Effects of promethazine: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Promethazine is a drug with various effects, and many studies have been conducted on it. 10 showed that promethazine exhibits antifungal effects against *Candida tropicalis*. Promethazine is thought to exert its antifungal effects by reducing the size and granularity of *Candida tropicalis* cells, damaging the cell membrane, and inhibiting mitochondrial function. 1 showed that promethazine adversely affects human motor skills. In particular, the scores on the rotary pursuit test (a test used to assess human motor performance) worsened as the promethazine blood concentration increased. 14 showed that promethazine has trypanocidal effects against *Trypanosoma cruzi*. Promethazine is thought to exert its trypanocidal effects by damaging the cell membrane of *Trypanosoma cruzi*. 3 showed that promethazine inhibits ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias in rat hearts. Promethazine is thought to inhibit arrhythmias by stabilizing the cell membrane. 17 suggested that promethazine may affect orthostatic hypotension. 16 showed that promethazine, when used as a premedication for anesthesia, can affect patients' moods. Promethazine may increase patients' anxiety and enhance aggression and hostility. 12 suggested that promethazine may affect people's awareness of errors. Promethazine may inhibit people's error recognition and reduce attention to errors. 15 showed that promethazine inhibits the growth of *Acanthamoeba castellanii*. Promethazine is thought to inhibit growth by damaging the cell membrane of *Acanthamoeba castellanii*. 11 suggested that promethazine may affect liver function. Promethazine may alter the activity of liver enzymes. suggested that promethazine may affect newborns. Promethazine may alter gastrointestinal function in newborns. 6 suggested that promethazine may inhibit peritoneal adhesions. Promethazine is thought to inhibit peritoneal adhesions by suppressing inflammation. 18 showed that promethazine adversely affects cognitive function. In particular, promethazine may reduce the critical flicker fusion frequency (a test used to assess human visual limits). suggested that promethazine, when used during labor, may affect the mother. Promethazine may reduce the mother's respiratory rate. 5 showed that promethazine, when used as a premedication for anesthesia, can affect patients' moods. Promethazine may induce drowsiness in patients and reduce their level of alertness. 2 suggested that promethazine may affect gastrointestinal function in pigs. Promethazine may inhibit peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. 7 showed that promethazine is effective in treating acute peripheral vertigo. Promethazine may suppress vertigo and provide patients with a sedative effect. 8 suggested that promethazine, when administered long-term to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may affect dyspnea and exercise tolerance. Promethazine may increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood of COPD patients. 13 showed that promethazine may affect human ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Promethazine may reduce the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in women. 4 suggested that promethazine may affect acupuncture anesthesia. Promethazine may weaken the effects of acupuncture anesthesia. 9 showed that promethazine adversely affects cognitive function. Promethazine may slow human reaction time. These studies provide important information about the various effects of promethazine, but further research is needed.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Promethazine is used for a variety of purposes, including as an antihistamine, antiemetic, and sedative. Promethazine is said to be effective in relieving allergy symptoms, dizziness, nausea, and anxiety. 7 showed that promethazine is effective in treating acute peripheral vertigo. 6 suggested that promethazine may inhibit peritoneal adhesions. In addition, promethazine is thought to have effects in relieving preoperative anxiety. 5 showed that promethazine, when used as a premedication for anesthesia, can affect patients' moods.

Risk Summary

Promethazine may cause side effects. Common side effects of promethazine include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, and constipation. 18 showed that promethazine adversely affects cognitive function. In addition, promethazine may cause respiratory depression and heart problems. 8 suggested that promethazine, when administered long-term to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may affect dyspnea and exercise tolerance.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities in Studies

These studies investigated various effects of promethazine, but they commonly suggested that promethazine may affect various body systems, including the nervous system, digestive system, and respiratory system.

Differences in Studies

These studies evaluated the effects of promethazine using various methods. For example, some studies measured promethazine blood concentrations and evaluated its impact on motor skills. 1 showed that the scores on the rotary pursuit test worsened as the promethazine blood concentration increased. On the other hand, other studies evaluated the effects of promethazine on cells. 10 showed that promethazine is thought to exert its antifungal effects by reducing the size and granularity of *Candida tropicalis* cells, damaging the cell membrane, and inhibiting mitochondrial function. In addition, these studies have suggested that promethazine may be effective for various diseases. For example, some studies have shown that promethazine is effective in relieving various symptoms, including dizziness, nausea, and allergy symptoms. 7 showed that promethazine is effective in treating acute peripheral vertigo. On the other hand, other studies have suggested that promethazine may be effective for more serious diseases, such as infections and cancer. 14 showed that promethazine has trypanocidal effects against *Trypanosoma cruzi*.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

There is consistency in some of the research findings regarding the effects of promethazine, while other findings show contradictions. For example, results indicate that promethazine adversely affects cognitive function, while other results show that promethazine is effective as a premedication for anesthesia. This contradiction suggests that the effects may vary depending on the dosage and administration method of promethazine.

Notes on Real-Life Applications

Promethazine is used for a variety of purposes, but it is important to consider the risk of side effects. In particular, promethazine may cause a variety of side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, and constipation. 18 showed that promethazine adversely affects cognitive function. Therefore, it is crucial to follow a doctor's instructions and take the correct dosage when using promethazine. In addition, pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, and those with liver or kidney problems, as well as those with a history of substance abuse, should avoid using promethazine. Additionally, promethazine can interact with other medications, so consult a doctor if you are taking other medications.

Limitations of Current Research

Not enough research has been done on promethazine. In particular, there are many unknowns about the long-term effects and safety of promethazine. Additionally, the effects of promethazine can vary from person to person, so further research is needed.

Future Directions for Research

Future research needs to investigate the long-term effects and safety of promethazine in greater detail. Additionally, it is necessary to determine the causes of individual variation in the effects of promethazine and find safer and more effective methods of use.

Conclusion

Promethazine is a drug with various effects. Promethazine is said to be effective in relieving allergy symptoms, dizziness, nausea, and anxiety. However, because promethazine can cause side effects, it is essential to use it with caution. Consult a doctor if you are considering using promethazine.

Literature analysis of 18 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
6
Article Type
8
0
0
0
18
1.

Rotary pursuit, a measure of human performance, and plasma concentrations of promethazine.

Author: KotzanJ A, HonigbergI L, FranciscoG E, ZamanR, StewartJ T, BrownW J

Performance impairment
Reaction time impairment

Promethazine, at doses of 50 mg, impaired human motor performance, as measured by rotary pursuit and reaction time tasks. The degree of impairment was linearly related to the promethazine blood concentration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

[Effects of promethazine on acupuncture analgesia].

Author: CuiY, ChenG, ZhangQ, JiangJ, WuG, XuS

Acupuncture anesthesia
Attenuated analgesia

Promethazine attenuated the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture. It is suggested that promethazine should be used carefully in acupuncture anesthesia.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Chinese

5.

[Multidimensional psychometric assessment of preoperative mood. Effects of zolpidem compared to phenobarbital combined with promethazine as premedication].

Author: UhligT, HüppeM, NidermaierB

Improved preoperative mood
Lower thiopentone dose
Deactivating effects
Increased hostility

This double-blind, randomized study compared the effects of zolpidem and phenobarbital on preoperative mood. Zolpidem was found to increase hostility, while promethazine led to deactivation. The study emphasizes the importance of multidimensional rating scales for measuring preoperative mood and suggests that promethazine may be a valuable addition to premedication regimens.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

8.

Effects of chronic administration of codeine and promethazine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.

Author: RiceK L, KronenbergR S, HedemarkL L, NiewoehnerD E

Worsening of CAO

Chronic treatment with codeine or promethazine was not found to be more effective than placebo in treating 11 patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Four patients had to withdraw from the study due to worsening symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

The acute and sub-chronic effects of levocetirizine, cetirizine, loratadine, promethazine and placebo on cognitive function, psychomotor performance, and weal and flare.

Author: HindmarchI, JohnsonS, MeadowsR, KirkpatrickT, ShamsiZ

Central nervous system effects

Levocetirizine, cetirizine, and loratadine are effective antihistamines with minimal effects on the central nervous system.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

In vitro effects of promethazine on cell morphology and structure and mitochondrial activity of azole-resistant Candida tropicalis.

Author: BrilhanteRaimunda Sâmia Nogueira, de OliveiraJonathas Sales, de Jesus EvangelistaAntonio José, PereiraVandbergue Santos, AlencarLucas Pereira, Castelo-BrancoDébora de Souza Collares Maia, CâmaraLília Maria Carneiro, de Lima-NetoReginaldo Gonçalves, CordeiroRossana de Aguiar, SidrimJosé Júlio Costa, RochaMarcos Fábio Gadelha

Candida tropicalis treatment

Promethazine was found to exhibit antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis, both in planktonic cells and mature biofilms. Promethazine also presented synergy with azole antifungals against resistant C. tropicalis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Effects of ethanol and promethazine on awareness of errors and judgements of performance.

Author: AconsKim, ChanLi-san, DrummondGordon, TipladyBrian

Drowsiness

Ethanol and promethazine increased the number of errors made on a reaction time test, but they did not significantly impair error processing.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

A sex difference in the effects of oral codeine and promethazine on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in human volunteers.

Author: PleuvryB J, MaddisonS E

Codeine side effects
Promethazine side effects

Codeine and promethazine had varying effects on respiratory functions in men and women. Codeine decreased respiratory response to CO2 and increased PCO2 in women, but not men. Promethazine with codeine decreased respiratory response to CO2 in men, but decreased codeine's effect in women. Smokers had a steeper respiratory response to CO2, and codeine reduced their response.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Trypanocidal effects of promethazine.

Author: FernándezA R, FretesR, RubialesS, LacuaraJ L, Paglini-OlivaP

Increased survival
Reduced parasitemia
Trypanocidal effect

This study found that promethazine has trypanocidal effects against both epimastigote and trypomastigote stages of T. cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. Promethazine was effective in reducing parasitemia and increasing survival in infected mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Neuroleptic Drug Targets a Brain-Eating Amoeba: Effects of Promethazine on Neurotropic Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Author: BaigAbdul Mannan, KatyaraPreet, RajabaliMehdia Nadeem, KhaleeqAreeba, NazimFizza, LalaniSalima

Acanthamoeba encephalitis
Acanthamoeba keratitis

Promethazine, a known antagonist of various receptors, showed amoebicidal and partial cysticidal effects against Acanthamoeba spp. This suggests that promethazine and its structural analogs, with their wider margin of safety, can be explored as potential anti-Acanthamoeba agents in diseases like keratitis and encephalitis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Mood effects of zolpidem versus phenobarbital combined with promethazine in an anesthesiological setting.

Author: UhligT, HüppeM, NidermaierB, PestelG

Anxiolytic effects
Sedative effects

Zolpidem and phenobarbital had similar sedative effects in patients undergoing surgery. Promethazine had a selectively deactivating effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Effects of promethazine and midodrine on orthostatic tolerance.

Author: ShiShang-Jin, PlattsSteven H, ZieglerMichael G, MeckJanice V

Orthostatic hypotension treatment
Space motion sickness treatment
Drug interactions
Hemodynamic responses

Midodrine and promethazine, drugs commonly used to treat orthostatic hypotension and space motion sickness respectively, have interactive effects on hemodynamic responses to upright tilt.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

18.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of fexofenadine, loratadine and promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor function.

Author: HindmarchI, ShamsiZ, StanleyN, FairweatherD B

No cognitive impairment

Fexofenadine at doses up to 180 mg appears free from disruptive effects on aspects of psychomotor and cognitive function. Loratadine did not cause any significant impairment of cognitive function. Promethazine caused significant impairment of cognitive function and increased sleep-like activity.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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