Side Effects of pimozide: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Findings

Pimozide is a conventional antipsychotic drug mainly used in the treatment of schizophrenia and Tourette's syndrome. 13 Some studies have shown that pimozide has an effect in suppressing tics. 25 Pimozide has also been shown to be effective in treating delusional disorder, particularly those with abnormal skin sensations or delusions. 3 Pimozide is thought to work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors, inhibiting synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. 20 Pimozide has also been shown to block voltage-gated calcium channels and potassium channels in various cells. 20

Reasons for Side Effects

Side effects of pimozide are due to its pharmacological action. By blocking dopamine D2 receptors, pimozide affects various bodily functions such as motor control, hormone secretion, and emotions. This blockage is the cause of side effects.

Common Side Effects

Movement Disorders

Pimozide can cause movement disorders. This is because pimozide affects the brain's motor control by blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Movement disorders include dystonia, Parkinsonism, akinesia, and akathisia. 1 8 5 16 Pimozide can also cause heart rhythm abnormalities by blocking a heart ion channel called the HERG channel. 8 24 2 This can lead to QT prolongation and a potentially fatal arrhythmia called torsades de pointes. 8 6 24 10 2

Hormonal Abnormalities

Pimozide can cause hormonal abnormalities. This is because pimozide affects the brain's hormone secretion by blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Hormonal abnormalities include hyperprolactinemia. 26 Hyperprolactinemia can cause milk production and menstrual irregularities in women. In men, it can cause decreased libido and erectile dysfunction.

Other

Pimozide may also cause other side effects such as weight gain, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. 15 22 17 10 12 Pimozide may also interact with other medications. It is important to tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking when you are taking pimozide.

Side Effects Management

Movement Disorders

Anticholinergic drugs may be used to manage movement disorders caused by pimozide. Anticholinergic drugs have the effect of counteracting the blocking action of dopamine D2 receptors, which can reduce movement disorders.

Hormonal Abnormalities

Drugs that suppress prolactin secretion may be used to manage hormonal abnormalities caused by pimozide. Drugs that suppress prolactin secretion include bromocriptine and cabergoline.

Other

Other side effects caused by pimozide are managed with various medications and therapies depending on the symptoms. For example, weight gain is managed with diet and exercise. Drowsiness is managed with caffeine. Dry mouth is managed by increasing fluid intake. Constipation is managed with laxatives. Blurred vision is managed with glasses.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have shown that pimozide is effective in treating schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, and other conditions. Many studies have also shown that pimozide can cause some side effects, such as movement disorders and hormonal abnormalities.

Differences

The effectiveness and side effects of pimozide vary from study to study. This is thought to be due to differences in the patient population and the dosage of pimozide used in each study.

Things to Keep in Mind When Applying Research to Real Life

It is important to take pimozide as directed by your doctor. It is dangerous to self-medicate or change the dosage without consulting your doctor. If you experience any unusual symptoms while taking pimozide, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

There is still not enough research on pimozide. In particular, more research is needed on the long-term effects of pimozide and the development of more effective treatments to reduce pimozide's side effects.

Future Research Directions

More research is needed on the long-term effects of pimozide and ways to reduce its side effects. The development of alternative medications to pimozide is also hoped for.

Conclusion

Pimozide is an effective medication for treating schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, and other conditions, but it can cause some side effects, such as movement disorders and hormonal abnormalities. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions when taking pimozide and be aware of the potential side effects.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
4
Article Type
2
0
1
12
26
1.

Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses.

Author: SultanaA, McMonagleT

Psychosis treatment
Schizophrenia treatment
Cardiotoxicity
Extrapyramidal side effects
Sudden death

Pimozide, a drug used for schizophrenia and related psychoses, is generally well-tolerated. However, it has been associated with cardiotoxicity and sudden unexplained deaths. Electrocardiogram monitoring is required before and during its use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

3.

Delusions of Glass Under Skin: An Unusual Case of Somatic-Type Delusional Disorder Treated with Olanzapine.

Author: ComardelleNicholas, EdinoffAmber, FortJuliana

Delusional disorder treatment

A case report describes a patient with delusional disorder (DD) characterized by painful sensations of glass under the skin. The patient successfully responded to treatment with olanzapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, suggesting it may be a viable alternative to first-generation antipsychotics for somatic-type DD.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

4.

Treating body dysmorphic disorder with medication: evidence, misconceptions, and a suggested approach.

Author: PhillipsKatharine A, HollanderEric

BDD treatment
psychosocial functioning
quality of life
suicidality

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance. Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the medication of choice for BDD. Treatment with SSRIs can significantly improve core symptoms of BDD, psychosocial functioning, quality of life, and suicidality.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Dopamine, T cells and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Author: LeviteMia, MarinoFranca, CosentinoMarco

T cell activation
Treg suppression

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that induces critical effects in the nervous system and in many peripheral organs. This review focuses on dopamine receptors, effects and production in T cells. Dopamine itself and dopaminergic drugs have direct effects on human T cells.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Comparative safety of the different macrolides.

Author: RubinsteinE

Drug interactions
QTc prolongation

The macrolides are generally well tolerated for the treatment of acute infections. There are isolated reports of QT(c) prolongation in patients treated with erythromycin and other 14-membered-ring macrolides.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Therapeutic Approach for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Systematic Review.

Author: RanaMuhammad Haseeb, KhanAbdul Ahad Ghaffar, KhalidImran, IshfaqMuhammad, JavaliMukhatar Ahmed, BaigFawaz Abdul Hamid, KotaMohammad Zahir, KhaderMohasin Abdul, HameedMohammad Shahul, ShaikSharaz, DasGotam

Trigeminal neuralgia treatment
Drug side effects

Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are considered the first-line drugs for treating classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Lamotrigine and baclofen can be used as second-line options if the first-line drugs are ineffective or cause intolerable side effects. While anticonvulsants are effective in managing TN, more research is needed on other drugs, combination therapies, and newer formulations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

[Blockade of HERG K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by antipsychotic agents].

Author: OsypenkoV M, DegtiarV Ie, Naid'onovV G, ShubaIa M

Proarrhythmic effects
QT prolongation

Neuroleptics, such as haloperidol, pimozide, and fluspirilen, block HERG-encoded K+ channels responsible for the rapid component of cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current, IKr. The blockade of HERG channels may underly proarrhythmic actions of neuroleptics resulting in a slowing down of the repolarization phase of cardiac action potential, and prolongation of the electrocardiographic QT interval.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Ukrainian

9.

Testosterone-mediated modulation of HERG blockade by proarrhythmic agents.

Author: ShubaY M, DegtiarV E, OsipenkoV N, NaidenovV G, WoosleyR L

Protection against arrhythmia

Testosterone may reduce the cardiotoxic effects of neuroleptic agents, potentially protecting against drug-induced torsades de pointes, a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. This suggests a potential role for androgen therapy in mitigating drug-induced cardiac toxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Forty years of antipsychotic Drug research--from haloperidol to paliperidone--with Dr. Paul Janssen.

Author: AwoutersFrans H L, LewiPaul J

antipsychotic research
schizophrenia treatment
side effects

This article describes 40 years of antipsychotic drug research with Dr. Paul Janssen. The discovery of haloperidol, followed by the development of butyrophenone antipsychotics, led to the discovery of risperidone and paliperidone, compounds with inbuilt dopamine and serotonin antagonism.

Historical ArticleA research paper that analyzes past events and developments using primary sources and examines them from a historical perspective.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

Inhibition by various antipsychotic drugs of the G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels expressed in xenopus oocytes.

Author: KobayashiT, IkedaK, KumanishiT

Antipsychotic effects
Seizures
Sinus tachycardia

Various antipsychotic drugs, including haloperidol, thioridazine, pimozide, and clozapine, were found to inhibit both brain-type and cardiac-type GIRK channels. This inhibition may be responsible for side effects like seizures and sinus tachycardia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Tics in Tourette syndrome: new treatment options.

Author: AwaadY

Effective treatment for Tourette's syndrome

Baclofen and botulinum toxin type A may be effective and safe treatments for Tourette's syndrome, offering an alternative to medications with significant side effects. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Obesity and related metabolic abnormalities during antipsychotic drug administration: mechanisms, management and research perspectives.

Author: BaptistaT, KinN M K N Y, BeaulieuS, de BaptistaE A

Metabolic monitoring
Weight gain prevention
Diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Weight gain

Excessive body weight gain (BWG) is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs (APs). Clozapine and olanzapine have the highest propensity to induce BWG. Patients should be monitored closely for BWG and metabolic dysfunction, and lifestyle changes should be encouraged.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Neuroleptic-induced changes in the anxiolytic and myorelaxant properties of diazepam in the rat.

Author: TaukulisH K, FillmoreM T, RugglesJ L

Enhanced anxiolytic effects
Diminished myorelaxant effect

Chlorpromazine and haloperidol enhanced the anxiolytic effect of diazepam in rats, while thioridazine and pimozide did not. Both chlorpromazine and haloperidol reduced diazepam's muscle relaxation effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Tales of bugs, delusions of parasitosis, and what to do.

Author: FellnerMichael J, MajeedMuhammad Hassan

Treat parasitophobia

Delusions of parasitosis, a dermatopsychiatric disorder where patients falsely believe insects are crawling on them, is often seen in middle-aged women. Escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, may be an effective treatment option with fewer side effects compared to pimozide.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

[Effect of flunarizine hydrochloride on striatal D-2 dopamine receptors].

Author: OgawaN, AsanumaM, TakayamaH, SatoH, NukinaI

Improved cerebral circulation
Depressive symptoms
Effect on D-2 receptors
Parkinsonism

Flunarizine hydrochloride is a calcium antagonist used for improving cerebral circulation that can cause parkinsonism and depressive symptoms, especially in the elderly. It directly affects D-2 dopamine receptors, with a more pronounced effect in aged rats.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Japanese

19.

Effect of calcium channel blockers on experimentally induced seizures in rats.

Author: KamalJ A, NadigR S, JosephT, DavidJ

Anticonvulsant activity
Protection against seizures
Side effects

Some calcium channel blockers were found to possess anticonvulsant activity. In a study of rats, felodipine, nimodipine, pimozide, and thioridazine showed protection against maximal electroshock seizures (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures. Nimodipine was the most potent agent, producing 100% protection against PTZ.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review.

Author: PruccoliJacopo, BergonziniLuca, La TempaAngela, ParmeggianiAntonia

Improved psychopathology
Weight gain
Side effects

The use of antipsychotics in treating Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in children and adolescents remains understudied. A systematic scoping review suggests that antipsychotics, particularly olanzapine, may offer benefits in terms of psychopathology and weight gain, but further research with robust methodologies is crucial to confirm their efficacy and safety in this population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Therapeutic update: use of risperidone for the treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis.

Author: ElmerK B, GeorgeR M, PetersonK

Effective for somatic delusional disorders
Cardiac abnormalities
Extrapyramidal abnormalities

Risperidone, a newer antipsychotic, has been shown to be effective in treating monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses, such as delusions of parasitosis. Risperidone is generally considered safer than pimozide and should be considered as first-line therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition.

Author: DresserG K, SpenceJ D, BaileyD G

Drug interactions

This study discussed the implications of drug interactions involving cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Case report: reversible QT prolongation with torsades de pointes in a patient with pimozide intoxication.

Author: KrähenbühlS, SauterB, KupferschmidtH, KrauseM, WyssP A, MeierP J

Cardiac arrhythmias

Torsades de pointes, a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia, can occur in patients treated with pimozide, even after a single overdose.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

Tic reduction with risperidone versus pimozide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.

Author: GilbertDonald L, BattersonJ Robert, SethuramanGopalan, SalleeFloyd R

Reduced tic severity
Weight gain

Risperidone appears superior to pimozide for tic suppression in children and adolescents with tic disorders, but is associated with greater weight gain. Neither medication caused significant ECG changes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

26.

Antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents: a descriptive review of the effects on prolactin level and associated side effects.

Author: RokeYvette, van HartenPeter N, BootAnnemieke M, BuitelaarJan K

Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactin-related side effects

All antipsychotics, except clozapine, ziprasidone, and quetiapine, increase prolactin levels in children and adolescents. Prolactin-related side effects, such as gynecomastia, galactorrhea, irregular menses, and sexual dysfunction, were reported by 4.8% of patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Efficacy of pimozide augmentation for clozapine partial responders with schizophrenia.

Author: Gunduz-BruceHandan, OliverStephen, GueorguievaRalitza, Forselius-BielenKimberlee, D'SouzaDeepak C, ZimoloZoran, TekCenk, KalioraStyliani, RaySusan, PetridesGeorgios

Improved negative symptoms
Improved positive symptoms

This clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of pimozide augmentation in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia partially responding to clozapine.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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