Side Effects of flurbiprofen: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Flurbiprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat arthritis and pain. Some studies suggest that flurbiprofen may help prevent or delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 7 Flurbiprofen has been shown to inhibit the accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ), which is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. 7 Tarenflurbil, the R-isomer of flurbiprofen, has been shown to have an effect on inhibiting the accumulation of Aβ and is expected to be a therapeutic agent for AD. 21 Flurbiprofen is known to cause side effects such as gastric ulcers. 9 The R-isomer of flurbiprofen has been shown to be less likely to cause gastric ulcers than the S-isomer. 9 Flurbiprofen derivatives containing nitrate may be less likely to cause gastric ulcers. 10

Reasons for Side Effects

Side effects of flurbiprofen are mainly reported to affect the digestive system, such as gastric ulcers. Flurbiprofen exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, but it also inhibits the production of prostaglandins that play an important role in protecting the gastric mucosa, which is thought to cause side effects such as gastric ulcers. 9 The R-isomer of flurbiprofen has been shown to be less likely to cause gastric ulcers than the S-isomer, which is thought to be because the R-isomer does not inhibit prostaglandin production as much. 9

Common Side Effects

Gastric Ulcers

Flurbiprofen has been reported to affect the digestive system, such as gastric ulcers. The R-isomer of flurbiprofen has been shown to be less likely to cause gastric ulcers than the S-isomer. 9 Flurbiprofen derivatives containing nitrate may be less likely to cause gastric ulcers. 10

Liver Damage

Flurbiprofen may cause liver damage. 1 Flurbiprofen is thought to cause liver damage by reducing ATP levels in hepatocytes. 1

Kidney Damage

Flurbiprofen may cause kidney damage. 22 Flurbiprofen may exacerbate kidney inflammation and may cause kidney damage. 22

Allergic Reactions

Flurbiprofen may cause allergic reactions. 8 Flurbiprofen may cause serious allergic reactions such as anaphylactic shock. 8

Oral Ulcerations

Flurbiprofen is one of the common causes of oral ulcerations. 4

Other Side Effects

Flurbiprofen may cause side effects such as indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, rash, itching, and shortness of breath.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Gastric Ulcers

To prevent gastric ulcers caused by flurbiprofen, gastric acid secretion inhibitors such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists are effective. 9 Also, it is recommended to take flurbiprofen with meals. 9

Liver Damage

To reduce the risk of liver damage caused by flurbiprofen, it is important to undergo regular liver function tests. 1 If there are abnormalities in liver function, flurbiprofen should be discontinued. 1

Kidney Damage

To reduce the risk of kidney damage caused by flurbiprofen, it is important to undergo regular kidney function tests. 22 If there are abnormalities in kidney function, flurbiprofen should be discontinued. 22

Allergic Reactions

If you experience an allergic reaction to flurbiprofen, you should see a doctor immediately. 8 Flurbiprofen may cause serious allergic reactions such as anaphylactic shock. 8

Comparison Between Studies

Common Points of Research

Many studies report that flurbiprofen affects the digestive system, such as gastric ulcers. 9 10

Differences in Research

The R-isomer of flurbiprofen has been shown to be less likely to cause gastric ulcers than the S-isomer. 9 Also, flurbiprofen derivatives containing nitrate may be less likely to cause gastric ulcers. 10

Precautions for Application in Real Life

Flurbiprofen may cause side effects such as gastric ulcers. When taking flurbiprofen, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions and take it as prescribed. Also, if you feel unwell while taking flurbiprofen, you should see a doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of flurbiprofen is still not sufficiently conducted. In particular, there are still many unknown aspects of the long-term side effects of flurbiprofen.

Future Research Directions Needed

Research is needed to reduce the side effects of flurbiprofen. In particular, it is important to conduct research to verify the safety and effectiveness of the R-isomer of flurbiprofen.

Conclusion

Flurbiprofen is an effective drug used to treat arthritis and pain, but it may cause side effects such as gastric ulcers. When taking flurbiprofen, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions and take it as prescribed.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
6
Article Type
5
1
2
8
27
2.

New insights into the site and mode of antinociceptive action of flurbiprofen enantiomers.

Author: GeisslingerG, SchaibleH G

Pain therapy
Reduced gastrointestinal toxicity

This study investigated the possible sites and modes of action of flurbiprofen enantiomers. Both enantiomers were antinociceptive, but only S-flurbiprofen had anti-inflammatory effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Optimizing delivery of flurbiprofen to the colon using a targeted prodrug approach.

Author: PhilipAnil K, DubeyRajesh K, PathakKamla

Reduced side effects

An amide prodrug of flurbiprofen (FLU-GLY) reduces the gastric side effects of the parent drug by delivering it specifically to the colon.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the american headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies.

Author: MarmuraMichael J, SilbersteinStephen D, SchwedtTodd J

Migraine treatment
Opioid use

This review provides an updated assessment of the evidence for pharmacological therapies used to treat acute migraine attacks. The study focused on medications available from 1998 to 2013 and evaluated their effectiveness based on the level of evidence. Triptans and dihydroergotamine are effective (Level A). Ergotamine and other forms of dihydroergotamine are likely effective (Level B). Acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, sumatriptan/naproxen, and acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine are effective nonspecific medications (Level A). Ketoprofen, intravenous and intramuscular ketorolac, flurbiprofen, intravenous magnesium, and the combination of isometheptene compounds, codeine/acetaminophen, and tramadol/acetaminophen are likely effective (Level B). Antiemetics prochlorperazine, droperidol, chlorpromazine, and metoclopramide are also likely effective (Level B). While opioids like butorphanol, codeine/acetaminophen, and tramadol/acetaminophen are probably effective, they are not recommended for regular use due to their potential side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Preoperative butorphanol and flurbiprofen axetil therapy attenuates remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.

Author: ZhangL, ShuR, ZhaoQ, LiY, YuY, WangG

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia treatment

This randomized controlled study investigated the antihyperalgesic effects of butorphanol combined with flurbiprofen axetil on opioid-induced hyperalgesia, a potential side effect of remifentanil. The study aimed to find ways to improve postoperative pain control.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

NSAIDs and enantiomers of flurbiprofen target gamma-secretase and lower Abeta 42 in vivo.

Author: EriksenJason L, SagiSarah A, SmithTawnya E, WeggenSascha, DasPritam, McLendonD C, OzolsVictor V, JessingKevin W, ZavitzKenton H, KooEdward H, GoldeTodd E

Alzheimer disease prevention

Some NSAIDs have been shown to lower levels of amyloid beta protein (Abeta42), a protein that is thought to be involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Flurbiprofen and its enantiomers were particularly effective in lowering Abeta42 levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Fatal hypersensitivity reaction to an oral spray of flurbiprofen: a case report.

Author: CalapaiG, ImbesiS, CafeoV, Ventura SpagnoloE, MinciulloP L, CaputiA P, GangemiS, MiloneL

Fatal hypersensitivity

This case report describes a fatal hypersensitivity reaction to an oral spray of flurbiprofen, taken for a sore throat. The case highlights the potential for serious side effects, even with seemingly safe drugs.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Rac-flurbiprofen is more ulcerogenic than its (S)-enantiomer.

Author: WechterW J, BigorniaA E, MurrayE D, LevineB H, YoungJ W

Analgesic
Flurbiprofen effective
Gastrointestinal toxicity

The (R)-enantiomer of flurbiprofen, previously thought to be inactive, is non-ulcerogenic and can be used to reduce the gastrointestinal toxicity of the NSAID. In a study of mice, the (R)-enantiomer was shown to have no gastrointestinal toxicity, while the (S)-enantiomer and the racemate were ulcerogenic.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Flurbinitroxybutylester: a novel anti-inflammatory drug has enhanced antithrombotic activity.

Author: CirinoG, CicalaC, MancusoF, BaydounA R, WallaceJ L

Potent anti-thrombotic agent
Reduced gastrointestinal effects

This study investigates the anti-thrombotic potential of Flurbi-NO, a modified flurbiprofen derivative. Flurbi-NO demonstrated greater potency in inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation than flurbiprofen, likely due to nitric oxide release. The study highlights the potential of Flurbi-NO as an anti-thrombotic agent with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

[Migraine and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents].

Author: PradalierA, VincentD

Effective for migraine
Gastrointestinal side effects

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in treating acute migraine attacks, with few adverse effects. While less data exists, NSAIDs may also be beneficial in prophylactically treating migraine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : French

13.

Therapeutic potential of gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators.

Author: ImbimboBruno P

Abeta reduction
Alzheimer's treatment
Gastrointestinal toxicity
Thymus and spleen abnormalities

Gamma-secretase inhibitors are potential Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments, but long-term studies are needed to evaluate their effects on Abeta deposition and cognitive function. While some inhibitors have shown promising results in animal models, concerns remain regarding potential gastrointestinal toxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation by R- and S-flurbiprofen.

Author: TegederI, NiederbergerE, IsrarE, GühringH, BruneK, EuchenhoferC, GröschS, GeisslingerG

Anti-inflammatory activity

R-flurbiprofen, an inactive isomer of flurbiprofen, has anti-inflammatory activity comparable to dexamethasone. It inhibits NF-kB activation, a key regulatory transcription factor in inflammation. R-flurbiprofen may be useful in inflammatory diseases without the side effects associated with NSAIDs or glucocorticoids.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

[Postoperative analgesia with fentanyl combined with flurbiprofen axetil following gynecologic surgery for turnor].

Author: LinWen-qian, CaoLong-hui, ZhongZhong-jian, WenLi-li, BaiXiao-hui

Reduced fentanyl dose
Reduced pain
Dizziness
Lethargy
Nausea

Flurbiprofen axetil combined with fentanyl for postoperative analgesia after gynecologic surgery significantly reduced fentanyl dose and the incidence of adverse effects, without affecting coagulation or gastrointestinal function.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Chinese

17.

Retrospective Evaluation on the Analgesic Activities of 2 Compounded Topical Creams and Voltaren Gel in Chronic Noncancer Pain.

Author: SombergJohn C, MolnarJanos

Chronic pain treatment

This study evaluates the efficacy of two compounded topical creams, Cream I and Cream II, in patients with chronic pain compared to Voltaren gel. Both creams demonstrated significantly more pain reduction (37% and 35%, respectively) than Voltaren gel (19%).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Aspirin, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Author: JaturapatpornDarin, IsaacMokhtar Gad El Kareem Nasr, McCleeryJenny, TabetNaji

Abnormal lab results
Bleeding
Cognitive decline
Death
Elevated LFT
Elevated creatinine
Face edema
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Nausea
Vomiting

Aspirin, steroids, and NSAIDs did not demonstrate significant improvement in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Aspirin was associated with increased bleeding, steroids with hyperglycemia and abnormal lab results, and NSAIDs with nausea, vomiting, and elevated creatinine levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

21.

Tarenflurbil protection from cytotoxicity is associated with an upregulation of neurotrophins.

Author: ZhaoXu, RebeckG William, HoeHyang-Sook, AndrewsPeter M

Neurotrophic upregulation
No NSAID side effects
Reduced Alzheimer's symptoms
Slows Alzheimer's progression

Tarenflurbil, an R-flurbiprofen derivative, has been reported to lower amyloid-beta 42 (Abeta_{42}) levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study shows that clinically relevant concentrations of tarenflurbil protect human neuroblastoma cell lines and primary neurons from Abeta_{42} and H_{2}O_{2} cytotoxicity. This protective effect is associated with an upregulation of neurotrophins, suggesting a potential mechanism for tarenflurbil's beneficial effects in AD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

The effects of a novel NSAID on chronic neuroinflammation are age dependent.

Author: Hauss-WegrzyniakB, VraniakP, WenkG L

Alzheimer's disease prevention
Memory improvement
Neuroinflammation

Chronic neuroinflammation impairs memory in young rats, but not in adult or old rats. NFP, a novel NSAID, attenuates neuroinflammation and improves memory in young rats but not in adult or old rats.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

23.

Comparison of the analgesic effect of intravenous acetaminophen with that of flurbiprofen axetil on post-breast surgery pain: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: NonakaTakahiro, HaraMarie, MiyamotoChisato, SugitaMichiko, YamamotoTatsuo

Analgesic effects

Intravenous acetaminophen provided comparable analgesic effects to flurbiprofen after partial mastectomies, suggesting its potential as an alternative to NSAIDs for postoperative pain management.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Method for comparing the structures of protein ligand-binding sites and application for predicting protein-drug interactions.

Author: MinaiRyoichi, MatsuoYo, OnukiHiroyuki, HirotaHiroshi

Drug-target prediction

This study developed a method for structural alignment of protein surfaces to identify potential drug-target interactions. The method identified 281 pairs of ligand-binding regions with similar structures and ligands, indicating potential for off-target binding and drug repurposing.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery.

Author: KliftoKevin M, ElhelaliAla, PayneRachael M, CooneyCarisa M, ManahanMichele A, RossonGedge D

Inflammation reduction
Pain reduction
Bleeding complications

The use of NSAIDs for breast surgery requires careful consideration due to the potential for bleeding complications. However, NSAIDs can be effective for pain management, and further research is needed to determine the optimal risk/benefit ratio.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

26.

Impact of CYP2C9 genotype on pharmacokinetics: are all cyclooxygenase inhibitors the same?

Author: RodriguesA David

Cardiovascular side effects
Gastrointestinal side effects

This article discusses the impact of CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and safety of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. The article suggests that while CYP2C9 plays a relatively minor role in the clearance of some COX inhibitors, it may be more significant for others, potentially impacting their effectiveness and side effect profile. The article emphasizes the importance of considering all clearance pathways and individual patient factors when assessing drug safety.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Preoperative But Not Postoperative Flurbiprofen Axetil Alleviates Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia After Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Trial.

Author: ZhangLinlin, ShuRuichen, ZhaoQi, LiYize, WangChunyan, WangHaiyun, YuYonghao, WangGuolin

Pain management
Hyperalgesia
Nociceptive response

The study aims to investigate the effects of preoperative and postoperative flurbiprofen axetil (FA) on remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia (RIH) after surgery.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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