Side Effects of meloxicam: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is effective in relieving pain and inflammation. However, meloxicam can cause a variety of side effects, and many studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms and prevention methods of these side effects. 11 reports a case where drug-drug interaction between meloxicam and desmopressin resulted in hyponatremia and seizure. Also, shows that meloxicam can affect the kidneys and may cause nephrotic syndrome or acute tubular necrosis. 13 suggests that applying meloxicam topically could offer enhanced local effects compared to conventional oral administration; however, the potential for side effects remains a concern. On the other hand, 18 suggests that using meloxicam as a pain reliever after surgery may reduce the need for opioids. Furthermore, 5 states that meloxicam is sometimes used to treat chronic pain in children but highlights the risk of side effects such as kidney damage and gastrointestinal problems.

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of meloxicam vary depending on how the drug works in the body and the individual patient's constitution and health condition. 15 suggests that inflammation may exacerbate the side effects of meloxicam. Meloxicam works by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which reduces pain and inflammation. However, COX plays various roles in the body, and the effects of meloxicam may affect other tissues and organs.

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

Meloxicam can cause side effects in the gastrointestinal system. The most common side effects are stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 8 states that meloxicam inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, raising concerns about its effects on the stomach lining. Also, 5 reports side effects such as diarrhea, headache, nausea, constipation, rash, dizziness, and abdominal pain in children.

Kidney

Meloxicam can affect the kidneys and impair their function. reports cases where meloxicam caused nephrotic syndrome and acute tubular necrosis. Also, 5 reports kidney damage as a side effect in children.

Liver

Meloxicam can also affect the liver and impair its function. 1 shows that repeated administration of meloxicam to cats may affect the liver.

Heart

Meloxicam can affect the heart and increase the risk of heart disease. 10 indicates that meloxicam may inhibit cardiac ion channels, increasing the risk of heart problems such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death. Also, 15 suggests that inflammation may worsen the cardiac side effects of meloxicam.

Nervous system

Meloxicam can affect the nervous system and cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and drowsiness. 11 reports a case where drug-drug interaction between meloxicam and desmopressin resulted in hyponatremia and seizure. Also, 6 shows that administering meloxicam to rats after blast-induced traumatic brain injury may affect neurobehavior.

Other

Besides the above side effects, meloxicam can also cause allergic reactions such as rash, itching, and swelling, as well as blood abnormalities such as thrombocytopenia and anemia.

Measures to Counteract Side Effects

Gastrointestinal side effects

Taking meloxicam with meals or combining it with antacids can help reduce gastrointestinal side effects. Also, meloxicam can be hard on the stomach, so it is essential to take it as directed by your doctor.

Kidney side effects

People with impaired kidney function or a history of kidney disease should avoid taking meloxicam. Regular kidney function checks are crucial when taking meloxicam.

Liver side effects

People with impaired liver function or a history of liver disease should avoid taking meloxicam. Regular liver function checks are crucial when taking meloxicam.

Heart side effects

People with a history of heart disease should avoid taking meloxicam. Regular heart function checks are crucial when taking meloxicam.

Nervous system side effects

If you are concerned about nervous system side effects, consult your doctor.

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities

Many studies show that meloxicam can cause a variety of side effects. Meloxicam can potentially affect various organs such as the gastrointestinal system, kidneys, liver, heart, and nervous system.

Differences

The severity and frequency of meloxicam side effects vary across studies. The mechanisms by which meloxicam causes side effects are not fully understood.

Considerations for Real-Life Applications

While meloxicam is an effective drug for relieving pain and inflammation, it's essential to be aware of the risk of side effects. When taking meloxicam, follow your doctor's instructions and seek immediate medical attention if any side effects occur. Although meloxicam is available over the counter in some cases, it is dangerous to take it without consulting a doctor. If you have pain or inflammation, always seek medical attention.

Limitations of Current Research

There is not enough research on the side effects of meloxicam. Further studies are needed, particularly regarding long-term side effects and individual variations in side effects.

Future Research Directions

The following research is needed to better understand the side effects of meloxicam:

  • Research on long-term side effects of meloxicam
  • Research on the mechanisms by which meloxicam causes side effects
  • Research on biomarkers to predict meloxicam side effects
  • Research on new treatments to reduce meloxicam side effects

Conclusion

Meloxicam is an effective drug for relieving pain and inflammation, but it is essential to be aware of the risk of side effects. When taking meloxicam, follow your doctor's instructions and seek immediate medical attention if any side effects occur. Also, although meloxicam is available over the counter in some cases, it is dangerous to take it without consulting a doctor. If you have pain or inflammation, always seek medical attention.

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
23
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
3
Article Type
4
0
1
4
28
2.

Nephrotic syndrome and acute tubular necrosis due to meloxicam use.

Author: VegaJorge, GoeckeHelmuth, MéndezGonzalo P, GuardaFrancisco J

Acute tubular necrosis
Nephrotic syndrome

Meloxicam (MLX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used to treat pain and inflammation. While it's effective, it can cause kidney problems in 5-18% of users. This case report describes a 65-year-old woman who developed acute tubular necrosis and nephrotic syndrome after taking MLX for tendinitis. This suggests a potential risk associated with MLX use, and highlights the importance of monitoring kidney function in patients taking NSAIDs.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Formulation and evaluation of meloxicam niosomes as vesicular carriers for enhanced skin delivery.

Author: El-MenshaweShahira F, HusseinAmal K

Niosomes anti-inflammatory
Transdermal MX

Niosomes, lipid-based vesicles, were found to be a promising delivery system for meloxicam (MX), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Niosomes prepared with span 60 and cholesterol showed high entrapment efficiency and reduced particle size, resulting in enhanced transdermal delivery and greater anti-inflammatory activity compared to free MX.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Can NSAIDs and Acetaminophen Effectively Replace Opioid Treatment Options for Acute Pain?

Author: PergolizziJoseph V, MagnussonPeter, LeQuangJo Ann, BreveFrank, TaylorRobert, WollmuthCharles, VarrassiGiustino

Acute pain relief
NSAID risks
Opioid overdose

Nonopioid analgesics, such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs, are effective alternatives to opioids for acute pain. Combination therapy using a small amount of opioid with a nonopioid pain reliever can reduce opioid consumption.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents.

Author: EcclestonChristopher, CooperTess E, FisherEmma, AndersonBrian, WilkinsonNick Mr

Pain relief
Gastrointestinal issues
Renal impairment

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for pain management in children. They are licensed for use in Western countries, but not for infants under three months old. While they are generally effective for pain, fever, and inflammation, potential side effects include renal impairment, gastrointestinal issues, diarrhea, headache, nausea, constipation, rash, dizziness, and abdominal pain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

6.

The Neurobehavioral Effects of Buprenorphine and Meloxicam on a Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Model in the Rat.

Author: AndersonLaura M, SamineniSridhar, WilderDonna M, LaraMarisela, EkenOndine, UriosteRodrigo, LongJoseph B, ArunPeethambaran

bTBI treatment
Depressive-like behaviors
Memory impairment
Mortality risk

This study examined the neurobehavioral effects of meloxicam and buprenorphine on rats exposed to tightly-coupled repeated blasts in an advanced blast simulator.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of New 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyridazinone as Promising Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors.

Author: PeregrymKrzysztof, SzczukowskiŁukasz, WiatrakBenita, PotyrakKatarzyna, CzyżnikowskaŻaneta, ŚwiątekPiotr

Anti-inflammatory activity
COX inhibition

This study presents the synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of 12 novel compounds with disubstituted arylpiperazine pharmacophore linked to a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Meloxicam-desmopressin drug-drug interaction producing hyponatremia.

Author: BojdaniErmal, ChenAnderson, BuonocoreStefania, LiKevin J, GurreraRonald

Hyponatremia
Seizure

Meloxicam may worsen desmopressin-induced hyponatremia in patients with schizophrenia.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Drug-Disease Interaction: Effect of Inflammation and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Cytochrome P450 Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid.

Author: Aghazadeh-HabashiAli, AsgharWaheed, JamaliFakhreddin

NSAIDs safety
Cardiotoxicity

Inflammation can disrupt the balance of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor components of the renin-angiotensin system, increasing cardiovascular risk. This study examined the effects of inflammation and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the metabolism of arachidonic acid (ArA) in rats with adjuvant arthritis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Optimizing the dosing interval of buprenorphine in a multimodal postoperative analgesic strategy in the rat: minimizing side-effects without affecting weight gain and food intake.

Author: SchaapManon W H, UilenreefJoost J, MitsogiannisManuela D, van 't KloosterJosé G, ArndtSaskia S, HellebrekersLudo J

Comparable analgesia
Reduced side effects
Pica behavior

This study compared the effects of two different dosing intervals of buprenorphine, 8 hours and 12 hours, on food intake, weight, and side effects (pica behavior) in rats. Increasing the dosing interval to 12 hours reduced unwanted side effects without affecting weight loss or food intake.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

The effect of combined therapy with tamsulosin hydrochloride and meloxicam in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms and impact on nocturia and sleep quality.

Author: GorgelSacit Nuri, SefikErtugrul, KoseOsman, OlgunelmaVural, SahinEvren

BPH symptom reduction
Sleep quality improvement

This study compared the effects of tamsulosin hydrochloride plus meloxicam and tamsulosin hydrochloride alone in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms. The study found that the combination therapy was more effective in decreasing BPH symptoms, increasing sleep quality, and improving urinary flow rates. There were no serious side effects reported.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Perioperative Opioid-sparing Strategies: Utility of Conventional NSAIDs in Adults.

Author: MartinezLuc, EkmanEvan, NakhlaNardine

Opioid sparing

This review examines the use of NSAIDs as an adjunct to opioid analgesics in the perioperative setting to reduce opioid use and associated adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

The effect of triple vs. double nonopioid therapy on postoperative pain and functional outcome after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomised double-blind control trial.

Author: GilronIan, TuDongsheng, Dumerton-ShoreDeborah, DugganScott, RooneyRachel, McGrathMichael, OrrElizabeth

Functional recovery
Pain reduction
No significant benefit

This study investigated the effectiveness of adding a third non-opioid analgesic to double-drug regimens for pain management after abdominal hysterectomy. The study failed to demonstrate a significant benefit of the triple regimen compared to double-drug regimens.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

What's new in NSAID pharmacotherapy: oral agents to injectables.

Author: AtkinsonTimothy J, FudinJeffrey, JahnHeather Lynne, KuboteraNatsuki, RennickAmanda Leigh, RhorerMary

Musculoskeletal and inflammatory disease treatment
Cardiovascular toxicity
GI side effects

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for musculoskeletal and inflammatory diseases. Recent focus has shifted towards gastrointestinal side effects and potential cardiovascular toxicity. This review explores innovative oral and intra-articular dosage forms, as well as recently developed intravenous NSAIDs and their potential advantages in the perioperative setting.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Effects of buprenorphine and meloxicam analgesia on induced cerebral ischemia in C57BL/6 male mice.

Author: JacobsenKirsten R, FauerbyNatasha, RaidaZindy, KalliokoskiOtto, HauJann, JohansenFlemming F, AbelsonKlas Sp

Pain relief
Decreased food consumption
Reduced infarct volume

This study investigated the effects of buprenorphine and meloxicam on infarct volume in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. It found that buprenorphine did not alter infarct volume but meloxicam significantly reduced it.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Skeletal muscle atrophy: Potential therapeutic agents and their mechanisms of action.

Author: DuttVikas, GuptaSanjeev, DaburRajesh, InjetiElisha, MittalAshwani

Muscle wasting treatment
Drug toxicity

Skeletal muscle wasting is a common complication of various diseases and remains a challenge to treat. This paper reviews the mechanisms of action of nineteen potential drugs for muscle wasting.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Comparative Study of the Use of Intra-articular and Systemic Meloxicam to Control Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis in Rabbit Knees.

Author: VidottoValéria Trombini, da RochaRodrigo Tesser, de PaivaCaroline Lorraine, NardottoJoão Ricardo, FariasAnderson, StefanesSandro Alex

Anti-inflammatory
Joint repair

An experimental trochleoplasty study in rabbits found that both intra-articular and systemic meloxicam were favorable for joint repair and control of inflammatory reaction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

27.

Can We Eliminate Opioids After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Author: MoutzourosVasilios, JildehToufic R, TramerJoseph S, MetaFabien, KuhlmannNoah, CrossAustin, OkorohaKelechi R

Equivalent pain control

This randomized controlled trial compared a multimodal nonopioid pain protocol with traditional opioid medication for postoperative pain control in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The results showed that the multimodal nonopioid pain protocol provided at least equivalent pain control compared with opioid analgesics, with minimal side effects and high patient satisfaction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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