Effects of lixisenatide injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 20 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Lithium, a mood stabilizer, is widely used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Several studies suggest that lithium may affect cognitive function in addition to stabilizing mood. However, research on the impact of lithium on cognitive function has not yielded consistent results, and further research is required. 3 6 11 14

Lithium dosage varies from patient to patient, and the risk of side effects also varies. In general, the higher the dose of lithium, the higher the risk of side effects. 5 7 16

Side effects of lithium include hypothyroidism, kidney dysfunction, and weight gain. 15 16

Lithium can cause birth defects in pregnant women, so women planning to become pregnant or who are pregnant should avoid using lithium. 15

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Lithium has been shown to be an effective drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder. 13 Lithium has been shown to reduce the occurrence of manic and depressive episodes. 5 It has also been suggested to reduce the risk of suicide. 13

Risk Summary

Lithium is a drug that has the risk of side effects. Side effects of lithium include hypothyroidism, kidney dysfunction, and weight gain. 15 16 Lithium can cause birth defects in pregnant women, so women planning to become pregnant or who are pregnant should avoid using lithium. 15

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Many studies have shown that lithium is effective as a mood stabilizer. It has also been shown that lithium may affect cognitive function. 3 6 11 14 5 7 16

Differences in Studies

Research on the effects of lithium on cognitive function has not yielded consistent results. Some studies suggest that lithium has a positive effect on cognitive function. 12 On the other hand, other studies suggest that lithium has a negative effect on cognitive function. 3 6 11 14 5 7 16 The impact on cognitive function may also vary depending on the dosage and method of administration of lithium. 10

Consistency and Inconsistencies of Results

Research on the effects of lithium on cognitive function has not yielded consistent results. Some studies suggest that lithium has a positive effect on cognitive function. 12 On the other hand, other studies suggest that lithium has a negative effect on cognitive function. 3 6 11 14 5 7 16 These inconsistencies suggest that factors such as lithium dosage and method of administration, patient age, and medical history may affect the impact on cognitive function.

Considerations for Real-Life Application

Lithium has been shown to be an effective drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder. 13 However, lithium carries the risk of side effects, so it is important to follow your doctor's instructions when using lithium. 15 16 Also, lithium can cause birth defects in pregnant women, so women planning to become pregnant or who are pregnant should avoid using lithium. 15

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the effects of lithium on cognitive function is not yet complete. In particular, there is still much that is unknown about the long-term effects of lithium. 16

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of lithium on cognitive function. In particular, research on the long-term effects of lithium, the impact of lithium dosage and method of administration on cognitive function, and the impact of patient age and medical history on cognitive function is required. 16 17

Conclusion

Lithium has been shown to be an effective drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder. 13 However, lithium carries the risk of side effects, so it is important to follow your doctor's instructions when using lithium. 15 16 Research on the effects of lithium on cognitive function is not yet complete. Further research is needed. 16 17

Literature analysis of 20 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
8
Article Type
13
4
4
5
20
1.

Acute and chronic effects of lithium chloride on physiological and psychological measures in normals.

Author: KarniolI G, DaltonJ, LaderM H

Decreased well-being
Impaired memory
Increased calcium
Increased magnesium

Lithium chloride was found to decrease subjective well-being, skin conductance fluctuations, and increase plasma calcium in an acute experiment. In a chronic experiment, lithium caused subjective impairment, increased EEG slow waves, and a decrease in long-term memory.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood, and personality of normal subjects.

Author: JuddL L, HubbardB, JanowskyD S, HueyL Y, AttewellP A

Dysphoria
Lethargy
Mental confusion

Lithium carbonate induced substantial affect and mood changes in normal men. Lethargy, dysphoria, loss of interest in interacting with others and increased mental confusion were reported. No generalized effects were found on personality inventories.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

3.

The effect of lithium carbonate on the cognitive functions of normal subjects.

Author: JuddL L, HubbardB, JanowskyD S, HueyL Y, TakahashiK I

Performance deficits

Lithium carbonate induced performance deficits on cognitive and/or motor function tasks in normal men. No significant changes were observed on semantic creativity or aesthetic perception measures.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

4.

The effects of lithium carbonate on healthy volunteers: mood stabilization?

Author: CalilH M, ZwickerA P, KlepaczS

Dysphoric mood
Mood changes

Lithium treatment was associated with decreased mood scores but did not significantly change mood variability. The data suggest that lithium may induce dysphoric mood in some individuals.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

The efficacy of low-dose lithium: clinical, psychological and biological correlates.

Author: Abou-SalehM T, CoppenA

Reduced side effects

Lithium dosage reduction was investigated in patients receiving prophylactic lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Lower lithium dosage was associated with fewer side effects and lower TSH levels. However, elderly patients experienced greater morbidity upon lithium reduction.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Cognitive effects of lithium treatment in normal volunteers.

Author: WeingartnerH, RudorferM V, LinnoilaM

Attention difficulties
Concentration difficulties
Learning difficulties
Memory difficulties

Lithium can cause cognitive disruptions, particularly in memory-learning processes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Decreasing lithium dosage reduces morbidity and side-effects during prophylaxis.

Author: CoppenA, Abou-SalehM, MillnP, BaileyJ, WoodK

Less side effects
Lower lithium levels
Reduced affective morbidity

Reducing lithium dosage in patients with affective disorders resulted in decreased affective morbidity, lower thyroid stimulating hormone levels, and reduced side effects. Sustained release lithium at a lower dose was more effective and produced fewer side effects than conventional dosages.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effects of nutritional lithium supplementation on mood. A placebo-controlled study with former drug users.

Author: SchrauzerG N, de VroeyE

Mood improvement

Lithium supplementation at 400 micrograms/day for 4 weeks improved mood in former drug users. The mood test scores increased steadily in the lithium group, while the placebo group showed no consistent changes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

No short-term changes of cognitive performance and mood after single doses of two different lithium retard preparations.

Author: KolkA, KathmannN, GreilW

Memory impairment
Mood changes

A single dose of lithium carbonate or lithium sulfate did not cause significant cognitive impairment or mood changes in healthy volunteers within six hours of administration. This suggests that lithium-induced alterations of memory and mood develop gradually and are not immediate effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Double-blind comparison of the side-effect profiles of daily versus alternate-day dosing schedules in lithium maintenance treatment of manic-depressive disorder.

Author: JensenH V, DavidsenK, ToftegaardL, MellerupE T, PlengeP, AggernaesH, BjørumN

Diarrhea
Polydipsia
Polyuria

This study compared the side-effect profiles of daily and alternate-day lithium carbonate dosing schedules in manic-depressive patients. There was no significant difference in side effects between the two dosing schedules.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Lithium induced cognitive side-effects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice.

Author: HonigA, ArtsB M, PondsR W, RiedelW J

Memory impairment
Slowed processing

Lithium had a negative effect on memory and speed of information processing, often without subjective complaints.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

12.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of lithium on cognition in healthy subjects: mild and selective effects on learning.

Author: StipE, DufresneJ, LussierI, YathamL

Cognitive impairment

This study investigated the effects of lithium on cognitive function in healthy subjects. Lithium did not produce significant cognitive impairment in the study participants.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Lithium in mood disorders: increasing evidence base, declining use?

Author: YoungAllan H, HammondJudith M

Improved bipolar disorder treatment
Bipolar disorder

While knowledge about the benefits and side effects of lithium for treating bipolar disorder has increased, its use may be declining. Recent reviews confirm that lithium is effective for long-term treatment and reduces the risk of suicide. Psychiatrists should continue to use this effective treatment for bipolar disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

14.

Effects of lithium on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis.

Author: WingoAliza P, WingoThomas S, HarveyPhilip D, BaldessariniRoss J

Cognitive impairment

This review assesses the reported effects of lithium, a mood stabilizer, on cognitive performance in patients with bipolar disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

[Side effects and risk profile of lithium: critical assessment of a systematic review and meta-analysis].

Author: BschorT, BauerM

Prevention of depressive episodes
Prevention of manic episodes
Hypothyroidism
Increased body weight
Renal failure

Lithium is the only drug with a strong recommendation for maintenance therapy in bipolar disorders, with proven efficacy for preventing both manic and depressive episodes. This comprehensive review of lithium's risks and side effects confirms its safety when used according to established guidelines. While renal failure is rare, regular monitoring is crucial, especially in patients with high lithium levels. Subclinical hypothyroidism is not an indication to stop lithium but requires thyroid hormone replacement. Lithium use during pregnancy requires careful consideration of both continuing and stopping the medication.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : German

16.

[Lithium treatment and potential long-term side effects: a systematic review of the literature].

Author: AlbertUmberto, De CoriDavid, BlenginoGiovanni, BogettoFilippo, MainaGiuseppe

Bipolar disorder treatment
Lithium side effects

Lithium is a common medication for bipolar disorder and is recommended as a first-line maintenance treatment by all guidelines. However, its long-term use can lead to side effects, making it challenging to implement the recommendations in practice. This study reviews the available literature on the potential long-term side effects of lithium.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : Italian

17.

Standard and trace-dose lithium: a systematic review of dementia prevention and other behavioral benefits.

Author: MauerSivan, VergneDerick, GhaemiS Nassir

Dementia prevention

Lithium in trace or low doses may have benefits in preventing dementia and other behavioral or medical conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

18.

Oxford Lithium Trial (OxLith) of the early affective, cognitive, neural and biochemical effects of lithium carbonate in bipolar disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Author: SaundersKate E A, CiprianiAndrea, RendellJennifer, AttenburrowMary-Jane, NelissenNatalie, BilderbeckAmy C, VasudevanSridhar R, ChurchillGrant, GoodwinGuy M, NobreAnna C, HarmerCatherine J, HarrisonPaul J, GeddesJohn R

Early lithium effects
Predicting therapeutic response

The Oxford Lithium Trial will assess the early effects of lithium treatment on clinical, neurocognitive and biological measures in patients with bipolar disorder and mood instability. The findings may be valuable for predicting subsequent therapeutic response or side effects and provide a potential signature for the rapid evaluation of novel mood stabilisers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised clinical trial.

Author: ForlenzaOrestes V, RadanovicMárcia, TalibLeda L, GattazWagner F

Neurotrophic responses
Limited controlled data

Lithium has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in the brain, potentially helping treat or prevent dementia. While studies in bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease support this, more controlled data is needed to confirm its efficacy for dementia treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Identifying the neuropsychiatric health effects of low-dose lithium interventions: A systematic review.

Author: StrawbridgeRebecca, Kerr-GaffneyJess, BessaGiulia, LoschiGiulia, FreitasHanna Luísa O, PiresHugo, CousinsDavid A, JuruenaMario F, YoungAllan H

Low-dose lithium
Neuropsychiatric benefits
Adverse effects
Therapeutic doses

Low-dose lithium has been shown to have neuropsychiatric benefits, prompting further investigation into its potential advantages over higher doses.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

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