Effects of midazolam injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 41 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Midazolam has been shown to be an effective sedative, improving sleep quality compared to placebo. 4 However, midazolam can also cause adverse effects such as impaired psychomotor performance and memory. 4 Furthermore, the study found that the combination of midazolam with isoflurane may require higher doses to suppress responsiveness. 18 In contrast, midazolam has been shown to be effective in reducing anxiety levels and improving patient satisfaction compared to fentanyl/droperidol and placebo. 7 At equisedative concentrations, midazolam and propofol were found to have similar effects on memory impairment. 15 Midazolam has also been shown to be effective in reducing the recall of unpleasant side effects of adenosine. 21

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Midazolam has been shown to be an effective sedative, reducing anxiety, improving sleep quality, and inducing amnesia. 4 7 15 In addition, midazolam has shown promise in reducing the recall of unpleasant side effects of adenosine. 21 Furthermore, midazolam, when used as an adjunct to propofol and opiate sedation for elective colonoscopy, did not show evidence of any significant differences in recovery in the cognitive domain of the PostopQRS, overall quality of recovery, or emergence and hospital discharge times.

Risks Summary

Midazolam can cause side effects such as respiratory depression, hypotension, drowsiness, confusion, and amnesia. 5 It is important to note that the respiratory effects of midazolam are not effectively reversed by naloxone. 9 The effects of midazolam can vary depending on age and gender. 29 For example, elderly patients may experience a decrease in blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. 29 Additionally, midazolam can interact with other medications, so it is crucial to inform your doctor about all the medications you are taking. 38 Midazolam is frequently used in palliative care to manage symptoms such as anxiety, dyspnea, seizures, and agitation. 38

Comparison Across Studies

Similarities Across Studies

Many studies indicate that midazolam is a useful sedative that can decrease anxiety, improve sleep quality, and induce amnesia. 4 18 7 15 21

Differences Across Studies

The effectiveness and side effects of midazolam can vary based on factors such as the route of administration, dosage, and co-administered medications. 23 8 29 Furthermore, there is evidence that age and gender can influence the effects of midazolam. 29 For example, elderly patients may experience a greater reduction in blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. 29

Consistency and Contradictions in the Results

While numerous studies demonstrate that midazolam is an effective sedative, the results regarding its side effects are not always consistent. 5 9 29 This inconsistency can be attributed to several factors, such as variations in the route of administration, dosage, co-administered medications, and individual patient characteristics. 23 8 29 These factors highlight the importance of careful consideration of individual patient needs and a thorough understanding of midazolam's potential effects when making decisions about its use.

Caution Regarding Real-World Applications

Midazolam should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, with careful attention paid to the appropriate dosage and route of administration. 4 18 7 15 21 8 23 29 It's essential to be aware of the potential for respiratory depression, especially in elderly patients and those with respiratory illnesses. 29 Additionally, potential drug interactions should be carefully considered by informing your doctor about all medications you are currently taking. 38

Limitations of Current Research

Research on midazolam is ongoing, and further investigation is needed to better understand its long-term effects, interactions with various medications, and individual variations in response. 4 18 7 15 21 8 23 29 38 Moreover, the long-term effects of midazolam are not fully understood. 38

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of midazolam, its interactions with various medications, individual variations in response, and ways to enhance its safety. 4 18 7 15 21 8 23 29 38

Conclusion

Midazolam is a valuable sedative but has the potential for side effects. 4 18 7 15 21 8 23 29 38 If you are prescribed midazolam, be sure to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully and inform them about any other medications you are taking. 4 18 7 15 21 8 23 29 38 It is crucial to prioritize safety and communicate openly with your doctor to make informed decisions about your care.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Amnesia
Anxiolysis
Increased sedation
1
Anterograde amnesia
Good tolerance
2
Provides sedation
Reduces amnesia
3
Sleep improvement
4
Amnesia reversal
Benzodiazepine antagonism
Midazolam reversal
Sedation reversal
5
Blood pressure reduction
PaCO2 increase
6
Amnesia
Premedication
7
Improved sleep quality
Short duration of action
8
Induces sleep
Sedative effect
10
Amnesia
Anxiolysis
Quick onset
Reduced local irritation
11
Enhanced recovery
Improved recall
12
Anxiolysis
13
Amnesic effects
Sedative effects
14
No memory effects
15
Midazolam effective amnesia
Midazolam effective sedation
16
Good acceptance
Rapid sedation
17
Oxygen consumption reduction
Sedation
19
Improved alertness
Improved psychomotor function
20
Reduce adenosine side effects
21
Improved mask induction
Smoother induction
22
Easy mask acceptance
Good sedation and anxiolysis
23
Better taste
Faster sedation
24
Improved sedation
Improved sleep quality
Reduced anxiety
25
Amnesia
Analgesia
Sedation
26
drug acceptance
sedation
27
Critical patient sedation
28
Improved sedation
Reduced anxiety
29
Oral midazolam effective
31
Improved sedation
Reduced anxiety
33
Anxiolysis
Sedation
34
Sedation
35
Effective sedation
Nasal tolerance
36
Intubation dose reduction
37
Agitation reduction
Anxiety reduction
Delirium reduction
Dyspnea reduction
Hiccup reduction
Insomnia reduction
Myoclonus reduction
Palliative sedation
Pruritus reduction
Restlessness reduction
Seizure prevention
Status epilepticus prevention
Vomiting prevention
38
High patient and endoscopist satisfaction
Improved cognitive recovery
Improved overall recovery
39
Anxiolysis
Parental separation
40
Risk Keywords
Cardiovascular changes
Impaired vigilance
Respiratory changes
3
Impaired awakening
Memory impairment
Motor effects
4
Apnea
Hypotension
5
Confusion
Somnolence
7
Cardiovascular changes
Sedative effect
8
Decreased tidal volume
Increased respiratory rate
9
Hangover
Reduced cognitive function
10
Drowsiness
11
Resedation
12
Midazolam more amnesic
14
Memory impairment
15
Side effects
16
Hallucinations
Increased secretions
17
Amnesia
18
Nasal irritation
23
Impaired psychomotor performance
25
Cardiorespiration effects
Oxygen saturation effects
29
Pharmacokinetic interactions
30
Desaturations
31
Delayed recovery
32
None reported
36
Life-threatening side effects
38
Literature analysis of 41 papers
Positive Content
38
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
2
Article Type
39
1
2
1
41
1.

Midazolam in combination with propofol for sedation during local anesthesia.

Author: TaylorE, GhouriA F, WhiteP F

Amnesia
Anxiolysis
Increased sedation

Midazolam 2 mg IV administered prior to propofol infusion produced increased sedation, amnesia, and anxiolysis for outpatient surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

[The amnesic effects of midazolam in premedication of children].

Author: DubostJ, RocheC, KalfonF

Anterograde amnesia
Good tolerance

Intramuscular midazolam administration as premedication in children aged 4 to 10 years was found to be well-tolerated, with excellent anterograde amnesia observed. However, anxiolytic effects could not be determined due to the short interval between premedication and induction.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

3.

Acute effects of two dosages of orally administered midazolam on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers.

Author: SchafflerK, KlausnitzerW

Provides sedation
Reduces amnesia
Cardiovascular changes
Impaired vigilance
Respiratory changes

Midazolam, a sedative, produced a dose-dependent increase in sedation in healthy volunteers, persisting for at least 3 hours. Subjective side effects were consistent with sedation. Anterograde amnesia occurred after the 30 mg dose, highlighting the potential for impaired psychomotor function.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Residual effect of single and repeated doses of midazolam and nitrazepam in relation to their plasma concentrations.

Author: GodtilbsenO B, JerkøD, GordeladzeJ O, BredesenJ E, MathesonI

Sleep improvement
Impaired awakening
Memory impairment
Motor effects

Midazolam and nitrazepam were both effective as hypnotics. Nitrazepam had more adverse effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

[Assessment of the efficacy and tolerance of a benzodiazepine antagonist (Ro 15-1788)].

Author: RouillerM, ForsterA, GemperleM

Amnesia reversal
Benzodiazepine antagonism
Midazolam reversal
Sedation reversal
Apnea
Hypotension

Ro 15-1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, was tested for its ability to reverse the effects of midazolam in 6 healthy volunteers. Ro 15-1788 was successful in reversing the effects of midazolam, including dysarthria, cessation of counting, and loss of the ciliary reflex.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

6.

Respiratory and cardiovascular effects in relation to plasma levels of midazolam and diazepam.

Author: SunzelM, PaalzowL, BerggrenL, ErikssonI

Blood pressure reduction
PaCO2 increase

Midazolam and diazepam showed correlations between blood pressure reduction, PaCO2 increase, and plasma concentrations.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Midazolam versus fentanyl/droperidol and placebo as intramuscular premedicant.

Author: van WijheM, de Voogt-FrenkelE, StijnenT

Amnesia
Premedication
Confusion
Somnolence

Midazolam was more effective than fentanyl/droperidol and placebo in reducing anxiety levels in 203 patients. It also caused more confusion and somnolence than placebo but less than fentanyl/droperidol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Comparison of midazolam and flunitrazepam for night sedation. A randomised double-blind study.

Author: SjövallS, KantoJ, KangasL, PakkanenA

Improved sleep quality
Short duration of action
Cardiovascular changes
Sedative effect

Both midazolam (15 mg) and flunitrazepam (2 mg) improved sleep quality compared to placebo. Midazolam had a moderate sedative effect the next morning, while flunitrazepam decreased apprehension and excitement. Flunitrazepam also inhibited salivary secretion and caused fewer cardiovascular changes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Respiratory depressant effects of different doses of midazolam and lack of reversal with naloxone--a double-blind randomized study.

Author: ForsterA, MorelD, BachmannM, GemperleM

Decreased tidal volume
Increased respiratory rate

Midazolam decreased tidal volume and increased respiratory frequency, but did not significantly affect minute ventilation. Naloxone did not reverse these effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Comparison of the effects of intravenously administered midazolam, triazolam and their hydroxy metabolites.

Author: ZieglerW H, SchalchE, LeishmanB, EckertM

Induces sleep
Sedative effect
Hangover
Reduced cognitive function

Triazolam had the strongest and longest-lasting effect compared to midazolam and their hydroxy metabolites.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Midazolam versus hydroxyzine as intramuscular premedicant.

Author: FragenR J, FunkD I, AvramM J, CostelloC, DeBruineK

Amnesia
Anxiolysis
Quick onset
Reduced local irritation
Drowsiness

Midazolam and hydroxyzine were compared as intramuscular premedicants. Midazolam produced quicker onset of action, greater anxiolysis, greater amnesia, and less local irritation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Effect of flumazenil on recovery after midazolam and propofol sedation.

Author: GhouriA F, RuizM A, WhiteP F

Enhanced recovery
Improved recall
Resedation

Flumazenil enhanced early recovery and picture recall after high-dose midazolam, but not low-dose midazolam. However, resedation after discharge was a concern with high-dose midazolam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

The anxiolytic effects of intravenous sedation using midazolam alone or in multiple drug techniques.

Author: MilgromP, WeinsteinP, FisetL, BeirneO R

Anxiolysis

In a study of 207 young adults undergoing surgery, the combination of fentanyl and midazolam or fentanyl, midazolam, and methohexital was more effective than placebo in reducing anxiety.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

14.

Comparison of the sedative and amnesic effects of midazolam and propofol.

Author: PolsterM R, GrayP A, O'SullivanG, McCarthyR A, ParkG R

Amnesic effects
Sedative effects
Midazolam more amnesic

Midazolam and propofol have similar sedative effects, but midazolam has a more profound amnesic effect than propofol on recognition memory.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

The comparative amnestic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations.

Author: VeselisR A, ReinselR A, FeshchenkoV A, WrońskiM

No memory effects
Memory impairment

Propofol produces the same degree of memory impairment as midazolam at equal sedation levels. Thiopental has mild memory effects, while fentanyl has no effect. Ondansetron alone has no sedative or amnesic effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

[The dose-dependent effects of oral premedication with midazolam].

Author: BiroP, WeidmannG, PietzschS, AlonE, BruggerP

Midazolam effective amnesia
Midazolam effective sedation
Side effects

Oral midazolam before surgery provided dose-dependent sedation and amnesia, but no significant anxiolysis compared to placebo. 7.5mg midazolam offered the best balance of benefits and side effects. The study highlights the importance of pre-operative communication and patient care by the anesthesiologist.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

17.

[Nasal ketamine compared with nasal midazolam in premedication in pediatrics].

Author: García-VelascoP, RománJ, Beltrán de HerediaB, MetjeT, VillalongaA, VilaplanaJ

Good acceptance
Rapid sedation
Hallucinations
Increased secretions

Nasal midazolam and ketamine are effective for pediatric premedication and well-tolerated with rapid sedation. Both drugs have similar recovery times, with no difference in time until spontaneous eye opening after surgery. The nasal route is accepted by children and the doses used have wide safety margins.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Spanish

18.

Interaction of a subanaesthetic concentration of isoflurane with midazolam: effects on responsiveness, learning and memory.

Author: GhoneimM M, BlockR I, DhanarajV J

Amnesia

Midazolam, a benzodiazepine, is used as an anesthetic. This study examines the interaction of midazolam with isoflurane in healthy volunteers. Midazolam, at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg, resulted in absence of recall and implicit memory, and absence of recognition at 3-minute and 15-minute assessments. At a dose of 0.06 mg/kg, midazolam resulted in absence of recall, implicit memory, and recognition. A higher dose of midazolam or isoflurane might be needed to abolish responsiveness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

[The effects of midazolam on oxygen consumption and the level of vigilance. The possibility of the sedative effect of the plexiglas dome (canopy) of the Deltatrac indirect calorimetry device].

Author: KerbaulF, DumontJ C, BruderN, AuquierP, FrançoisG

Oxygen consumption reduction
Sedation

Midazolam decreased oxygen consumption (VO2) and had a stronger sedative effect than placebo. In a prospective, comparative, randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study, VO2 decreased similarly and significantly between T0 and T45 min in both midazolam and placebo groups. The decrease continued only after midazolam until T60 min.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

20.

The effects of midazolam and flumazenil on psychomotor function and alertness in human volunteers.

Author: CoulthardP, SanoK, ThomsonP J, MacfarlaneT V

Improved alertness
Improved psychomotor function

Flumazenil significantly improved alertness and psychomotor function in sedated volunteers, but did not return to baseline by 60 minutes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Randomized controlled trial of midazolam premedication to reduce the subjective adverse effects of adenosine.

Author: HouriganC, SafihS, RogersI, JacobsI, LockneyA

Reduce adenosine side effects

Midazolam premedication was found to be safe and effective at reducing the recall of the unpleasant adverse effects of adenosine. There was a significant reduction in the midazolam group for complaint scores of palpitations and chest pain, and a trend to reduction in complaint scores for most other parameters.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Effects of medetomidine-midazolam, midazolambutorphanol, or acepromazine-butorphanol as premedicants for mask induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in dogs.

Author: MutohTatsushi, NishimuraRyohei, SasakiNobuo

Improved mask induction
Smoother induction

This study characterized the effects of medetomidine-midazolam, midazolam-butorphanol, or acepromazine-butorphanol as premedicants for mask induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in 10 healthy Beagles. Mask induction with sevoflurane in dogs that received each premedicant resulted in a shorter induction time and milder changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and respiratory rate, compared with mask induction without premedicants. Treatment with medetomidine-midazolam resulted in a shorter and smoother induction, compared with acepromazine-butorphanol or midazolam-butorphanol treatment, whereas the cardiovascular changes were greater. Use of premedicants provides a smoother and better quality mask induction with sevoflurane in dogs.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Premedication with midazolam in young children: a comparison of four routes of administration.

Author: KoganAlexander, KatzJacob, EfratRachel, EidelmanLeonid A

Easy mask acceptance
Good sedation and anxiolysis
Nasal irritation

Intranasal, oral, rectal, and sublingual midazolam produces good levels of sedation and anxiolysis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

A paediatric trial comparing midazolam/Syrpalta mixture with premixed midazolam syrup (Roche).

Author: KhalilSamia N, VijeH N, KeeS S, FaragAdel, HannaEhab, ChuangAlice Z

Better taste
Faster sedation

The effects of midazolam mixed with fruit juice or syrup on children's anxiety, sedation, separation anxiety, mask acceptance, and recovery time were evaluated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

25.

Perioperative effects of melatonin and midazolam premedication on sedation, orientation, anxiety scores and psychomotor performance.

Author: AcilM, BasgulE, CelikerV, KaragözA H, DemirB, AyparU

Improved sedation
Improved sleep quality
Reduced anxiety
Impaired psychomotor performance

Melatonin premedication effectively reduces anxiety and provides sedation before surgery without impairing psychomotor performance after surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Oral midazolam and oral butorphanol premedication.

Author: SinghVinita, PathakManu, SinghG P

Amnesia
Analgesia
Sedation

Oral butorphanol is comparable to oral midazolam in children for sedation, but butorphanol also provides analgesia, making it a better option without a significant increase in side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

Effect of drinks that are added as flavoring in oral midazolam premedication on sedation success.

Author: IsikBerrin, BayginOzgül, BodurHaluk

drug acceptance
sedation

Adding drinks to midazolam, a medication used to sedate children for dental procedures, may improve acceptance and effectiveness of the medication. Midazolam has a bitter taste that can make it difficult to administer orally, but adding a drink may help mask the taste and improve the child’s willingness to take the medication.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

28.

[Effects of combination of midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients].

Author: XuJi-yuan, LiMao-qin, ZhangZhou, LuFei, LiLin, LiJia-qiong, MoXun, XuYan-jun, LiuJun, DaiTi-jun

Critical patient sedation

A combination of midazolam and propofol can ensure anterograde amnesia in critical patients, reduce drug dosage and adverse reactions, and help reduce hospital expenses.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

29.

Effects of age and gender on intravenous midazolam premedication: a randomized double-blind study.

Author: SunG-C, HsuM-C, ChiaY-Y, ChenP-Y, ShawF-Z

Improved sedation
Reduced anxiety
Cardiorespiration effects
Oxygen saturation effects

Age and gender differences in neuropsychological and physiological responses after midazolam premedication were evident, suggesting dosage adjustments based on these covariates are necessary.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

30.

Mixed-effects modeling of the influence of midazolam on propofol pharmacokinetics.

Author: VuykJaap, LichtenbeltBart Jan, OlofsenErik, van KleefJack W, DahanAlbert

Pharmacokinetic interactions

Midazolam, a common preoperative sedative, was found to influence the pharmacokinetics of propofol, another anesthetic. The study aimed to identify this influence for optimizing anesthetic regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

The physiologic and behavioral effects of oral and intranasal midazolam in pediatric dental patients.

Author: JohnsonErin, BriskieDaniel, MajewskiRobert, EdwardsSean, ReynoldsPaul

Oral midazolam effective
Desaturations

Oral and intranasal midazolam were found to have similar behavioral outcomes in healthy children. While oral midazolam showed significantly lower crying and overall behavior scores early in the appointment, both methods resulted in clinically significant desaturations, highlighting the need for careful monitoring and airway management.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

32.

A comparison of four sedation techniques for pediatric dental surgery.

Author: HeardChristopher, SmithJayson, CreightonPaul, JoshiPrashant, FeldmanDoron, LermanJerrold

Delayed recovery

All four sedation regimens (oral midazolam, intranasal midazolam, intranasal midazolam with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate, and intranasal midazolam with intranasal sufentanil) were effective in sedating children undergoing dental surgery, with similar complication rates.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

33.

Sedative effects of oral midazolam, intravenous midazolam and oral diazepam.

Author: TyagiParimala, DixitU, TyagiSanjeev, JainAnkur

Improved sedation
Reduced anxiety

Intravenous midazolam was more effective in sedating pediatric dental patients compared to oral midazolam and diazepam. All three sedatives were associated with positive behavioral changes compared to placebo.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

34.

Sedative effects of oral midazolam, intravenous midazolam and oral diazepam in the dental treatment of children.

Author: TyagiP, TyagiS, JainA

Anxiolysis
Sedation

Intravenous midazolam was the most effective sedative agent in pediatric dental patients, followed by oral midazolam, with oral diazepam showing comparable effects to oral midazolam. Oral midazolam and intravenous midazolam showed more positive behavioral changes than oral diazepam.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

35.

Midazolam for sedation before procedures.

Author: ConwayAaron, RolleyJohn, SutherlandJoanna R

Sedation

Midazolam is a benzodiazepine used for sedation before medical procedures. It has rapid onset of action and few adverse effects, and can be administered via oral, intravenous, intranasal, and intramuscular routes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

36.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly concentrated intranasal midazolam formulation for conscious sedation.

Author: SchrierLenneke, ZuikerRob, MerkusFrans W H M, KlaassenErica S, GuanZheng, TukBert, van GervenJoop M A, van der GeestRonald, GroeneveldGeert Jan

Effective sedation
Nasal tolerance
None reported

This four-way crossover, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, nasal tolerance, and effects on sedation of a highly concentrated aqueous intranasal midazolam formulation (Nazolam). Nazolam bioavailability was 75%. Maximal plasma concentrations of 31 ng ml were achieved with 2.5 mg Nazolam.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

37.

Alfaxalone alone or combined with midazolam or ketamine in dogs: intubation dose and select physiologic effects.

Author: MuñozKirk A, RobertsonSheilah A, WilsonDeborah V

Intubation dose reduction

Midazolam and ketamine reduced the alfaxalone dose required for endotracheal intubation in dogs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

39.

Effect of Midazolam in Addition to Propofol and Opiate Sedation on the Quality of Recovery After Colonoscopy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: GurunathanUsha, RahmanTony, WilliamsZelda, VandeleurAnn, SriramSweta, HarchJennifer, BoggettStuart, HillCindy, BowyerAndrea, RoyseColin

High patient and endoscopist satisfaction
Improved cognitive recovery
Improved overall recovery

Midazolam, as an adjunct to propofol and opiate sedation for elective colonoscopy, did not show any significant differences in recovery in the cognitive domain, overall quality of recovery, or emergence and hospital discharge times.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

40.

Comparison of medication acceptance of intranasal midazolam administered by parents versus doctors in children - A randomized trial.

Author: Satya PrakashM V S, SivasankarS, ElakkumananLenin Babu, MohanV K, KamaladeviRithu Krishna

Anxiolysis
Parental separation

This prospective randomized study found that intranasal midazolam administered by parents produced better preoperative anxiolysis and easier parental separation as compared with administration by a medical staff.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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