Effects of rabies vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 19 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Research suggests that rabies vaccines may have non-specific effects, meaning they can influence the occurrence of diseases other than rabies. 8 found no significant impact of rabies vaccine on the incidence of self-reported common infectious diseases among veterinary students. However, 6 showed that rabies vaccination in dogs could influence mortality rates, with a higher mortality risk for female dogs and a lower risk for male dogs. These studies imply that rabies vaccines might have a broader impact on the immune system than just preventing rabies.

The effectiveness of rabies vaccines can vary depending on the type of vaccine and the method of administration. 17 compared purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine and human diploid cell rabies vaccine, finding them similar in terms of immunogenicity and reactogenicity. 4 compared purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) with chromatographically purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (CPRV), demonstrating that CPRV was equally immunogenic to PVRV. These studies highlight the importance of choosing the right vaccine type and administration method for optimal protection against rabies.

The immunogenicity of rabies vaccines can be affected by the use of adjuvants. 14 showed that polar glycopeptidolipids extracted from Mycobacterium chelonae (pGPL-Mc) can enhance the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines. 2 discovered that administering a combination of tetanus toxoid and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine resulted in a significant increase in rabies antibodies. These studies indicate that using specific adjuvants could potentially boost the effectiveness of rabies vaccines.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Rabies vaccines are an effective preventative measure against rabies. 17 , 4 , 13 . Several studies suggest that rabies vaccines might offer non-specific protection against certain infections. 8 . Additionally, the use of certain adjuvants can potentially enhance vaccine efficacy. 14 , 2 .

Risks Summary

Rabies vaccines are generally safe, and severe side effects are rare. 17 , 4 . However, some individuals may experience local side effects at the injection site, such as pain, redness, or swelling. 17 , 4 . In rare cases, systemic side effects such as fever, headache, or muscle aches can occur. 17 , 4 . Individuals with a history of allergic reactions to vaccines should consult their doctor before receiving rabies vaccines due to the potential for allergic reactions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also consult their doctor before getting vaccinated.

Study Comparisons

Study Similarities

Numerous studies agree that rabies vaccines are an effective means of protection against rabies. Moreover, many studies indicate that rabies vaccines are generally safe. These findings suggest that rabies vaccines are an important preventative measure against rabies.

Study Differences

Some studies suggest that rabies vaccines might have non-specific effects, meaning they can influence the occurrence of diseases other than rabies. 8 , 6 . These effects could vary depending on factors like the type of vaccine, administration method, gender, and other variables. Additionally, certain studies suggest that using adjuvants could potentially enhance the effectiveness of rabies vaccines. 14 , 2 . These studies suggest that the effectiveness of rabies vaccines can be influenced by various factors.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While rabies vaccines are generally considered safe and effective, there can be inconsistencies in research findings regarding non-specific effects. 8 found no significant impact of rabies vaccines on the incidence of common infectious diseases. However, 6 suggested a possible influence on mortality rates in dogs. These discrepancies might stem from differences in study populations, methodologies, or other factors.

Applying the Results to Real Life

Rabies vaccines provide effective protection against rabies, but further research is needed regarding non-specific effects. Consult your doctor before receiving a rabies vaccine to discuss your health and any potential risks.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the non-specific effects of rabies vaccines is still limited. Additionally, findings may differ based on the study populations and methodologies used. Therefore, it is important to interpret these research results cautiously.

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to understand the non-specific effects of rabies vaccines. Investigating the influence of various vaccine types, administration methods, gender, age, and other factors on non-specific effects is crucial. Research should also explore the impact of adjuvant use on non-specific effects.

Conclusion

Rabies vaccines are an effective preventative measure against rabies. 17 , 4 , 13 . However, the possibility of non-specific effects warrants further investigation. 8 , 6 . Consulting with your doctor before getting vaccinated is essential to understand your health and any potential risks.

Literature analysis of 19 papers
Positive Content
15
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
0
Article Type
13
1
1
0
19
1.

[Comparison of PVRV and HDCV rabies vaccines as to immunity, reliability and protective value].

Author: HacibektaşoğluA, InalA, EyigünC, BarutA, TürkayF A

Rabies prophylaxis
Fever
Local pain
Lymphadenopathy

PVRV and HDCV vaccines for rabies were equally effective in inducing neutralizing antibodies in healthy male volunteers. Both vaccines provided a year-long protection until the first booster dose.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Turkish

2.

Immunoenhancement with combined rabies and aluminium-adjuvanted tetanus vaccines.

Author: PhanuphakP, KhaoplodP, SriwanthanaB, PhanpanichT, WonguraiS, RoumiantzeffM

immunoenhancement
vaccine efficacy increase

Combining tetanus toxoid with purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) in the 2-1-1 regimen significantly increased anti-rabies antibody levels, but only when aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed tetanus toxoid was used. This combination did not affect anti-tetanus antibody levels or increase side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Anti-rabies treatment of dog-bite victims in Lagos, Nigeria: trial of suckling mouse brain and fetal bovine kidney cell rabies vaccines.

Author: HarryT O, AdeigaA, AnyiwoC E, NasidiA

Prevents rabies
Generalized reactions
Local reactions

Suckling mouse brain (SMBV) and fetal bovine kidney (FBKV) rabies vaccines were equally efficacious and well tolerated in dog-bite victims.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Immunogenicity and safety in adults of a new chromatographically purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine (CPRV): a randomized, double-blind trial with purified Vero-cell rabies vaccine (PVRV).

Author: LangJ, CetreJ C, PicotN, LantaM, BriantaisP, VitalS, Le MenerV, LutschC, RotivelY

Rabies vaccination
Asthenia

A new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (CPRV) was found to be as immunogenic as purified Vero cell vaccine (PVRV) and associated with fewer systemic reactions in a randomized, double-blind study.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Immunogenicity and efficacy of Fermi-type nerve tissue rabies vaccine in mice and in humans undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies in Ethiopia.

Author: AyeleW, FekaduM, ZewdieB, BeyeneM, BogaleY, MochaK, EgziabherF G

Rabies prophylaxis

This study assessed the immunogenicity and efficacy of a Fermi-type rabies vaccine in mice and humans. In mice, the vaccine induced protective levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA). Booster doses did not significantly enhance the immune response. In humans, most patients receiving the vaccine had detectable VNA levels by day 14. The study provides the first documentation of the efficacy and immunogenicity of this specific rabies vaccine in both humans and mice.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Sex-differential non-specific effects of rabies vaccine in dogs: An extended analysis of a randomized controlled trial in a high-mortality population.

Author: KnobelDarryn L, AregaSintayehu M, ConanAnne

All-cause mortality

This study found a significant sex-specific effect of non-live rabies vaccination on all-cause mortality in a high-mortality dog population. Primary vaccination increased the hazard of death among females, while a second dose decreased the hazard among males. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific effects when evaluating vaccine efficacy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Non-specific effects of maternal and offspring rabies vaccination on mortality and antibiotic use in a Danish pig herd: A randomized trial.

Author: JensenKristoffer Jarlov, TolstrupLola Kathe, KnobelDarryn L, AabyPeter, JungersenGregers, LarsenLars Erik, KristensenCharlotte Sonne, BennChristine Stabell

Rabies vaccination
Non-specific effects

This study investigated the non-specific effects (NSE) of rabies vaccine in piglets, particularly the potential modifying effect of maternal priming with the vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Non-specific effects of rabies vaccine on the incidence of self-reported common infectious disease episodes: A randomized controlled trial.

Author: OditaChristianah I, ConanAnne, Smith-AntonyMarshalette, BatticeJuliet, EnglandShianne, BarryDonna, GessnerBradford D, KnobelDarryn L

This randomized controlled trial investigated whether a rabies vaccine could protect against other common infections. The results showed no significant difference in the incidence of common infections between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants. This suggests that the rabies vaccine does not offer broad protection against other infections.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Immunogenicity and safety of human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) vs. purified Vero cell vaccine (PVRV) vs. purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCECV) used in post-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: WangShi-Yuan, SunJin-Fang, LiuPei, LuoLi, LiJing-Xin, ZhuFeng-Cai, ShenXu-Xiang, MengFan-Yue

Rabies prevention
Adverse reactions

Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) was found to be safer than purified vero cell vaccine and PCECV in terms of adverse reactions. However, no significant difference was observed in terms of immunogenicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Non-specific effects of rabies vaccine on the incidence of self-reported common infectious disease episodes: A randomized controlled trial.

Author: OditaChristianah I, ConanAnne, Smith-AntonyMarshalette, BatticeJuliet, EnglandShianne, BarryDonna, GessnerBradford D, KnobelDarryn L

This randomized controlled trial investigated whether a rabies vaccine could protect against other common infections. The results showed no significant difference in the incidence of common infections between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants. This suggests that the rabies vaccine does not offer broad protection against other infections.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Sex-differential non-specific effects of rabies vaccine in dogs: An extended analysis of a randomized controlled trial in a high-mortality population.

Author: KnobelDarryn L, AregaSintayehu M, ConanAnne

All-cause mortality

This study found a significant sex-specific effect of non-live rabies vaccination on all-cause mortality in a high-mortality dog population. Primary vaccination increased the hazard of death among females, while a second dose decreased the hazard among males. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific effects when evaluating vaccine efficacy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Non-specific effects of rabies vaccine on the incidence of common infectious disease episodes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: KnobelDarryn, OditaChristianah Ibironke, ConanAnne, BarryDonna, Smith-AnthonyMarshalette, BatticeJuliet, EnglandShianne, GessnerBradford D

Disease prevention

This study aims to determine whether rabies vaccine reduces the incidence rate of common infectious disease syndromes in a population of veterinary students on the island of St. Kitts.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Immunostimulatory effects of polar glycopeptidolipids of Mycobacterium chelonae for inactivated rabies vaccine.

Author: de Souza MatosD C, MarcovistzR, NewayT, Vieira da SilvaA M, AlvesE N, PiletC

Immune response enhancement
Rabies vaccine adjuvant

This study examined the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a rabies vaccine associated with pGPL-Mc, a polar glycopeptidolipid extracted from Mycobacterium chelonae. The vaccine plus pGPL-Mc induced a significant increase in serum neutralizing activity and enhanced the vaccine potency.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Human diploid cell rabies vaccine purified by zonal centrifugation: a controlled study of antibody response and side effects following primary and booster pre-exposure immunizations.

Author: FishbeinD B, DreesenD W, HolmesD F, PacerR E, LeyA B, YagerP A, SumnerJ W, Reid-SandenF L, SanderlinD W, TongT C

Rabies antibody production
Allergic reactions

A purified human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) was found to be preferable to conventional HDCV for booster vaccination. It was equally immunogenic but caused fewer adverse reactions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Two-year comparative trial on the immunogenicity and adverse effects of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for pre-exposure immunization.

Author: DreesenD W, FishbeinD B, KempD T, BrownJ

Low cost
Rabies antibody production

A purified chick embryo cell (PCEC) rabies vaccine was comparable to the human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) in immunogenicity and reactogenicity but was less expensive.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Dose-response effects in immunizations with keyhole limpet haemocyanin and rabies vaccine: shift in some immunodeficiency states.

Author: KorverK, BoeschotenE W, KredietR T, van SteenisG, SchellekensP T

Patients with uraemic disease on chronic intermittent haemodialysis had a deficient primary antibody response to antigens, but this was reversed by using a supra-optimal antigen dose. This suggests that the dose-response curve of a particular antigen may be shifted towards higher doses of antigen in immunodeficiency states.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Effects of homologous or heterologous antiserum on neutralizing-antibody response to rabies vaccine.

Author: ArcherB G, DierksR E

Homologous antirabies serum
Serum sickness

Homologous antirabies serum produced slower antibody decline than heterologous serum in guinea pigs. When used with duck-embryo rabies vaccine, it suppressed or delayed vaccine response. However, with high potency suckling-mouse-brain vaccine, a response was seen even with high passive titres.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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