endocrine effects of MDMA, methylphenidate, and modafinil in healthy subjects.

Author: DolderPatrick C, MüllerFelix, SchmidYasmin, BorgwardtStefan J, LiechtiMatthias E

This study compared the acute effects of equally cardiostimulant doses of three stimulant-type substances - MDMA, methylphenidate, and modafinil - in the same subjects. The goal was to investigate differences in their effects, considering their recreational and therapeutic uses.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Methylphenidate Effects on Cortical Thickness in Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: WalhovdK B, AmlienI, SchranteeA, RohaniD A, GrooteI, BjørnerudA, FjellA M, RenemanL

ADHD treatment
Brain development

Methylphenidate, a common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, had different effects on cortical thickness in children and adults. The findings suggest that the drug may affect gray matter development in the right medial cortex. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and investigate potential long-term consequences.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Long term methylphenidate exposure and growth in children and adolescents with ADHD. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: CarucciSara, BaliaCarla, GaglianoAntonella, LampisAngelico, BuitelaarJan K, DanckaertsMarina, DittmannRalf W, GarasPeter, HollisChris, InglisSarah, KonradKerstin, KovshoffHanna, LiddleElizabeth B, McCarthySuzanne, NagyPeter, PaneiPietro, RomanielloRoberta, UsalaTatiana, WongIan C K, BanaschewskiTobias, Sonuga-BarkeEdmund, CoghillDavid, ZuddasAlessandro,

ADHD treatment
Height reduction
Weight reduction

Long-term methylphenidate (MPH) treatment is associated with a small reduction in height and weight in children with ADHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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