Effects of tamoxifen: A Synthesis of Findings from 33 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Tamoxifen is a widely used drug in medical oncology, primarily for the treatment of breast cancer, but also for second-line treatment of endometrial cancer. 2 It has been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease. 16 However, long-term use of tamoxifen can increase the risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolism. 2 22 suggests that applying 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel directly to the breast skin could be an alternative method for treating breast cancer, potentially reducing the adverse effects associated with oral administration.

Research has shown that tamoxifen can have a significant impact on cardiovascular risk factors. 14 5 found that tamoxifen therapy was associated with favorable changes in cardiovascular risk factors, including lower rates of myocardial infarction and hospitalization for heart disease. However, the impact of tamoxifen on cardiovascular health in women with pre-existing heart disease requires further investigation. Additionally, 26 suggests that tamoxifen's estrogenic effects could potentially interfere with the effectiveness of anastrozole, another breast cancer treatment, when used in combination.

Studies also explore the effects of tamoxifen on other health aspects. 1 found that tamoxifen treatment can lead to various symptoms, such as hot flashes and gynecological issues, which may impact long-term compliance. 7 indicates that tamoxifen can lower serum cholesterol levels in women with breast cancer. Furthermore, 8 examines the effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density, highlighting the potential long-term impact on estrogen-sensitive tissues.

Benefits and risks

Benefit summary

Tamoxifen is an effective treatment for breast cancer, and it can also reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk individuals. 16 10 indicates that tamoxifen therapy provides significant benefits to patients with early-stage breast cancer, reducing the risk of recurrence. 3 highlights the efficacy of tamoxifen in prolonging disease-free survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer.

Risk summary

Tamoxifen can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer and thromboembolism. 2 15 demonstrates that anastrozole could potentially offer a safer alternative to tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer. Tamoxifen can also cause various side effects such as hot flashes and other gynecological issues. 1 Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of tamoxifen on the cardiovascular system and bone density. 14 8

Comparison between studies

Commonalities among studies

These studies share a common goal of investigating the effects and safety of tamoxifen in various contexts, including its use in treating and preventing breast cancer. Most studies demonstrate the efficacy of tamoxifen in treating breast cancer, but they also highlight potential risks associated with its use.

Differences among studies

The studies vary in their scope, research focus, and methodologies. For example, 22 investigates the efficacy of topical 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel as an alternative to oral tamoxifen, while 15 compares the safety and efficacy of anastrozole with tamoxifen. 3 focuses on the effectiveness of tamoxifen in patients with node-negative breast cancer, while 7 examines the impact of tamoxifen on serum cholesterol levels.

Consistency and inconsistencies in the findings

While numerous studies confirm the efficacy of tamoxifen in treating and preventing breast cancer, the risks associated with its use remain a concern. The potential for endometrial cancer, thromboembolism, and various side effects requires careful consideration. 2 1

Points to consider regarding application in real life

Tamoxifen is a valuable tool in the treatment of breast cancer. However, before starting any tamoxifen treatment, it's essential to weigh the potential benefits against the risks. Patients should discuss the potential side effects and risks with their doctors and consider alternative treatments, such as anastrozole, which may offer similar benefits with fewer side effects. 15

Limitations of current research

Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of tamoxifen, particularly its impact on the cardiovascular system and bone density. 14 8 Additionally, the development of safer and more effective alternatives to tamoxifen is an ongoing area of research.

Future directions for research

Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of tamoxifen, particularly its impact on cardiovascular health and bone density. 14 8 Research into developing safer and more effective alternative treatments for breast cancer is also crucial. 15

Conclusion

Tamoxifen is an effective treatment for breast cancer. However, the potential risks associated with its use, such as endometrial cancer and thromboembolism, require careful consideration. 2 15

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Disease-free survival
1
Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial cancer treatment
2
Disease-free survival
Low toxicity
Treatment failure reduction
3
Reduced cardiovascular risk
5
Complementary effects
6
Breast cancer treatment
Cholesterol reduction
7
Tamoxifen for bone loss
8
Tamoxifen for breast cancer
9
Breast cancer
Tamoxifen therapy
10
Reduced risks
Reduced side effects
11
Reduced breast cancer incidence
12
Breast cancer treatment
Estradiol level reduction
13
Breast cancer prevention
14
Breast cancer treatment
15
Breast cancer prevention
16
Breast cancer
Chemoprevention
17
Breast cancer treatment
18
Reduce breast cancer risk
19
Targeted tamoxifen delivery
20
Reduced endometrial cancer
Reduced endometrial hyperplasia
21
Breast cancer prevention
22
Endometrial cancer risk reduction
23
Effective breast cancer treatment
24
Breast cancer
25
Breast cancer treatment
26
Anti-cancer effect
27
Breast cancer prevention
28
Breast cancer chemoprevention
29
Breast cancer treatment
Lung cancer reduction
30
Lp(a) reduction
31
Breast cancer treatment
32
Reduced breast cancer mortality
Reduced contralateral breast cancer
Reduced lung cancer
33
Risk Keywords
Gynecological symptoms
Vasomotor symptoms
1
Endometrial cancer risk
2
No survival advantage
3
Bone loss in premenopausal women
8
Radiation-induced fibrosis
9
Adverse effects
10
Attenuated benefits
11
Endometrial cancer
Venous thromboembolic events
12
Cardiovascular risk
14
Endometrial cancer
Thromboembolic disorders
15
Increased endometrial cancer risk
Increased thromboembolic events
16
Endometrial cancer
Venous thromboembolic events
17
HER2 overexpression
18
Endometrial tumors
Venous thromboembolism
19
Adverse effects
20
Increased venous thromboembolism
21
Endometrial cancer
Hot flushes
Thromboembolism
22
Endometrial cancer risk
Thromboembolic events
24
Uterine abnormalities
25
Estrogenic effects
Pharmacokinetic interactions
26
Adverse effects
27
Side effects
28
Endometrial cancer
30
Increased endometrial cancer
33
Literature analysis of 33 papers
Positive Content
31
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
30
2
2
1
33
1.

Symptoms associated with tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women.

Author: LoveR R, CameronL, ConnellB L, LeventhalH

Disease-free survival
Gynecological symptoms
Vasomotor symptoms

Tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer was associated with significant perceived symptom 'cost', including vasomotor symptoms and gynecologic symptoms, potentially compromising long-term compliance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Effects of tamoxifen on the female genital tract.

Author: FornanderT, RutqvistL E, WilkingN

Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial cancer treatment
Endometrial cancer risk

Long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy was associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer, highlighting the estrogenic effects of the drug in the female genital tract. While the benefits of tamoxifen for adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer outweigh the risk, its use for benign indications may be limited.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

A randomized clinical trial evaluating tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen-receptor-positive tumors.

Author: FisherB, CostantinoJ, RedmondC, PoissonR, BowmanD, CoutureJ, DimitrovN V, WolmarkN, WickerhamD L, FisherE R

Disease-free survival
Low toxicity
Treatment failure reduction
No survival advantage

Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogen drug, was studied in a randomized trial of 2644 patients with breast cancer. While tamoxifen did not improve overall survival, it significantly prolonged disease-free survival, particularly in patients under 50 years old. It reduced the rate of treatment failure at local and distant sites.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Thyroid function test changes with adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

Author: MambyC C, LoveR R, LeeK E

Tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women resulted in increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), leading to secondary increases in measured thyroxine uptake (T-Uptake) and thyroxine (T4). However, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 index (FTI) levels remained unchanged, suggesting that treated women remain eumetabolic.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Effects of tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women after 5 years of treatment.

Author: LoveR R, WiebeD A, FeyziJ M, NewcombP A, ChappellR J

Reduced cardiovascular risk

Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer was found to have favorable changes in cardiovascular risk factors and lower rates of myocardial infarction and hospitalization for heart disease in tamoxifen-treated women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Randomized comparison of the effects of tamoxifen, megestrol acetate, or tamoxifen plus megestrol acetate on treatment response and survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Author: GillP G, GebskiV, SnyderR, BurnsI, LeviJ, ByrneM, CoatesA

Complementary effects

The study investigated the effects of tamoxifen, megestrol acetate, and their combination in treating metastatic breast cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Tamoxifen and toremifene lower serum cholesterol by inhibition of delta 8-cholesterol conversion to lathosterol in women with breast cancer.

Author: GyllingH, PyrhönenS, MäntyläE, MäenpääH, KangasL, MiettinenT A

Breast cancer treatment
Cholesterol reduction

Tamoxifen and toremifene, both antiestrogens, significantly reduced serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels after 12 months of treatment with no change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or serum triglyceride levels. Both drugs inhibit the conversion of delta 8-cholestenol to lathosterol, downregulating cholesterol synthesis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effect of tamoxifen on bone mineral density measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Author: PowlesT J, HickishT, KanisJ A, TidyA, AshleyS

Tamoxifen for bone loss
Bone loss in premenopausal women

Tamoxifen treatment is associated with a significant loss of BMD in premenopausal women, whereas it prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Radiotherapy-related lung fibrosis enhanced by tamoxifen.

Author: BentzenS M, SkoczylasJ Z, OvergaardM, OvergaardJ

Tamoxifen for breast cancer
Radiation-induced fibrosis

This abstract discusses the nonhormonal effect of tamoxifen, an anti-estrogen, which is the induction of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) secretion. TGF-beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced fibrosis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Five versus more than five years of tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer patients with negative lymph nodes and estrogen receptor-positive tumors.

Author: FisherB, DignamJ, BryantJ, DeCillisA, WickerhamD L, WolmarkN, CostantinoJ, RedmondC, FisherE R, BowmanD M, DeschênesL, DimitrovN V, MargoleseR G, RobidouxA, ShibataH, TerzJ, PatersonA H, FeldmanM I, FarrarW, EvansJ, LickleyH L

Breast cancer
Tamoxifen therapy
Adverse effects

Tamoxifen therapy provided substantial benefit to patients with early stage breast cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Effect of tamoxifen and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in a prevention trial. Italian Chemoprevention Group.

Author: DecensiA, RobertsonC, RotmenszN, SeveriG, MaisonneuveP, SacchiniV, BoyleP, CostaA, VeronesiU

Reduced risks
Reduced side effects
Attenuated benefits

Tamoxifen's beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors were not altered in women currently using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, starting transdermal HRT while on tamoxifen may attenuate these benefits. These findings suggest that tamoxifen can be safely used in women currently on HRT, but caution is needed when starting HRT while on tamoxifen.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Biologic activity of tamoxifen at low doses in healthy women.

Author: DecensiA, BonanniB, Guerrieri-GonzagaA, GandiniS, RobertsonC, JohanssonH, TravagliniR, SandriM T, TessadrelliA, FaranteG, SalinaroF, BettegaD, BarrecaA, BoyleP, CostaA, VeronesiU

Reduced breast cancer incidence
Endometrial cancer
Venous thromboembolic events

This study investigated the effect of tamoxifen at doses lower than those currently used on biomarkers related to breast cancer prevention and potential adverse effects, such as endometrial cancer and venous thromboembolic events.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Combined treatment with buserelin and tamoxifen in premenopausal metastatic breast cancer: a randomized study.

Author: KlijnJ G, BeexL V, MauriacL, van ZijlJ A, VeyretC, WildiersJ, JassemJ, PiccartM, BurghoutsJ, BecquartD, SeynaeveC, MignoletF, DuchateauL

Breast cancer treatment
Estradiol level reduction

Combining estrogen suppression with buserelin and estradiol receptor blockade with tamoxifen reduced the high estradiol levels induced by tamoxifen, potentially improving antitumor effects in premenopausal women with breast cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without heart disease: breast cancer prevention trial. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Investigators.

Author: ReisS E, CostantinoJ P, WickerhamD L, Tan-ChiuE, WangJ, KavanahM

Breast cancer prevention
Cardiovascular risk

The cardiovascular effects of tamoxifen in women with and without coronary heart disease (CHD) are being investigated in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT). This trial is crucial to understand the overall effect of prophylactic tamoxifen, balancing its benefits in preventing breast cancer with potential cardiovascular risks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

15.

Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial.

Author: BaumM, BudzarA U, CuzickJ, ForbesJ, HoughtonJ H, KlijnJ G M, SahmoudT,

Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial cancer
Thromboembolic disorders

Tamoxifen is an established treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer. This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of tamoxifen with anastrozole alone and in combination.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

First results from the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study (IBIS-I): a randomised prevention trial.

Author: CuzickJ, ForbesJ, EdwardsR, BaumM, CawthornS, CoatesA, HamedA, HowellA, PowlesT,

Breast cancer prevention
Increased endometrial cancer risk
Increased thromboembolic events

Prophylactic tamoxifen reduces the risk of breast cancer by approximately 32% in women at increased risk. However, it is associated with a significant increase in thromboembolic events, particularly after surgery, and a non-significant increase in endometrial cancer. While mortality from non-breast-cancer causes is not increased, the overall risk to benefit ratio for the use of tamoxifen in prevention remains unclear.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Italian randomized trial among women with hysterectomy: tamoxifen and hormone-dependent breast cancer in high-risk women.

Author: VeronesiUmberto, MaisonneuvePatrick, RotmenszNicole, CostaAlberto, SacchiniVirgilio, TravagliniRoberto, D'AiutoGiuseppe, LovisonFrancesco, GucciardoGiacomo, MuracaMaria Grazia, PizzichettaMaria Antonietta, ConfortiSerafino, DecensiAndrea, RobertsonChris, BoylePeter,

Breast cancer
Chemoprevention
Endometrial cancer
Venous thromboembolic events

Tamoxifen is effective in reducing the incidence of breast cancer in women at high risk of estrogen receptor-positive tumors, particularly those with hormone-related risk factors. However, it also increases the risk of endometrial cancer and venous thromboembolic events.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Twenty-year results of the Naples GUN randomized trial: predictive factors of adjuvant tamoxifen efficacy in early breast cancer.

Author: De PlacidoSabino, De LaurentiisMichelino, CarlomagnoChiara, GalloCiro, PerroneFranco, PepeStefano, RuggieroAngela, MarinelliAlfredo, PagliaruloClorindo, PanicoLuigi, PettinatoGuido, PetrellaGiuseppe, BiancoAngelo Raffaele

Breast cancer treatment
HER2 overexpression

HER2 overexpression in breast cancer was associated with a lack of benefit from tamoxifen therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

A randomized trial of low-dose tamoxifen on breast cancer proliferation and blood estrogenic biomarkers.

Author: DecensiAndrea, RobertsonChris, VialeGiuseppe, PigattoFrancesca, JohanssonHarriet, KisangaElton R, VeronesiPaolo, TorrisiRosalba, CazzanigaMassimiliano, MoraSerena, SandriMaria T, PelosiGiuseppe, LuiniAlberto, GoldhirschAron, LienErnst A, VeronesiUmberto

Reduce breast cancer risk
Endometrial tumors
Venous thromboembolism

This study compared the effects of different doses of tamoxifen (1 mg/day, 5 mg/day, and 20 mg/day) on breast cancer proliferation, using a surrogate endpoint marker (Ki-67 expression) and blood biomarkers associated with breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and bone fracture risk.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Tamoxifen and metabolite concentrations in serum and breast cancer tissue during three dose regimens in a randomized preoperative trial.

Author: KisangaElton R, GjerdeJennifer, Guerrieri-GonzagaAliana, PigattoFrancesca, Pesci-FeltriAdriana, RobertsonChris, SerranoDavide, PelosiGiuseppe, DecensiAndrea, LienErnst A

Targeted tamoxifen delivery
Adverse effects

This study investigated the concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites in serum, normal breast, and breast cancer tissues during different dosage regimens. It also examined the effects of tamoxifen on cancer proliferation and sex hormone-binding globulin.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Safety and adverse effects associated with raloxifene: multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation.

Author: GradyDeborah, EttingerBruce, MoscarelliElena, PlouffeLeo, SarkarSomnath, CiacciaAngelina, CummingsSteven,

Reduced endometrial cancer
Reduced endometrial hyperplasia
Increased venous thromboembolism

Raloxifene was associated with an increased risk for venous thromboembolism, but there was no increased risk for cataracts, gallbladder disease, endometrial hyperplasia, or endometrial cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Neoadjuvant percutaneous 4-hydroxytamoxifen decreases breast tumoral cell proliferation: a prospective controlled randomized study comparing three doses of 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel to oral tamoxifen.

Author: RouanetPhilippe, Linares-CruzGustavo, DravetFrançois, PoujolSylvain, GourgouSophie, Simony-LafontaineJoelle, GrenierJean, KramarAndrew, GiraultJean, Le NestourElisabeth, MaudelondeThierry

Breast cancer prevention
Endometrial cancer
Hot flushes
Thromboembolism

This randomized study evaluated the efficacy of percutaneously administered 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) gel in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation compared to oral tamoxifen.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

The ATAC ('Arimidex', Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) adjuvant breast cancer trial: first results of the endometrial sub-protocol following 2 years of treatment.

Author: DuffyS, JacksonT L, LansdownM, PhilipsK, WellsM, PollardS, ClackG, CoibionM, BiancoA R

Endometrial cancer risk reduction

Anastrozole, a third-generation aromatase inhibitor, may offer tolerability benefits in terms of effects on the endometrium compared to tamoxifen, which increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Effectiveness of switching from adjuvant tamoxifen to anastrozole in postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early-stage breast cancer: a meta-analysis.

Author: JonatWalter, GnantMichael, BoccardoFrancesco, KaufmannManfred, RubagottiAlessandra, ZunaIvan, GreenwoodMike, JakeszRaimund

Effective breast cancer treatment
Endometrial cancer risk
Thromboembolic events

This study aims to investigate whether switching postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early-stage breast cancer from tamoxifen to anastrozole after 2-3 years is more effective than continuing tamoxifen for 5 years.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

25.

Long-term endometrial effects in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer participating in the Intergroup Exemestane Study (IES)--a randomised controlled trial of exemestane versus continued tamoxifen after 2-3 years tamoxifen.

Author: BertelliG, HallE, IrelandE, SnowdonC F, JassemJ, DrosikK, Karnicka-MlodkowskaH, CoombesR C, BlissJ M

Breast cancer
Uterine abnormalities

Tamoxifen, a common breast cancer drug, can have estrogen-like effects on the uterus. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly used after tamoxifen to reduce these effects. The study suggests that AIs may help to prevent uterine problems caused by tamoxifen.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Randomized biomarker trial of anastrozole or low-dose tamoxifen or their combination in subjects with breast intraepithelial neoplasia.

Author: BonanniBernardo, SerranoDavide, GandiniSara, Guerrieri-GonzagaAliana, JohanssonHarriet, MacisDebora, CazzanigaMassimiliano, LuiniAlberto, CassanoEnrico, OldaniSabina, LienErnst A, PelosiGiuseppe, DecensiAndrea

Breast cancer treatment
Estrogenic effects
Pharmacokinetic interactions

The combination of anastrozole and tamoxifen is inferior to anastrozole alone in terms of disease-free survival. This may be due to an adverse pharmacokinetic interaction or a predominant estrogenic effect of tamoxifen under estrogen deprivation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Evaluation of adverse effects in tamoxifen exposed healthy female dogs.

Author: TavaresWanessa L F, LavalleGleidice E, FigueiredoMariana S, SouzaAline G, BertagnolliAngelica C, VianaFernando A B, PaesPaulo R O, CarneiroRubens A, CavalcantiGuilherme A O, MeloMarilia M, CassaliGeovanni D

Anti-cancer effect
Adverse effects

This study evaluated the adverse effects of exposing healthy female dogs to tamoxifen, a selective inhibitor of oestrogen receptors used in human cancer therapy. The aim was to investigate the potential risks of using tamoxifen in dogs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Exemestane for breast-cancer prevention in postmenopausal women.

Author: GossPaul E, IngleJames N, Alés-MartínezJosé E, CheungAngela M, ChlebowskiRowan T, Wactawski-WendeJean, McTiernanAnne, RobbinsJohn, JohnsonKaren C, MartinLisa W, WinquistEric, SartoGloria E, GarberJudy E, FabianCarol J, PujolPascal, MaunsellElizabeth, FarmerPatricia, GelmonKaren A, TuDongsheng, RichardsonHarriet,

Breast cancer prevention
Side effects

Exemestane significantly reduced invasive breast cancers in postmenopausal women at moderately increased risk for breast cancer. Exemestane was associated with no serious toxic effects and only minimal changes in health-related quality of life.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Tamoxifen downregulates ets oncogene family members ETV4 and ETV5 in benign breast tissue: implications for durable risk reduction.

Author: EuhusDavid, BuDawei, XieXian-Jin, SarodeVenetia, AshfaqRaheela, HuntKelly, XiaWeiya, O'ShaughnessyJoyce, GrantMichael, ArunBanu, DooleyWilliam, MillerAlexander, FlockhartDavid, LewisCheryl

Breast cancer chemoprevention

Tamoxifen reduced breast epithelial cell proliferation by downregulating ETV4 and ETV5, two Ets oncogene transcription factor family members. This effect was independent of CYP2D6 genotypes or effects on estradiol, ESR1, or IGFs.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

30.

Long-term effects on the incidence of second primary cancers in a randomized trial of two and five years of adjuvant tamoxifen.

Author: RosellJohan, NordenskjöldBo, BengtssonNils-Olof, FornanderTommy, HatschekThomas, LindmanHenrik, MalmströmPer-Olof, WallgrenArne, StålOlle, CarstensenJohn

Breast cancer treatment
Lung cancer reduction
Endometrial cancer

Tamoxifen, a treatment for breast cancer, was found to reduce the incidence of contralateral breast cancer and lung cancer, especially squamous cell and small cell lung cancer, in postmenopausal patients with early stage breast cancer who received five years of treatment compared to those who received two years. However, an increased incidence of endometrial cancer was observed in the five-year group. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of tamoxifen on different histological types of lung cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

31.

The Effects of Tamoxifen on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: SahebkarAmirhossein, SerbanMaria-Corina, PensonPeter, GurbanCamelia, UrsoniuSorin, TothPeter P, JonesSteven R, LippiGiuseppe, KotaniKazuhiko, KostnerKaram, RizzoManfredi, RyszJacek, BanachMaciej,

Lp(a) reduction

Tamoxifen treatment was associated with a significant reduction in lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

32.

Does tamoxifen have a therapeutic role outside of breast cancer? A systematic review of the evidence.

Author: CliffordR E, BowdenD, BlowerE, KirwanC C, VimalachandranD

Breast cancer treatment

Tamoxifen is a hormonal therapy commonly used for breast cancer. This review examines the current literature regarding the potential use of tamoxifen in treating other primary malignancies, considering its potential "off-target" effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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