Effects of phentermine: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Phentermine is an appetite suppressant that has been widely used for weight loss. 18 , 15 , 21 , 5 , 3 , , 6 , 23 , 4 , 22 , 10 , 11 , 19 , 9 , 7 , 17 , 13 , 25 , 12 , 16 , 1 , 2 , 14 Several studies have shown that phentermine can be effective for weight loss and reducing waist circumference. For example, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of phentermine in Korean obese patients ( 18 ) found that phentermine group had a significantly greater decrease in body weight and waist circumference compared to placebo group. Moreover, studies have suggested that combining phentermine with other drugs can increase the effectiveness of weight loss. For instance, a study ( 3 ) showed that combining phentermine with 5-HTP/carbidopa led to greater weight loss with fewer psychomotor side effects than each drug alone. However, phentermine can also cause side effects such as dry mouth and insomnia, as observed in 18 . Furthermore, some research has indicated that phentermine may increase dopamine neurotoxicity, particularly when combined with fluoxetine ( 25 ).

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Phentermine may be effective for weight loss and reducing waist circumference. Combining phentermine with other medications might enhance weight loss effects.

Risk Summary

Phentermine can cause side effects such as dry mouth and insomnia. Additionally, it may potentially increase dopamine neurotoxicity, especially when used with other drugs.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities in Research

A common finding across several studies is the effectiveness of phentermine for weight loss. Also, research suggests that combining phentermine with other medications might enhance weight loss effectiveness.

Differences in Research

There are some variations in the effects and side effects of phentermine across studies. For example, while one study ( 18 ) reported a higher incidence of dry mouth and insomnia in the phentermine group, other studies did not observe these side effects. Additionally, the potential for increased dopamine neurotoxicity with phentermine, particularly when combined with other drugs, requires further investigation.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Although many studies show that phentermine can be effective for weight loss, results on side effects are inconsistent. Therefore, it's crucial to be aware of the potential risks of phentermine when using it.

Practical Application Considerations

Phentermine is used as a weight loss medication, but due to the risk of side effects, it's important to use it as directed by a physician. Consult a healthcare professional before combining phentermine with other medications.

Limitations of Current Research

Long-term safety and effectiveness of phentermine have not been fully investigated. Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects of phentermine.

Future Research Directions

Additional research is needed to investigate the long-term safety and effectiveness of phentermine, as well as the effects of combining phentermine with other drugs. Furthermore, more detailed studies are necessary to understand the impact of phentermine on the brain.

Conclusion

Phentermine may be an effective weight loss treatment, but it's crucial to be aware of the potential risks. It's important to use phentermine as directed by a physician and to consult a healthcare professional before combining it with other medications. Additional research is required to fully understand the long-term safety and effectiveness of phentermine, as well as its effects on the brain and in combination with other medications.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
3
Article Type
7
0
0
2
25
1.

Lorcaserin and phentermine exert anti-obesity effects with modulation of the gut microbiota.

Author: SongEun-Ji, ShinNa Rae, JeonSonghee, NamYoung-Do, KimHojun

Anti-obesity effect
Gut microbiota modulation

Lorcaserin and phentermine, two anti-obesity drugs, were found to modulate the gut microbiota composition in mice, potentially contributing to their anti-obesity effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Effects of liraglutide plus phentermine in adults with obesity following 1 year of treatment by liraglutide alone: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial.

Author: TronieriJena Shaw, WaddenThomas A, WalshOlivia A, BerkowitzRobert I, AlamuddinNaji, GruberKathryn, LeonardSharon, ChaoAriana M

Reduced hunger
Weight loss
Limited effectiveness

This pilot study evaluated the effects of adding phentermine to liraglutide in individuals who had already lost weight with liraglutide alone. The combination was well-tolerated but did not produce additional clinically meaningful weight loss.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Determining the Effects of Combined Liraglutide and Phentermine on Metabolic Parameters, Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate in Lean and Obese Male Mice.

Author: SimondsStephanie E, PryorJack T, KoeglerFrank H, Buch-RasmussenAlberte S, KellyLauren E, GroveKevin L, CowleyMichael A

Obesity treatment
Weight loss
Decreased blood pressure
Increased heart rate

This study explored the effects of combining liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and phentermine, a psychostimulant, for weight loss in mice. The combination led to significant weight loss but had different cardiovascular effects in lean versus obese mice, suggesting a need for further investigation to optimize this treatment strategy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Effects of a meal replacement system alone or in combination with phentermine on weight loss and food cravings.

Author: MoldovanChristina P, WeldonAbby J, DaherNoha S, SchneiderLouise E, BellingerDenise L, BerkLee S, HerméAlyson C, AréchigaAdam L, DavisWillie L, PetersWarren R

Craving reduction
Weight loss

Phentermine combined with a meal replacement program significantly reduced body weight and food cravings in adults with obesity compared to meal replacements alone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Phentermine induces conditioned rewarding effects via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens.

Author: HongSa-Ik, KimMin-Jung, YouIn-Jee, KwonSeung-Hwan, MaShi-Xun, HwangJi-Young, SeoJee-Yeon, KoYong-Hyun, LeeBo Ram, LeeSeok-Yong, JangChoon-Gon

Obesity treatment
Phentermine dependence

Phentermine, a widely used anti-obesity drug, produced conditioned rewarding effects in mice, suggesting a potential for dependence. This reward effect appears to be mediated through the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Weight-loss therapy in type 2 diabetes: effects of phentermine and topiramate extended release.

Author: GarveyW Timothy, RyanDonna H, BohannonNancy J V, KushnerRobert F, RuegerMiriam, DvorakRoman V, TroupinBarbara

Type 2 diabetes treatment
Weight loss

This study assesses the safety and efficacy of phentermine/topiramate extended-release (ER) plus lifestyle modification for weight loss and glycemic control in obese or overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. The study found that the combination therapy was associated with significant weight loss and improvements in glycemic control.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Cardiovascular effects of phentermine and topiramate: a new drug combination for the treatment of obesity.

Author: JordanJens, AstrupArne, EngeliStefan, NarkiewiczKrzysztof, DayWesley W, FinerNick

Weight loss

Phentermine and topiramate are used for weight loss, individually and in combination. Long-term use of this combination may be a safe and effective option for reducing weight in overweight/obese patients at low-to-intermediate cardiovascular risk.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

A review of the metabolic effects of controlled-release Phentermine/Topiramate.

Author: KiortsisDimitrios N

Metabolic effects
Weight loss
Adverse events

Phentermine/topiramate controlled-release (Qsymia®) has recently been approved for chronic weight management. This article reviews the available clinical evidence on its weight loss, metabolic effects, and adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Author: GaddeKishore M, AllisonDavid B, RyanDonna H, PetersonCraig A, TroupinBarbara, SchwiersMichael L, DayWesley W

Metabolic risk reduction
Weight loss

Phentermine plus topiramate controlled-release combination was assessed for weight loss and metabolic risk reduction in individuals who were overweight and obese, with two or more risk factors.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Antiobesity effects of the beta-cell hormone amylin in combination with phentermine or sibutramine in diet-induced obese rats.

Author: RothJ D, TrevaskisJ L, WilsonJ, LeiC, AthanacioJ, MackC, KestyN C, CoffeyT, WeyerC, ParkesD G

Reduced adiposity
Reduced body weight
Reduced food intake

In a study of rats with diet-induced obesity, combining amylin with phentermine or sibutramine resulted in greater reductions in food intake and body weight than either drug alone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Effects on weight reduction and safety of short-term phentermine administration in Korean obese people.

Author: KimKyoung Kon, ChoHi-Jung, KangHee-Cheol, YounBang-Bu, LeeKyu-Rae

Waist circumference reduction
Weight reduction
Dry mouth
Insomnia

This study found that phentermine, an appetite suppressant, was effective in reducing weight and waist circumference in Korean patients. The most common side effects were dry mouth and insomnia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

19.

Effects of oleoyl-estrone with dexfenfluramine, sibutramine or phentermine on overweight rats.

Author: Ferrer-LorenteRaquel, CabotCristina, Fernández-LópezJosé-Antonio, RemesarXavier, AlemanyMarià

Fat reduction
Improved insulin sensitivity
Weight loss

Combining oleoyl-estrone with either dexfenfluramine or sibutramine resulted in significant weight loss and fat reduction in overweight rats, while maintaining energy balance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Effects of phentermine and phenformin on biomarkers of aging in rats.

Author: AnisimovVladimir N, UkraintsevaSvetlana V, AnikinIvan V, PopovichIrina G, ZabezhinskiMark A, BertseinLev M, ArutjunyanAlexander V, IngramDonald K, LaneMark A, RothGeorge S

Life span extension

Caloric restriction is the only known intervention that significantly extends lifespan in animals. This study discusses the potential of drugs that mimic the effects of caloric restriction as anti-aging treatments for humans.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Effects of tyrosine, phentermine, caffeine D-amphetamine, and placebo on cognitive and motor performance deficits during sleep deprivation.

Author: MagillRichard A, WatersWilliam F, BrayGeorge A, VolaufovaJulia, SmithSteven R, LiebermanHarris R, McNevinNancy, RyanDonna H

Improved cognitive performance
Improved motor performance

This study investigated the effects of various drugs on cognitive and motor performance in healthy young men after sleep deprivation. The results showed that all drugs tested improved at least some aspects of cognitive and motor performance, with tyrosine being particularly effective.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

22.

Effects of preexposure to dexfenfluramine, phentermine, dexfenfluramine-phentermine, or fluoxetine on sibutramine-induced hypophagia in the adult rat.

Author: WellmanP J, JonesS L, MillerD K

Suppress food intake
Tolerance

This study investigated whether preexposure to other antiobesity drugs, such as fluoxetine, phentermine, and dexfenfluramine, induces tolerance or sensitization to the hypophagic action of sibutramine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Additive effects on rat brain 5HT release of combining phentermine with dexfenfluramine.

Author: ProwM R, LancashireB, AspleyS, HealD J, KilpatrickI C

Phentermine and dexfenfluramine both increased serotonin release in the brain, and their combination resulted in an additive effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

Fluoxetine increases the anorectic and long-term dopamine-depleting effects of phentermine.

Author: CallahanB T, YuanJ, RicaurteG A

Appetite suppression
Dopamine neurotoxicity

This study investigated the effects of fluoxetine on the anorectic and dopamine (DA) neurotoxic effects of phentermine in mice. Fluoxetine potentiated both effects, likely by increasing phentermine brain levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

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