Effects of zolpidem: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Zolpidem is a hypnotic drug that has been shown to improve sleep onset and maintenance. 17 , 2 , 9 , 19 , 16 , 25 Zolpidem works by shortening sleep latency, increasing sleep efficiency, and reducing the number of awakenings during sleep, thereby improving sleep quality. 8 , 6 , 10 , 14 Zolpidem has also been shown to have a relatively small impact on memory and motor skills compared to other sleeping medications. 7 , , 23 However, zolpidem can cause dependence and tolerance, and long-term use should be avoided. 24 Additionally, zolpidem can affect cognitive and motor functions, so caution is advised when driving or operating machinery. 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 It is also important to avoid using zolpidem in combination with alcohol. In older adults, zolpidem may increase the risk of side effects. 2 , 19 Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid taking zolpidem.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Zolpidem improves sleep quality by shortening sleep latency, increasing sleep efficiency, and reducing the number of awakenings during sleep. Zolpidem has also been shown to have a relatively small impact on memory and motor skills compared to other sleeping medications. When taken for short periods, zolpidem is considered a relatively safe medication. 8 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 7 , , 23

Risk Summary

Zolpidem can cause dependence and tolerance, and long-term use should be avoided. Zolpidem can also affect cognitive and motor functions, so caution is advised when driving or operating machinery. It is important to avoid using zolpidem in combination with alcohol. Zolpidem may increase the risk of side effects in older adults. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid taking zolpidem. 24 , 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 , , 2 , 19

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities Between Studies

Multiple studies have shown that zolpidem can shorten sleep latency and improve sleep efficiency. 8 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 2 , 9 , 19 Additionally, zolpidem has been shown to have a relatively small impact on memory and motor skills compared to other sleeping medications. 7 , , 23

Differences Between Studies

The results on the side effects of zolpidem vary between studies. Some studies suggest that zolpidem can cause dependence and tolerance. 24 Furthermore, zolpidem has been found to affect cognitive and motor functions. 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 However, other studies have shown that zolpidem does not significantly affect memory or motor skills. 7 , , 23

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Zolpidem has been shown to improve sleep onset and efficiency. However, the results regarding its side effects vary between studies, and further research is needed. 8 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 2 , 9 , 19 , 24 , 21 , 3 , 13 , 15

Precautions for Real-life Applications

Zolpidem has been proven effective as a sleep medication, but it can cause dependence and tolerance. Long-term use should be avoided. Zolpidem can also impact cognitive and motor functions, so exercise caution when driving or operating machinery. Combining zolpidem with alcohol should be avoided. Zolpidem might increase the risk of side effects in older adults. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should abstain from taking zolpidem. 24 , 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 , , 2 , 19

Limitations of Current Research

Research on zolpidem is still considered incomplete. Specifically, long-term side effects remain unclear, and further research is necessary. 24 , 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 , , 2 , 19

Future Research Directions

More research is needed on long-term side effects, dependence, tolerance, and cognitive effects of zolpidem. 24 , 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 , , 2 , 19

Conclusion

Zolpidem has been shown to be effective in shortening sleep latency and improving sleep efficiency. However, it can cause dependence and tolerance, so long-term use should be avoided. Zolpidem can also affect cognitive and motor functions, so caution should be exercised when driving or operating machinery. Consult your doctor before considering taking zolpidem. 24 , 21 , 3 , 13 , 15 , , 2 , 19

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
6
Article Type
22
1
3
1
25
1.

[Contribution of zolpidem in the management of sleep disorders].

Author: LavoisyJ, ZivkovicB, BenavidesJ, PerraultG H, RobertP

Does not alter sleep architecture
Increases sleep time
Induces hypnotic effect
Dependence
Residual effects during the day
Tolerance

Zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, effectively improved sleep onset latency, reduced awakenings, and increased total sleep time. It had minimal impact on sleep architecture and showed a lower potential for tolerance and dependence than benzodiazepines.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

2.

Dose response effects of zolpidem in normal geriatric subjects.

Author: ScharfM B, MaylebenD W, KaffemanM, KrallR, OchsR

Decrease sleep latency
Improve sleep quality
Increase sleep efficiency
Decrease REM sleep

Zolpidem effectively improved sleep quality in elderly non-insomniac volunteers without significant adverse effects on memory or performance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Daytime wakefulness following a bedtime oral dose of zolpidem 20 mg, flunitrazepam 2 mg and placebo.

Author: BensimonG, ForetJ, WarotD, LacomblezL, ThiercelinJ F, SimonP

Improved sleep quality
Reduced daytime sleepiness

Zolpidem, a hypnotic drug, was found to be effective in improving sleep quality and was devoid of residual effects on cognitive function and psychomotor performance. Flunitrazepam, another hypnotic drug, was found to be associated with residual effects on cognitive function and psychomotor performance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

The dose effects of zolpidem on the sleep of healthy normals.

Author: MerlottiL, RoehrsT, KoshorekG, ZorickF, LamphereJ, RothT

Sleep latency reduction
Total sleep time increase
REM sleep reduction

Zolpidem is effective in inducing sleep at doses as low as 5.0 and 7.5 mg. In a study of 12 healthy males, zolpidem significantly decreased latency to persistent sleep and wake before sleep at these doses. Higher doses (7.5 mg and above) also significantly increased total sleep time. The only significant sleep stage effect was a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep at the 20 mg dose. No consistent discontinuation effects were found.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

The acute effects of zolpidem, administered alone and with alcohol, on cognitive and psychomotor function.

Author: WilkinsonC J

Alcohol potentiation
Impaired skills

The study found that alcohol did not appear to potentiate the effects of zolpidem on performance skills. Some additive effects of alcohol were seen with the lower 10-mg dose of zolpidem, but no nonadditive effects were found.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Effect of zolpidem on sleep in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled trial with polysomnographic recordings.

Author: BloisR, GaillardJ M, AttaliP, CoquelinJ P

Hypnotic effect
Amnesia
Drowsiness

Zolpidem had minimal effects on polysomnographic variables in healthy young adults with normal sleep patterns. It exhibited a trend toward a hypnotic effect and slight transient inhibition of paradoxical sleep at the highest dose. There were no significant disruptions to sleep architecture, and adverse effects were limited to daytime drowsiness and one amnesic episode.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Comparison of the effects of zolpidem and triazolam on memory functions, psychomotor performances, and postural sway in healthy subjects.

Author: BerlinI, WarotD, HerguetaT, MolinierP, BagotC, PuechA J

Treats insomnia
Decreased psychomotor performance
Impaired memory
Increased postural sway

Zolpidem and triazolam, both hypnotic drugs, impaired memory and psychomotor performance, and increased postural sway in 18 healthy subjects. However, these effects were short-lasting.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Zolpidem, triazolam, and temazepam: behavioral and subject-rated effects in normal volunteers.

Author: RushC R, GriffithsR R

Learning impairment
Performance impairment
Recall impairment

This study compared the effects of zolpidem, triazolam, and temazepam on learning, recall, and performance in 11 healthy volunteers. All three drugs produced dose- and time-dependent impairments in cognitive function, with zolpidem having a faster onset of action than the other two. Despite zolpidem's unique benzodiazepine receptor-binding profile, its behavioral and subjective effects were similar to those of triazolam and temazepam. This suggests that zolpidem's efficacy and safety profile may be similar to other benzodiazepines.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

Zolpidem in the treatment of short-term insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Author: DockhornR J, DockhornD W

Improved sleep quality
Insomnia treatment
Stress-induced insomnia

Zolpidem was more effective than placebo in improving sleep quality in patients with short-term insomnia related to stress. The drug was well tolerated, with no significant changes in mood or side effects compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Evaluation of zolpidem, triazolam, and placebo as hypnotic drugs the night before surgery.

Author: MorganP J, ChapadosR, ChungF F, GauthierM, KnoxJ W, Le LorierJ

Easier falling asleep
Improved sleep latency
Improved total sleep time
Reduced wakefulness

Zolpidem (10 mg) was as effective as triazolam (0.25 mg) in treating transient insomnia. Both drugs were more effective than placebo and were well tolerated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Effects of alcohol, zolpidem, and some other sedatives and hypnotics on human performance and memory.

Author: MattilaM J, VanakoskiJ, KalskaH, SeppäläT

Cognitive impairment
Memory impairment
Psychomotor impairment

Zolpidem, a hypnotic drug, impairs cognitive and psychomotor skills more than other hypnotics, including diazepam, oxazepam, and zopiclone. It may have less detrimental effects on memory than diazepam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Zolpidem 10 mg given at daytime is not antagonized by 300 mg caffeine in man.

Author: MattilaM J, NurminenM L, VainioP, VanakoskiJ

Caffeine doesn't counteract zolpidem

Two studies found that caffeine does not counteract the sedative effects of zolpidem in pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic terms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

A comparison of the residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem following administration 5 to 2 h before awakening.

Author: DanjouP, PatyI, FruncilloR, WorthingtonP, UnruhM, CevallosW, MartinP

No residual effects

Zaleplon 10 mg is free of residual hypnotic or sedative effects when administered nocturnally as little as 2 hours before waking, while zolpidem 10 mg shows significant residual effects up to 5 hours after administration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Comparison of the effects of zolpidem and triazolam on nocturnal sleep and sleep latency in the morning: a cross-over study in healthy young volunteers.

Author: KannoO, SasakiT, WatanabeH, TakazawaS, NakagomeK, NakajimaT, IchikawaI, AkahoR, SuzukiM

Improved sleep quality
Mood changes
Withdrawal effects

This crossover study compared the effects of zolpidem (ZPD, 10 mg) and triazolam (TRZ, 0.25 mg) on sleep in healthy young subjects. ZPD increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) on the first night, while TRZ increased stage 2 sleep and decreased REM sleep. TRZ withdrawal was associated with increased wakefulness and REM sleep, while ZPD did not affect sleep latency.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

The effects of zolpidem and zopiclone on daytime sleepiness and psychomotor performance.

Author: UchiumiM, IsawaS, SuzukiM, MurasakiM

reduced residual effects
sleep improvement
behavioral side effects

Zolpidem (ZLP) has a faster onset of action than zopiclone (ZPC), but it has less of a residual effect on daytime sleepiness and psychomotor function. ZLP also has a higher incidence of severe behavioral side effects than ZPC.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

16.

[Zolpidem (ivadal) treatment of sleep disorders].

Author: AleksandrovskiĭIu A, AndrosovaV V

Dyssomnia treatment

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of zolpidem, a sleep medication, in patients with various types of insomnia. The results showed that zolpidem was highly effective in improving sleep quality and well-tolerated, with no observed side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Russian

17.

Acute neurophysiological effects of the hypnotic zolpidem in healthy volunteers.

Author: LucchesiLígia M, BragaNadia I de O, ManzanoGilberto M, PompéiaSabine, TufikSergio

Improved sleep
Brain changes
Sedation

Zolpidem, a hypnotic drug, showed similar effects to other sedative/hypnotic drugs on N2 and P3 amplitudes and latencies. However, an unexpected increase in P2 amplitude was observed, which may be related to its selective receptor binding profile.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

A double-blind, placebo- and flurazepam-controlled investigation of the residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of modified release zolpidem in young healthy volunteers.

Author: BlinOlivier, MicallefJoëlle, AudebertChristine, LegangneuxEric

Sleep quality improvement
Residual cognitive effects

This phase I study investigated the residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of a single oral dose of zolpidem-MR 12.5 mg in healthy young adults. Zolpidem-MR was found to have minimal residual effects and a beneficial effect on sleep quality.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of zolpidem-MR in healthy elderly volunteers.

Author: HindmarchIan, LegangneuxEric, StanleyNeil, EmegboSteve, DawsonJean

Improved sleep quality
No residual impairment

The study compared the residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of zolpidem-MR with placebo and flurazepam in healthy elderly volunteers. The results showed that zolpidem-MR did not impair psychomotor or cognitive performance, while flurazepam significantly impaired performance. Both zolpidem-MR and flurazepam improved sleep quality, but neither active drug modified perception of well-being on awakening.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

A therapeutic dose of zolpidem reduces thalamic GABA in healthy volunteers: a proton MRS study at 4 T.

Author: LicataStephanie C, JensenJ Eric, PenetarDavid M, PrescotAndrew P, LukasScott E, RenshawPerry F

Sleep improvement

Zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, acts on GABA(A) receptors but its specific effects on neurochemistry are not fully understood.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

21.

Zolpidem and zopiclone impair similarly monotonous driving performance after a single nighttime intake in aged subjects.

Author: BoccaMarie-Laure, MarieSullivan, Lelong-BoulouardVéronique, BertranFrançoise, CouqueColette, DesfemmesTsellina, BerthelonCatherine, AmatoJean-Noel, MoessingerMichèle, Paillet-LoilierMagalie, CoquerelAntoine, DenisePierre

Impaired driving

This study found that both zolpidem and zopiclone impaired driving performance the morning after a single nighttime dose in older middle-aged drivers. Zolpidem was associated with a significant impairment of subjective alertness. This is the first study to show residual effects of zolpidem on driving performance in older drivers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

22.

A double-blind, randomized, comparative study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of zaleplon versus zolpidem in shortening sleep latency in primary insomnia.

Author: HuangYu-Shu, HsuShih-Chieh, LiuShen-Ing, ChenChih-Ken

Insomnia treatment

This study compares the effectiveness and safety of non-benzodiazepine sleep medications zaleplon and zolpidem in patients with primary insomnia. Non-benzodiazepines are known to have fewer adverse effects compared to benzodiazepines, making them an attractive option for insomnia treatment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

The acute cognitive effects of zopiclone, zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: StranksElizabeth K, CroweSimon F

Insomnia treatment
Cognitive impairment

Z-drugs like zopiclone and zolpidem can affect cognitive function, particularly verbal memory and attention, in healthy adults.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

24.

Zolpidem stimulant effect: Induced mania case report and systematic review of cases.

Author: SabeM, KashefH, GironiC, SentissiO

Addictive potential
Drug-induced mania

This systematic review found limited evidence for zolpidem-induced stimulation, euphoric, or manic effects. While zolpidem is known for its addictive potential and various side effects, there is still extremely rare evidence for drug-induced mania.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

25.

More than a quarter century of the most prescribed sleeping pill: Systematic review of zolpidem use by older adults.

Author: MachadoFlávio V, LouzadaLuciana L, CrossNathan E, CamargosEinstein F, Dang-VuThien Thanh, NóbregaOtávio T

Increased sleep time
Insomnia treatment
Reduced sleep latency
Daytime sleepiness
Falls
Fractures

Zolpidem is a medication used to treat insomnia in older adults. This review found that zolpidem can be effective at reducing sleep latency and increasing total sleep time. However, there is limited evidence regarding the long-term safety of zolpidem in older adults, and more research is needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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