Side Effects of losartan: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Losartan is a commonly used medication for treating high blood pressure. However, losartan may have side effects. The reason why losartan causes side effects is that, as shown in 26 , losartan is a drug that inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which plays an important role in regulating blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance. By inhibiting RAAS, losartan can disrupt these balances, potentially leading to side effects.

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of losartan are due to its pharmacological action. Losartan is a type of drug called an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Losartan lowers blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II from binding to its receptor. However, this action can also affect other tissues and organs. For example, angiotensin II also affects kidney function and heart function. Therefore, losartan can affect the function of these organs.

Common Side Effects

Dizziness

Dizziness has been reported as a side effect of losartan. As reported in 4 , this is due to the blood pressure lowering effect of losartan. Taking losartan can cause a rapid drop in blood pressure. As a result, you may feel dizzy or lightheaded. If you feel dizzy, rest for a while and see how you feel. If symptoms do not improve, consult your doctor.

Headache

Headache has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 18 because losartan lowers blood pressure. If you have a severe headache, consult your doctor.

Fatigue

Fatigue has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 18 because losartan lowers blood pressure. If you are experiencing severe fatigue, consult your doctor.

Cough

Cough has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 26 because losartan inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. When ACE is inhibited, the production of angiotensin II is suppressed, lowering blood pressure. However, ACE is also involved in the breakdown of a substance called bradykinin. Bradykinin is a substance that constricts the bronchi and causes coughing. When ACE is inhibited, bradykinin breakdown is suppressed, which can cause coughing. If you have a severe cough, consult your doctor.

Angioedema

Angioedema has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 4 because losartan inhibits the breakdown of a substance called bradykinin. Bradykinin is a substance that dilates blood vessels. Losartan inhibits the breakdown of bradykinin, which can dilate blood vessels and cause angioedema. Angioedema is a condition in which swelling occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and throat. If you experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, consult a doctor immediately.

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 26 because losartan suppresses aldosterone secretion. Aldosterone is a hormone that promotes potassium excretion by the kidneys. When losartan suppresses aldosterone secretion, potassium excretion is suppressed, which can lead to hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can cause arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. Therefore, if you experience symptoms of hyperkalemia, consult a doctor immediately.

Liver Dysfunction

Liver dysfunction has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 19 because losartan can affect the liver. Liver dysfunction can cause symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. If you experience symptoms of liver dysfunction, consult a doctor immediately.

Kidney Dysfunction

Kidney dysfunction has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 26 because losartan can affect the kidneys. Kidney dysfunction can cause symptoms such as decreased urine output, swelling, and fatigue. If you experience symptoms of kidney dysfunction, consult a doctor immediately.

Rash

Rash has been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 5 because losartan can cause allergic reactions. If you have a severe rash, consult your doctor.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported as a side effect of losartan. This may occur as reported in 18 because losartan can affect the gastrointestinal system. Gastrointestinal symptoms can cause symptoms such as stomach pain, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea. If you have severe gastrointestinal symptoms, consult your doctor.

Side Effect Management

Dizziness

Dizziness has been reported as a side effect of losartan. If you feel dizzy, rest for a while and see how you feel. If symptoms do not improve, consult your doctor. Also, when taking losartan, get up slowly when you get out of bed.

Headache

Headache has been reported as a side effect of losartan. If you have a severe headache, consult your doctor. Also, when taking losartan, be sure to drink plenty of fluids. Dehydration can also cause headaches.

Fatigue

Fatigue has been reported as a side effect of losartan. If you are experiencing severe fatigue, consult your doctor. Also, when taking losartan, be sure to get enough sleep.

Cough

Cough has been reported as a side effect of losartan. If you have a severe cough, consult your doctor. Also, when taking losartan, keep the air moist by using a humidifier or adjusting the humidity in your room.

Angioedema

Angioedema has been reported as a side effect of losartan. Angioedema is a condition in which swelling occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and throat. If you experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing, consult a doctor immediately. Also, when taking losartan, if you experience swelling of the face or lips or difficulty breathing, stop taking the medication immediately and consult a doctor.

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia has been reported as a side effect of losartan. Hyperkalemia can cause arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. Therefore, if you experience symptoms of hyperkalemia, consult a doctor immediately. Also, when taking losartan, avoid foods high in potassium.

Liver Dysfunction

Liver dysfunction has been reported as a side effect of losartan. Liver dysfunction can cause symptoms such as jaundice, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. If you experience symptoms of liver dysfunction, consult a doctor immediately. Also, when taking losartan, be sure to have your liver function tested regularly.

Kidney Dysfunction

Kidney dysfunction has been reported as a side effect of losartan. Kidney dysfunction can cause symptoms such as decreased urine output, swelling, and fatigue. If you experience symptoms of kidney dysfunction, consult a doctor immediately. Also, when taking losartan, be sure to have your kidney function tested regularly.

Rash

Rash has been reported as a side effect of losartan. If you have a severe rash, consult your doctor. Also, when taking losartan, if you develop a rash, stop taking the medication immediately and consult a doctor.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported as a side effect of losartan. Gastrointestinal symptoms can cause symptoms such as stomach pain, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea. If you have severe gastrointestinal symptoms, consult your doctor. Also, when taking losartan, pay attention to your diet to reduce the burden on your gastrointestinal system.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have reported that losartan is effective in lowering blood pressure. Additionally, losartan has shown promise in preventing and treating conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

Differences

The side effects of losartan vary from study to study. For example, 26 reports cough, while 4 reports angioedema. This is likely because the side effects of losartan vary from person to person.

Important Considerations for Real-World Applications

Losartan is widely used as a medication for high blood pressure. However, losartan can have side effects. When taking losartan, be aware of the risks of side effects and follow your doctor's instructions. If you experience any abnormalities while taking the medication, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of losartan is still insufficient. Therefore, it is not yet fully understood who will experience what side effects when taking losartan. Additionally, there is not enough research on methods to reduce the side effects of losartan.

Future Research Directions

Further research on the side effects of losartan is necessary. In particular, detailed research is needed on who experiences which side effects from losartan and how to reduce side effects. By advancing this research, losartan will be safer to take.

Conclusion

Losartan is an effective drug for the treatment of high blood pressure, but it can have side effects. When taking losartan, be aware of the risks of side effects and follow your doctor's instructions. If you experience any abnormalities while taking the medication, consult your doctor immediately.

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
6
Article Type
2
1
1
7
24
1.

"Feeling the Blues": A Case of Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose Managed With Methylene Blue.

Author: PellegriniJames R, MunshiRezwan, TiwanaMuhammad S, AbrahamTinu, TahirHira, SayedyNajia, IqbalJaved

Improved blood pressure
ARDS
Hypotension
Respiratory depression

This study reports on a patient who experienced a severe reaction to amlodipine overdose. The patient was treated with methylene blue, a drug that can improve blood pressure and reduce inflammation in the lungs. The patient’s condition improved significantly after receiving methylene blue.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

3.

Possible Association of Tremors and Dysarthria with Losartan Use: A Case Report.

Author: FishmanTroy J, DeguTigist A, SunLiang, SalabeiJoshua K

Dysarthria
Tremors

This case report presents a 56-year-old male who developed tremors and dysarthria after taking losartan. While this is the first reported case, it highlights the potential for tremors and dysarthria as a side effect of losartan, warranting further investigation.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

4.

A case of losartan induced angioedema.

Author: NairChitra

Hypertension treatment
Angioedema

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are used for managing hypertension. This study describes a rare case of late-onset angioedema associated with losartan, an ARB.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Hydrochlorothizide-induced acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis presenting with bilateral periorbital impetigo.

Author: ReapLeo E, RoddCassandra, LariosJose, MarshallMichael

AGEP

Hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic, has been reported to induce acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) in two cases, highlighting the need for caution when using this drug.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Switching therapy from variable-dose multiple pill to fixed-dose single-pill combinations of angiotensin II receptor blockers and thiazides for hypertension.

Author: SakimaAtsushi, OhshiroKatsuhiko, NakadaSeigo, YamazatoMasanobu, KohaguraKentaro, NakamotoMinori, TanaTakeshi, OhyaYusuke

Blood pressure reduction
Improved adherence
Metabolic side effects

Switching from free combinations of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and thiazides to a fixed-dose of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide was effective in reducing blood pressure and serum uric acid in Japanese patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

8.

Review about gabapentin misuse, interactions, contraindications and side effects.

Author: QuinteroGabriel C

Drug interactions
Hypoventilation
Misuse
Myopathy
Respiratory failure
Teratogenicity

This review discusses the risks of gabapentin misuse, its potential interactions with other drugs, side effects, and contraindications, highlighting the importance of awareness and responsible prescribing practices.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Serum Concentrations of Losartan Metabolites Correlate With Improved Physical Function in a Pilot Study of Prefrail Older Adults.

Author: LeeJessica L, ZhangCissy, WestbrookReyhan, GabrawyMariann M, NidadavoluLolita, YangHuanle, MarxRuth, WuYuqiong, AndersNicole M, MaLina, BicharaMarcela-Dávalos, KwakMin-Ji, ButaBrian, KhadeerMohammed, YenokyanGayane, TianJing, XueQian-Li, SiragyHelmy M, CareyRobert M, de CaboRafael, FerrucciLuigi, MoaddelRuin, RudekMichelle A, LeAnne, WalstonJeremy D, AbadirPeter M

Improved muscle strength
Reduced frailty
Fatigue
Hyperkalemia
Hypotension

This exploratory pilot study evaluated the effects of losartan treatment on prefrail older adults. Losartan treatment was associated with a reduced odds of frailty and improved knee strength. The study suggests potential benefits of losartan in preventing frailty in older adults.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

10.

A biological approach in a patient with psoriasis and bullous pemphigoid associated with losartan therapy.

Author: SaracenoR, CitarellaL, SpalloneG, ChimentiS

Psoriasis treatment
Bullous pemphigoid

Losartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, may cause bullous pemphigoid (BP) in patients with psoriasis. This case study highlights the potential side effects of losartan and the importance of careful monitoring of patients with a history of psoriasis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

The effect of losartan on progressive aortic dilatation in patients with Marfan's syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized clinical trials.

Author: GaoLinggen, ChenLei, FanLi, GaoDewei, LiangZhiru, WangRong, LuWenning

Reduced aortic dilatation
No clinical benefit

Losartan significantly decreased the rate of aortic dilatation in patients with Marfan's syndrome.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

Combination of sorafenib and angiotensin-II receptor blocker attenuates preneoplastic lesion development in a non-diabetic rat model of steatohepatitis.

Author: YoshijiHitoshi, NoguchiRyuichi, NamisakiTadashi, MoriyaKei, KitadeMitsuteru, AiharaYosuke, DouharaAkitoshi, KawarataniHideto, NishimuraNorihisa, FukuiHiroshi

Hepatocellular carcinoma prevention

This study explores the combination effect of low-dose sorafenib and angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) on hepatocarcinogenesis, focusing on angiogenesis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Co-administration of haloperidol and drugs affecting the angiotensin pathway: effect on the extrapyramidal system.

Author: PemminatiSudhakar, SwatiB, ShreyasiC, GopalakrishnaH N, NairVinod, PaiM R S M

Increased motor side effects

This study investigated the extrapyramidal effects of co-administration of enalapril or losartan with haloperidol in mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Polymorphisms of human cytochrome P450 2C9 and the functional relevance.

Author: ZhouShu-Feng, ZhouZhi-Wei, HuangMin

Drug response prediction

CYP2C9 is an important enzyme that breaks down many medications, including common pain relievers, blood thinners, and diabetes drugs. The study highlights the importance of genetic variations in CYP2C9 in affecting how these medications work. Testing for these variations can help doctors choose the right dosage for each patient.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

Adverse effects of interactions between antipsychotics and medications used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.

Author: SiwekMarcin, WorońJarosław, GorostowiczAleksandra, WordliczekJerzy

CVD treatment

This study aimed to evaluate the potential for harmful interactions between antipsychotics and medications used to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia who are at risk of CVD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Drug Interactions with Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: Role of Human Cytochromes P450.

Author: YangRuirui, LuoZhiqiang, LiuYang, SunMohan, ZhengLing, ChenYingying, LiYanping, WangHao, ChenLingzhu, WuMing, ZhaoHuihui

ARBs for hypertension
ARB side effects

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are effective for treating hypertension, but may cause side effects such as headache, upper respiratory infection, back pain, and fatigue.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Losartan, an angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker, attenuates the liver fibrosis development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat.

Author: YoshijiHitoshi, NoguchiRyuichi, IkenakaYasuhide, NamisakiTadashi, KitadeMitsuteru, KajiKosuke, ShiraiYusaku, YoshiiJunichi, YanaseKoji, YamazakiMasaharu, TsujimotoTatsuhiro, KawarataniHideto, AkahaneTakemi, AiharaYosuke, FukuiHiroshi

NASH treatment

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress into liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Finding promising new therapeutic agents requires an appropriate experimental model that incorporates insulin resistance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose amlodipine/losartan and losartan in hypertensive patients inadequately controlled with losartan: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study.

Author: HongBum-Kee, ParkChang Gyu, KimKi Sik, YoonMyeong Ho, YoonHo Joong, YoonJeong Han, YangJoo Young, ChoiYoung Jin, ChoSeung Yun

Better compliance
Lower BP

Amlodipine/losartan combination therapy was more effective than losartan alone in reducing blood pressure and achieving blood pressure goals in Korean patients with essential hypertension.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

[Effectiveness and safety of losartan and its combination with amlodipine in therapy of arterial hypertension].

Author: BoitsovS A, BazaevaE V, Luk'ianovM M, DrapkinaO M, PanovA V, Terent'evB P, TiurinV P, ShchukinaG N

Reduced blood pressure
Side effects

Losartan and amlodipine are effective and safe agents for AH therapy. The target AP value was reached in 73% of the cases after stage 1 and in 95% cases after stage 2. The safety profiles of both drugs were on the whole positive.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : Russian

22.

Pharmacology of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, eprosartan.

Author: EdwardsR M, RuffoloR R, BrooksD P

Hypertension treatment

Eprosartan is a new drug that blocks the effects of angiotensin II. It is effective in treating hypertension and has a long-lasting effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Genetic polymorphism of the human cytochrome P450 2C9 gene and its clinical significance.

Author: WangB, WangJ, HuangS-Q, SuH-H, ZhouS-F

Drug clearance prediction

CYP2C9, an enzyme responsible for metabolizing numerous drugs, has genetic variants that can affect drug efficacy and toxicity. Genetic testing for CYP2C9 polymorphisms may help personalize drug therapy for individuals.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Potential New Non-Invasive Therapy Using Artificial Oxygen Carriers for Pre-Eclampsia.

Author: OhtaHidenobu, KagaMaiko, LiHeng, SakaiHiromi, OkamuraKunihiro, YaegashiNobuo

Pre-eclampsia treatment
Side effects

Hemoglobin vesicles (HbV) were found to be a potential therapy for pre-eclampsia by rescuing placental ischemia. In a rat model, HbV treatment reduced maternal sFlt-1 levels and improved fetal growth restriction. These findings suggest that HbV could be a safe and effective noninvasive therapy for pre-eclampsia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

26.

An update on non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonists and related RAAS modulators.

Author: AulakhG K, SodhiR K, SinghM

Diabetic nephropathy treatment
Heart failure treatment
Hypertension treatment
Angio-oedema
Cough

This abstract provides an overview of the various angiotensin receptor antagonists, including renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, ACE2 inhibitors, and combined ACE/NEP inhibitors. These drugs are used for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

[The contribution of ARB to medical treatment].

Author: SarutaTakao

Blood pressure control
Life span extension
Few side effects

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have gained popularity in Japan as antihypertensive medications. This review highlights the excellent effects of ARBs, including moderate antihypertensive effects, pleiotropic actions, and fewer side effects compared to other antihypertensive drugs.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Japanese

28.

Effect of atorvastatin on CYP2C9 metabolic activity as measured by the formation rate of losartan metabolite in hypercholesterolaemic patients.

Author: YasarUmit, Sain-GuvenGulay, YardimciYildiz, KilicarslanAlpaslan, BabaogluMelih O, BozkurtAtilla

Atorvastatin efficacy
Skeletal muscle side effects

Atorvastatin, a widely used statin, does not significantly affect CYP2C9 activity when co-administered with losartan in patients with CYP2C9*1*1 and CYP2C9*1*2 genotypes. This finding suggests a limited potential for drug-drug interactions between atorvastatin and CYP2C9 substrates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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