Effects of toremifene: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has been used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. 3 Studies have investigated its effects on different aspects, including its interaction with estrogen receptors, lipid metabolism, and bone metabolism. 19 4 12 13 9 17 18 8 2 10 7 1 20 16 21 6 11 14 15 5

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Toremifene has been shown to have a higher 5-year survival rate compared to tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. 5 It has also been reported to decrease triglyceride levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels compared to tamoxifen. 5 Regarding bone density, studies have shown that toremifene has less bone density reduction compared to tamoxifen. 5 Furthermore, toremifene has been found to have a lower risk of uterine bleeding compared to tamoxifen. 5 Toremifene, as a treatment for hormone-dependent breast cancer, may have several advantages over tamoxifen. 5

Risk Summary

Toremifene may cause increased vaginal discharge compared to tamoxifen. 5 Additionally, toremifene has been shown to have a smaller reduction in LDL cholesterol levels compared to tamoxifen. 5

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Toremifene, like tamoxifen, binds to estrogen receptors and blocks the action of estrogen. 5 It is also used in the treatment of breast cancer, similar to tamoxifen. 5 Multiple studies have reported that toremifene exhibits different effects compared to tamoxifen in several aspects. 5

Differences in Studies

Toremifene has been reported to have a higher survival rate, decrease triglyceride levels, and increase HDL cholesterol levels compared to tamoxifen. 5 On the other hand, toremifene has also been shown to have a smaller reduction in LDL cholesterol levels compared to tamoxifen. 5 In terms of bone density, toremifene has been found to have less bone density reduction compared to tamoxifen. 5

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While toremifene appears to have some advantages over tamoxifen, not all research findings are consistent. 5 For instance, there is no consensus on whether toremifene is more effective than tamoxifen in maintaining bone density. 5 More research is needed to compare the effects of toremifene and tamoxifen in greater detail. 5

Practical Implications and Cautions

Toremifene may offer certain advantages over tamoxifen as a treatment for breast cancer. 5 However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects, such as increased vaginal discharge. 5 Additionally, toremifene might not reduce LDL cholesterol levels as effectively as tamoxifen. 5 These points should be considered when using toremifene. 5

Limitations of Current Research

While numerous studies have compared the effects of toremifene and tamoxifen, not all results are completely consistent. 5 Moreover, research on toremifene is less extensive compared to studies on tamoxifen. 5 Further research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of toremifene. 5

Future Research Directions

While numerous studies have compared the effects of toremifene and tamoxifen, not all results are completely consistent. 5 Future research should focus on conducting more detailed comparisons between toremifene and tamoxifen and collecting further evidence regarding the effects of toremifene. 5

Conclusion

Toremifene may offer certain advantages over tamoxifen as a treatment for breast cancer. 5 However, research on toremifene is less extensive compared to studies on tamoxifen. 5 It is crucial to consider both benefits and risks when using toremifene. 5

Literature analysis of 21 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
7
1
0
0
21
1.

Phase I study of the tolerance and pharmacokinetics of toremifene in patients with cancer.

Author: KohlerP C, HammJ T, WiebeV J, DeGregorioM W, ShemanoI, TormeyD C

Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial cancer treatment
Estrogen blockade
Dizziness
Gastrointestinal issues
Hot flashes
Hypercalcemia

Toremifene, a triphenylethylene derivative, is a potential treatment for breast cancer. It causes common side effects like nausea, hot flashes, and dizziness. Steady-state concentrations are reached within 4 weeks, with a half-life of 5 days. Partial responses were seen in four patients, including three with breast cancer and one with endometrial cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Effects of Tamoxifen vs. Toremifene on fatty liver development and lipid profiles in breast Cancer.

Author: SongDandan, HuYingying, DiaoBiyu, MiaoRongrong, ZhangBaodan, CaiYangjun, ZengHanqian, ZhangYuru, HuXiaoqu

Breast cancer treatment efficacy
Reduced fatty liver risk

This study compared the effects of tamoxifen (TAM) and toremifene (TOR) on fatty liver development and lipid profiles in breast cancer patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Effects of Toremifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, on Spontaneous and Stimulated GH Secretion, IGF-I, and IGF-Binding Proteins in Healthy Elderly Subjects.

Author: RoelfsemaFerdinand, YangRebecca J, TakahashiPaul Y, EricksonDana, BowersCyril Y, VeldhuisJohannes D

Cancer treatment

Tamoxifen and toremifene are selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) used in cancer treatment. This study examines the endocrine effects of toremifene compared to tamoxifen.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Serum lipid and bone metabolism effects of Toremifene vs. Letrozole as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal early breast cancer patients: results of a multicenter open randomized study.

Author: ShienTadahiko, DoiharaHiroyoshi, SatoNobuaki, AnanKeisei, KomakiKansei, MiyauchiKeisuke, YanagitaYasuhiro, FujisawaTomomi, MitsuyamaShoshu, KanbayashiChizuko, KusamaMikihiro, KimuraMorihiko, JinnoHiromitsu, SanoMuneaki, IkedaTadashi

Bone metabolism improvement
Breast cancer treatment
Lipid profile improvement

Toremifene (TOR) was found to have superior effects on serum lipid profiles and bone metabolism markers compared to letrozole (LET) in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. TOR decreased serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C and improved bone markers, while LET showed no significant changes in lipid levels and increased bone resorption markers.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Effects of toremifene versus tamoxifen on breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis.

Author: ChiFeng, WuRong, ZengYuecan, XingRui, LiuYang, XuZhaoguo

Breast cancer treatment
HDL cholesterol increase
Triglyceride reduction
Bone mineral density decrease
LDL cholesterol decrease
Vaginal bleeding
Vaginal discharge

This meta-analysis compared toremifene and tamoxifen, both selective estrogen receptor modulators used in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Toremifene was associated with higher survival rates, but also had more vaginal discharge and a smaller decrease in LDL cholesterol levels.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

6.

A comparison of survival outcomes and side effects of toremifene or tamoxifen therapy in premenopausal estrogen and progesterone receptor positive breast cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study.

Author: GuRan, JiaWeijuan, ZengYunjie, RaoNanyan, HuYue, LiShunrong, WuJiannan, JinLiang, ChenLijuan, LongMeijun, ChenKai, ChenLili, XiaoQiaozhen, WuMei, SongErwei, SuFengxi

Breast cancer treatment

This retrospective study sought to establish the role of toremifene as an endocrine therapy for premenopausal patients with estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive breast cancer besides tamoxifen.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Effects of toremifene and anastrozole on serum lipids and bone metabolism in postmenopausal females with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: the results of a 2-year multicenter open randomized study.

Author: AnanKeisei, MitsuyamaShoshu, YanagitaYasuhiro, KimuraMorihiko, DoiharaHiroyoshi, KomakiKansei, KusamaMikihiro, IkedaTadashi

Improved bone metabolism
Improved lipid profiles

Toremifene (TOR) showed better effects than anastrozole (ANA) on lipid profiles and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effects of toremifene and tamoxifen on lipid profiles in post-menopausal patients with early breast cancer: interim results from a Japanese phase III trial.

Author: TominagaTakeshi, KimijimaIzo, KimuraMorihiko, TakatsukaYuichi, TakashimaShigemitsu, NomuraYasuo, KasumiFujio, YamaguchiAkihiro, MasudaNorikazu, NoguchiShinzaburo, EshimaNobuoki

Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

This study examines the effects of toremifene and tamoxifen, used for adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients, on lipid profiles.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

The beneficial effects of toremifene administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and sperm parameters in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia.

Author: FarmakiotisDimitrios, FarmakisChristos, RoussoDavid, KourtisAnargyros, KatsikisIlias, PanidisDimitrios

Sperm count increase
Sperm morphology improvement
Sperm motility increase

Toremifene administration for 3 months in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia is associated with significant improvements of sperm count, motility, and morphology.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Effects of toremifene (TOR) and tamoxifen (TAM) on serum lipids in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer.

Author: KusamaM, MiyauchiK, AoyamaH, SanoM, KimuraM, MitsuyamaS, KomakiK, DoiharaH

Improved lipid metabolism

Toremifene (TOR) is more effective than tamoxifen (TAM) in improving serum lipid levels in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. After 12 months of treatment, TOR significantly increased HDL-C levels and decreased TG levels compared to TAM.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Effects of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, tamoxifen, and toremifene on the BALB/c mouse mammary gland.

Author: HoveyRussell C, Asai-SatoMikiko, WarriAnni, Terry-KoromaBarbara, ColynNira, GinsburgErika, VonderhaarBarbara K

Mammary gland disruption

Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and tamoxifen (TAM) can have long-lasting effects on mammary gland development and differentiation. DES stimulates mammary duct growth and precocious lactogenesis, while TAM can both stimulate and inhibit alveolar development.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Chronic effects of toremifene on the vasculature of menopause-induced rats.

Author: González-PérezJorge, CrespoMaría J

Improved cardiovascular status

This study suggests that toremifene, a drug used to treat breast cancer, could also be helpful for women going through menopause. It improves blood vessel function in rats, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. It increased the ability of blood vessels to relax and decreased blood pressure, suggesting it could benefit women's heart health during menopause.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

16.

Acute effects of toremifene on the vasculature of intact and menopause-induced rats.

Author: González-PérezJorge, CrespoMaría J

Cardiovascular performance improvement

This study evaluated the effect of toremifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), on the vasculature of intact and ovariectomized rats. Toremifene improved the functional status of the endothelium-smooth muscle unit, suggesting that it may have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular status of postmenopausal women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

17.

Estrogenic effects of toremifene and tamoxifen in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.

Author: EllménJ, HakulinenP, PartanenA, HayesD F

Breast cancer treatment
Estrogenic side effects

This randomized clinical study in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer compared the intrinsic estrogenicities of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) toremifene and tamoxifen. Both drugs demonstrated tissue-specific and dose-dependent estrogen agonist effects, affecting the hypothalamus-pituitary-axis, liver, and vaginal epithelium. Interestingly, tamoxifen 20 mg/day showed stronger estrogenic effects than toremifene 60 mg/day in some tissues.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Ocular side-effects in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen and toremifene: a randomized follow-up study.

Author: ParkkariM, PaakkalaA-M, SalminenL, HolliK,

Ocular side effects
Reproductive organ side effects

Tamoxifen and toremifene are anti-estrogens used to treat breast cancer. While they have known side effects, this study investigates their potential ocular side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Antiestrogenic and DNA damaging effects induced by tamoxifen and toremifene metabolites.

Author: LiuXuemei, PishaEmily, TonettiDebra A, YaoDan, LiYan, YaoJiaqin, BurdetteJoanna E, BoltonJudy L

Treatment of breast cancer
Endometrial cancer

This study investigated the genotoxic potential of tamoxifen and its metabolites. The results suggest that catechols formed from tamoxifen and toremifene could contribute to genotoxicity in vivo, which is ER-dependent.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

20.

[Combined effects of toremifene and paclitaxel on human breast cancer cell lines].

Author: MaruyamaSakiko, KuroiwaShunsuke, SaimotoAtsuya, NishikawaKiyohiro

Breast cancer treatment

This study evaluated the effects of toremifene (TOR) in combination with paclitaxel (TXL) on human breast cancer cell lines. The combination therapy showed additive and synergistic effects on various breast cancer cell lines.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Japanese

21.

The effects of tamoxifen and toremifene on bone cells involve changes in plasma membrane ion conductance.

Author: LehenkariPetri, ParikkaVilhelmiina, RautialaTimo J, WeckströmMatti, DahllundJohanna, HärkönenPirkko L, VäänänenH Kalervo

Bone loss prevention
Cell lysis

Tamoxifen and toremifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), were found to cause osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Both SERMs also had an ionophoric effect on the plasma membranes of bone cells, which may be involved in therapeutic responses and explain some clinical side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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