Side Effects of calcitriol: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, playing a vital role in maintaining bone health and the immune system. Studies have shown that calcitriol can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis. 20 Calcitriol is also used to treat osteoporosis. 8 However, calcitriol can cause adverse effects like hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. 22 Calcitriol is also utilized in treating secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients. 4 However, calcitriol can lead to worsening kidney function and cardiovascular problems. 4

Reasons for Side Effects

Calcitriol binds to the vitamin D receptor, promoting calcium absorption and deposition in bones. This action can lead to adverse effects like hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Calcitriol also has effects on blood vessels, such as vasoconstriction and inflammation, which can contribute to cardiovascular side effects. 16 Additionally, calcitriol can activate immune cells, potentially causing immune-related side effects. 21

Common Side Effects

Hypercalcemia

Calcitriol promotes calcium absorption, potentially leading to hypercalcemia. 22 Symptoms of hypercalcemia include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, constipation, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, frequent urination, increased urination, altered mental state, coma, and others.

Hyperphosphatemia

Calcitriol can increase phosphorus absorption, resulting in hyperphosphatemia. 22 Hyperphosphatemia symptoms include muscle pain, fatigue, itching, rash, joint pain, bone pain, and digestive issues.

Kidney Side Effects

Calcitriol can impair kidney function. 11 Kidney side effects include decreased urine output, swelling, blood in urine, protein in urine, and kidney failure.

Cardiovascular Side Effects

Calcitriol's effects on blood vessels, such as vasoconstriction and inflammation, can lead to cardiovascular side effects. 15 Cardiovascular side effects include high blood pressure, angina, heart attack, stroke, and others.

Immune System Side Effects

Calcitriol's ability to activate immune cells can trigger immune system side effects. 21 Immune system side effects include allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and infections.

Management of Side Effects

Hypercalcemia Management

Managing hypercalcemia involves limiting calcium intake, staying hydrated, and administering diuretics. 1 In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary.

Hyperphosphatemia Management

Hyperphosphatemia management includes restricting phosphorus intake and administering phosphate binders. 5

Kidney Side Effect Management

Managing kidney side effects involves reducing or stopping calcitriol dosage. 11 In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary.

Cardiovascular Side Effect Management

Managing cardiovascular side effects includes medication to lower blood pressure and lifestyle changes.

Immune System Side Effect Management

Managing immune system side effects involves reducing or stopping calcitriol dosage. 21 Steroids or other immunosuppressants may be necessary.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Numerous studies have shown that calcitriol can cause side effects such as hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. 22 Additionally, studies indicate that calcitriol can worsen kidney function and lead to cardiovascular issues. 4

Differences Across Studies

The side effects of calcitriol can vary based on factors like patient age, gender, health condition, dosage, duration of treatment, and interactions with other medications. 14 Therefore, careful monitoring and dosage adjustments are crucial when administering calcitriol.

Considerations for Real-World Application

While calcitriol plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health and the immune system, it can also cause various side effects. Therefore, it is essential to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking calcitriol and to seek immediate medical advice if any side effects occur. 27

Limitations of Current Research

The side effects of calcitriol are not fully understood, particularly in the long term. More research is needed in this area.

Future Research Directions

Research is needed to develop new drugs that reduce calcitriol's side effects and to identify biomarkers that can predict these side effects.

Conclusion

Calcitriol, while vital for maintaining bone health and the immune system, can lead to various side effects. It is crucial to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking calcitriol and to seek immediate medical advice if any side effects occur. The side effects of calcitriol are still being studied, and future research can enhance our understanding of its safety and effectiveness.

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
2
0
2
7
25
1.

BISPHOSPHONATES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CALCITRIOL-INDUCED HYPERCALCEMIA.

Author: MateoRoselyn Cristelle Isidro, OrtizRicardo, RosenHarold Noah

Hypercalcemia treatment

This abstract describes the potential utility of bisphosphonates in managing calcitriol-induced hypercalcemia (CIH). Bisphosphonates are typically used for bone resorption, and there is evidence supporting their role in the genesis of hypercalcemia in vitamin D intoxication.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

2.

Vitamin D receptor activation is a feasible therapeutic target to impair adrenocortical tumorigenesis.

Author: BuenoAna Carolina, MoreCandy Bellido, Marrero-GutiérrezJunier, de Almeida E SilvaDanillo C, LealLeticia Ferro, MontaldiAna Paula, RamalhoFernando Silva, VêncioRicardo Zorzetto Nicoliello, de CastroMargaret, AntoniniSonir Roberto R

ACC treatment
Steroid secretion reduction
Tumor growth reduction
Hypercalcemia

VDR was hypermethylated and underexpressed in H295R adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cells. Treatment with calcitriol and seocalcitol restored VDR signaling, resulting in antiproliferative effects and impaired Wnt/B-catenin signaling. In vivo, seocalcitol constrained the growth of H295R xenografts.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

FGF23 and Associated Disorders of Phosphate Wasting.

Author: GohilAnisha, ImelErik A

Phosphorus regulation
Side effects

This review discusses fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and its role in regulating serum phosphorus concentration. It explores various FGF23-mediated disorders of renal phosphate wasting, including X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), and outlines the challenges and recent advancements in their treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

Management of osteoporosis with calcitriol in elderly Chinese patients: a systematic review.

Author: LiaoRuo-xi, YuMiao, JiangYan, XiaWeibo

Osteoporosis treatment
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria

Calcitriol, an active vitamin D metabolite, is recommended for managing osteoporosis in China. This review summarizes six randomized controlled trials on calcitriol monotherapy and five trials on combined therapy. The findings suggest that calcitriol monotherapy can improve bone mineral density but may be insufficient for long-term treatment. Combined therapy with other bone agents is well-tolerated and demonstrates additional bone-preserving effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

The UVB1 Vitamin D analogue inhibits colorectal carcinoma progression.

Author: FerronatoMaría Julia, AlonsoEliana Noelia, GandiniNorberto Ariel, FermentoMaría Eugenia, VillegasMaría Emilia, QuevedoMario Alfredo, ArévaloJulián, López RomeroAlejandro, RivadullaMarcos Lois, GómezGenerosa, FallYagamare, FacchinettiMaría Marta, CurinoAlejandro Carlos

Apoptosis induction
Colorectal cancer treatment
Invasion inhibition
Migration inhibition

UVB1, a Gemini vitamin D analogue of calcitriol, showed anti-cancer effects on human colorectal carcinoma cells, inducing apoptotic cell death and retarding cellular migration and invasion without causing hypercalcemia. In vivo studies demonstrated a reduction in tumor volume without toxic effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Cinacalcet treatment experience in hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets.

Author: LucasJesús, BadiaJose Luis, LucasElena, RemonAna

Cinacalcet for HVDRR
Increased sensitivity of CASR
Hypocalcemia
Long-term use

This case report describes the effectiveness and safety of cinacalcet, a calciomimetic drug, in a patient with hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) refractory to traditional treatment. Cinacalcet could be used as an adjunctive treatment for HVDRR with mutations in the DNA-binding domain of the vitamin D receptor.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

11.

Parathyroidectomy in the Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Author: LauWei Ling, ObiYoshitsugu, Kalantar-ZadehKamyar

CKD treatment
Hyperparathyroidism treatment
Hungry bone syndrome
Hypocalcemia

Parathyroidectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the parathyroid glands, which are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition that can occur in people with chronic kidney disease. While parathyroidectomy is associated with several benefits, including improved survival, bone health, and quality of life, it is also associated with some risks, including the possibility of permanent hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in the blood). In addition, parathyroidectomy can be a complex surgery, and there may be postoperative challenges.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Vitamin D increases the efficacy of cisplatin on bladder cancer cell lines.

Author: ÖzgenÖzge, Özen EroğluGüneş, KüçükhüseyinÖzlem, AkdenizNilgün, HepokurCeylan, KurucaSerap, Yaylımİlhan

Bladder cancer treatment

Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) is a broad regulatory molecule with potential to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. This study aims to investigate the effect of combining cisplatin and calcitriol for bladder cancer treatment, potentially improving treatment effectiveness and reducing side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

A rare case of parental iron-induced persistent hypophosphatemia.

Author: SullivanAbigayle, LanhamTheresa, RubinAdam

Hypophosphatemia

This case report highlights the importance of monitoring serum phosphate in patients receiving ferric carboxymaltose infusions, particularly those with severe hypophosphatemia, and emphasizes the need for appropriate management with intravenous phosphorus and calcitriol.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

15.

Randomized Controlled Trial for the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness in CKD.

Author: LevinAdeera, TangMila, PerryTaylor, ZalunardoNadia, BeaulieuMonica, DublandJoshua A, ZerrKelly, DjurdjevOgnjenka

Reduced vascular stiffness

Calcifediol treatment, a vitamin D analog, may reduce vascular stiffness in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

16.

Vitamin D and Its Potential Interplay With Pain Signaling Pathways.

Author: HabibAbdella M, NagiKarim, ThillaiappanNagendra Babu, SukumaranVijayaKumar, AkhtarSaghir

No side effects
Pain relief
Vitamin D toxicity

Vitamin D is thought to have potential clinical benefit in treating chronic pain, with possible mechanisms involving interactions with specific pain signaling pathways in dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

Comparative portal hypotensive effects as propranolol of vitamin D₃ treatment by decreasing intrahepatic resistance in cirrhotic rats.

Author: LeePei-Chang, YangYing-Ying, LeeWei-Ping, LeeKuei-Chuan, HsiehYun-Cheng, LeeTzung-Yan, LinHan-Chieh

PH treatment

This study investigated the systemic and hepatic mechanisms of vitamin D₃ and propranolol, alone or in combination, in cirrhotic rats. Vitamin D₃ was found to improve portal hypertension (PH) through the activation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), while propranolol is a non-selective β-blocker recommended for PH treatment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Effect of Calcitriol in Inhibiting the Cancer Cell Growth and Promoting Apoptosis in ErbB2-positive Breast Cancer Cells.

Author: SelvarajNagaraj Balan, SwaroopAkey Krishna, MariappanEsakkimuthukumar, NatarajanJawahar, ThangaveluPrabha, SelvarajJubie

यो लेखले ErbB2-सकारात्मक स्तन क्यान्सर को उपचार को लागि ड्रग repurposing को सम्भावना को चर्चा गर्छ।

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Phosphonate analogues of 1α, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 are promising candidates for antitumoural therapies.

Author: SalomónD G, MascaroE, GrioliS M, FerronatoM J, VitaleC A, RadivoyG E, CurinoA C, FacchinettiM M

Cancer treatment
Hypercalcemia

This review discusses the effects and potential application in cancer of vitamin D and its derivatives, with an emphasis on phosphonate analogues. A new vitamin D analogue (EM1) with potent antiproliferative effects in various tumor cell lines, even those resistant to calcitriol treatment, has been synthesized. EM1 does not show toxic effects in animals, even at high doses and for extended periods of time.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined calcitriol and ergocalciferol versus ergocalciferol alone in chronic kidney disease with proteinuria.

Author: SusantitaphongPaweena, NakwanSiriwan, PeerapornratanaSadudee, TiranathanagulKhajohn, KatavetinPisut, SrisawatNattachai, PraditpornsilpaKearkiat, Eiam-OngSomchai

CKD treatment
Vitamin D supplementation

This study explores the effect of adding active vitamin D to nutritional vitamin D supplementation in CKD patients with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. The findings suggest that adding active vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on proteinuria and kidney function in these patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Vitamin D and Diabetic Retinopathy.

Author: Gverović AntunicaAntonela, ZnaorLjubo, IvankovićMira, PuzovićVelibor, MarkovićIrena, KaštelanSnježana

Bone health
Diabetic retinopathy treatment
Immune system health
Side effects
Sunburn

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes, and vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor. This article reviews the role of vitamin D in DR, highlighting its potential benefits and risks associated with supplementation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Evaluation of the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery of calcipotriol plus betamethasone versus tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo.

Author: IbrahimZeinab A, HassanGhada F, ElgendyHoda Y, Al-ShenawyHanan A

Vitiligo treatment

This article discusses the use of microneedling for treating vitiligo. Microneedling is an evolving technique that involves creating pores in the stratum corneum to augment transdermal drug delivery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

26.

The Safety and Immunogenicity of the mRNA-BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Hemodialysis Patients.

Author: ZittEmanuel, DavidovicTamara, SchimpfJudith, Abbassi-NikArmin, MutschlechnerBeatrix, UlmerHanno, BendaMagdalena A, Sprenger-MährHannelore, WinderThomas, LhottaKarl

mRNA-BNT162b2 for hemodialysis
Local reactions
Systemic reactions

The mRNA-BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is safe and well-tolerated in hemodialysis patients with high immunogenicity. Older age and immunosuppression were associated with lower antibody levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

27.

Assessment of calcium and vitamin D medications adherence in patients with hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy.

Author: BilginerMuhammet Cuneyt, AydinCevdet, PolatBurcak, FakiSevgul, TopalogluOya, ErsoyReyhan, CakirBekir

Medication non-compliance

Patients with hypoparathyroidism have a problem with calcium medication compliance, and this problem increases with the duration of the disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

28.

Activating Antibodies to The Calcium-sensing Receptor in Immunotherapy-induced Hypoparathyroidism.

Author: LupiIsabella, BrancatellaAlessandro, CetaniFilomena, LatrofaFrancesco, KempE Helen, MarcocciClaudio

cancer treatment
hypophysitis
thyroid dysfunction

This study reports a rare case of hypoparathyroidism as an immune-related adverse event (irAE) in a patient receiving an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), such as programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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