Effects of raloxifene: A Synthesis of Findings from 39 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been shown to have various effects on the body, particularly in postmenopausal women. 33 found that raloxifene reduced the risk of osteoporosis and invasive breast cancer but increased the risk of venous thromboembolism and fatal stroke in women with or at high risk for coronary heart disease. 17 explored the effects of raloxifene and tibolone on mammographic breast appearance. 13 investigated the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and homocysteine levels in older women. 29 examined the short-term cognitive effects of raloxifene compared to alendronate. 21 compared the effects of raloxifene and simvastatin on lipid profiles and endothelial function. 11 highlighted the beneficial effects of raloxifene on bone density, serum lipids, and vertebral fracture reduction. 16 introduced the RUTH trial designed to assess the effects of raloxifene on coronary outcomes and breast cancer risk in high-risk women. 23 examined the safety and adverse effects of raloxifene, finding an increased risk of venous thromboembolism but no increased risk of cataracts, gallbladder disease, endometrial hyperplasia, or endometrial cancer. 8 demonstrated that raloxifene significantly reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. 30 investigated the effects of raloxifene and low-dose estradiol on menopause symptoms and endometrial safety. 31 analyzed subgroup data from the RUTH trial, finding no overall effect of raloxifene on coronary events. 14 studied the effects of raloxifene on calcium and PTH secretion dynamics in women with osteoporosis. 1 showed that raloxifene exhibited antiestrogenic properties in humans. 9 compared the effects of raloxifene and estrogen on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. 2 evaluated the short-term effects of raloxifene on bone turnover, serum lipids, and endometrium in healthy postmenopausal women. 22 compared the efficacy of alendronate and raloxifene in postmenopausal women with low bone density. 6 assessed the safety of raloxifene regarding cognitive function and mood in postmenopausal women. 34 compared the effects of raloxifene and HRT on elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. 4 examined the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in postmenopausal women. 5 evaluated the effects of raloxifene on bone loss and fracture risk in postmenopausal women. 26 compared the effects of lasofoxifene and raloxifene on bone health in postmenopausal women. 7 investigated the effects of raloxifene on serum lipoprotein(a) in healthy postmenopausal women. 32 discussed the role of raloxifene in managing breast cancer and osteoporosis risk. 35 assessed the effects of raloxifene on endothelial function and hemostasis in women with ischemic heart disease. 12 evaluated the long-term effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and serum lipids in early postmenopausal women. 24 compared the effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on hormonal status, lipids, genital tract, and tolerability in postmenopausal women. 10 compared the effects of raloxifene, estrogen, and placebo on the postmenopausal endometrium. 18 reviewed the efficacy of raloxifene for the treatment of menopause. 19 investigated the long-term effects of raloxifene on osteoporosis and uterine health. 15 explored the relationship between serum estradiol levels and breast cancer risk during raloxifene treatment. 25 examined the structural effects of raloxifene on the proximal femur. 37 conducted a systematic review to assess the endometrial safety of raloxifene. 38 investigated the effects of raloxifene combined with low-dose estrogen on the endometrium. 28 compared the effects of raloxifene alone and in combination with estradiol on vasomotor symptoms and endometrial safety. 27 compared the effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on breast cancer risk and other disease outcomes. 39 performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of raloxifene on endothelial function and inflammation in postmenopausal women. 20 assessed the short-term urogenital effects of raloxifene, tamoxifen, and estrogen. These studies provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and risks associated with raloxifene.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Raloxifene has demonstrated several potential benefits for postmenopausal women, including: a reduction in the risk of osteoporosis and invasive breast cancer, 33 8 32 improvement in bone density and reduction in fracture risk, 11 5 19 favorable effects on serum lipids and cardiovascular risk factors, 13 9 2 4 no significant impact on cognitive function, 29 6 34 and potential benefits for endothelial function and inflammation. 35 39 It’s important to note that while raloxifene appears to be a promising alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy, further research is needed to solidify its long-term effects and benefits.

Risk Summary

Raloxifene has also been associated with some risks, including: an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, 33 23 8 32 18 19 a potential for endometrial stimulation, 38 28 and a possible increase in noninvasive breast cancer. 27 These risks should be carefully considered and discussed with a healthcare professional before starting raloxifene therapy.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have consistently demonstrated the benefits of raloxifene in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer. 33 8 32 These studies highlight raloxifene's positive effects on bone density and overall bone health. 11 5 19 Furthermore, there’s a consensus that raloxifene appears to have minimal impact on the uterus, unlike some traditional estrogen therapies. 8 This makes raloxifene a potentially safer alternative for women concerned about endometrial health.

Differences

While there are common themes, the studies also reveal discrepancies. The effect of raloxifene on cardiovascular health remains under debate, with some studies showing no significant impact on coronary events, 31 while others suggest potential benefits. 16 Similarly, the association between raloxifene and venous thromboembolism is not fully settled, with some studies showing a clear increase in risk, 33 23 32 18 while others demonstrate a reduced risk. 27 The effects of raloxifene on cognitive function, 29 6 34 endometrial safety, 38 28 and the long-term implications for women of different ages and ethnicities also require further investigation. These discrepancies highlight the need for additional research to fully understand the nuances of raloxifene’s effects.

Consistency and Inconsistencies in the Findings

The research on raloxifene presents a mixed picture. It’s consistently shown to be effective in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer. 33 8 32 Furthermore, its generally considered safe for the uterus, 8 making it a potentially attractive alternative to traditional hormone replacement therapy for women with these concerns. However, there are inconsistencies regarding its effects on cardiovascular health, 16 31 the risk of venous thromboembolism, 33 23 32 18 27 and its long-term effects on cognitive function and endometrial health. 29 6 34 38 28 These inconsistencies highlight the need for ongoing research to better understand the complex effects of raloxifene.

Considerations for Real-Life Applications

Raloxifene holds potential for managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. 33 8 32 However, it’s crucial to be aware of its associated risks, such as an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. 33 23 32 It’s essential to discuss these risks and benefits with a healthcare provider to determine if raloxifene is a suitable option for you. Furthermore, raloxifene's effects on cardiovascular health and cognitive function need further investigation before definitive conclusions can be drawn. 16 31 29 6 34 Informed decision-making with a healthcare professional is key when considering raloxifene therapy.

Limitations of Current Research

While the current research provides valuable insights into the effects of raloxifene, there are limitations to consider. The majority of studies focus on specific outcomes, such as bone health, breast cancer risk, or cardiovascular effects. 33 17 13 29 21 11 16 23 8 30 31 14 1 9 2 22 6 34 4 5 26 7 32 35 12 24 10 18 19 15 25 37 38 28 27 39 20 There’s a lack of large-scale, long-term studies that comprehensively assess the combined effects of raloxifene on various aspects of health. Additionally, the majority of research has been conducted on Caucasian populations, which limits the generalizability of the findings to diverse populations.

Future Research Directions

Further research is crucial to address the inconsistencies in the current findings and fully understand the complex effects of raloxifene. 16 31 23 32 18 27 Large-scale, long-term studies with diverse populations are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular health, 16 31 35 39 cognitive function, 29 6 34 and the potential for long-term risks, such as venous thromboembolism. 33 23 Furthermore, research should explore the optimal dosages and treatment durations for different patient populations, 12 as well as the potential interactions between raloxifene and other medications.

Conclusion

Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that shows promise for managing osteoporosis and reducing invasive breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. 33 8 32 It also appears to be a potentially safer option for the uterus than traditional hormone replacement therapy. 8 However, there are concerns about the potential for increased risk of venous thromboembolism, 33 23 and the long-term effects on cardiovascular health and cognitive function remain unclear. 16 31 29 6 It's important for women to have open conversations with their healthcare providers about the potential benefits and risks of raloxifene to make informed decisions about their health. Continued research is crucial to further understand the complex effects of raloxifene and guide personalized treatment strategies for postmenopausal women.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Antiestrogenic in humans
1
Beneficial effects on bone
Beneficial effects on serum lipids
No uterine stimulatory effects
2
Estrogen production
Ovulation
3
Increased HDL2-C
Reduced LDL-C
Reduced fibrinogen
Reduced lipoprotein(a)
4
Bone mineral density improvement
Lipid reduction
5
Bone health
Lipid metabolism
7
Lower breast cancer risk
8
Cardiovascular disease prevention
Osteoporosis prevention
9
No endometrial stimulation
10
Increased bone mineral density
Lowered serum lipids
Reduced vertebral fractures
11
Bone health
Lipid metabolism
12
Reduced cholesterol
Reduced homocysteine
13
Bone mass maintenance
14
Reduced breast cancer risk
15
Breast cancer risk reduction
Cardiovascular risk reduction
16
Menopause prevention
17
Reduced lipids
Reduced vertebral fractures
18
Increases bone density
Prevents osteoporosis
19
Improved cytohormonal effects
20
Alendronate improves bone density
22
Reduced endometrial cancer
Reduced endometrial hyperplasia
23
Estrogenic effect
Hormonal balance
Vaginal health
24
Improved BMD
25
Bone health
26
Reduced invasive breast cancer risk
27
Vasomotor symptom reduction
28
Cognitive functioning
Raloxifene efficacy
29
Endometrium safety
Hot flush reduction
30
Coronary heart disease prevention
31
Breast cancer prevention
Osteoporosis treatment
32
Reduced breast cancer risk
Reduced osteoporosis
33
Bone mineral density
Endothelial function
34
Endothelial function improvement
35
Improved health status
Improved verbal memory
Increased bone density
36
Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial safety
Raloxifene effectiveness
37
Reduced menopausal symptoms
38
Cardiovascular benefits
39
Risk Keywords
Vasodilatation
2
Gland-stromal dysynchrony
3
Breast cancer risk
Endometrial cancer risk
7
Venous thromboembolic disease
8
None reported
10
None mentioned
15
Breast cancer risk
17
Increased DVT
Increased PE
18
Worsening prolapse
20
Raloxifene associated with hot flashes
22
Increased venous thromboembolism
23
Lipid changes
24
Increased non-invasive breast cancer risk
27
Endometrial hyperplasia
28
Age-related effects
Side effects
29
SERM side effects
32
Increased stroke risk
Increased venous thromboembolism risk
33
Thromboembolic risk
35
Increased risk of stroke
36
Literature analysis of 39 papers
Positive Content
38
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
35
2
3
4
39
1.

Antiestrogenic properties of raloxifene.

Author: DraperM W, FlowersD E, NeildJ A, HusterW J, ZerbeR L

Antiestrogenic in humans

Raloxifene and tamoxifen, both antiestrogenic agents, were compared for their effects on estrogen-induced changes in serum levels of various hormones and binding globulins. Raloxifene blunted the estrogen response, while tamoxifen significantly reversed the estrogen effect. This confirms that raloxifene, previously shown to be antiestrogenic in animal models, also exhibits antiestrogenic activity in humans.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HCl: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women.

Author: DraperM W, FlowersD E, HusterW J, NeildJ A, HarperK D, ArnaudC

Beneficial effects on bone
Beneficial effects on serum lipids
No uterine stimulatory effects
Vasodilatation

This 8-week study evaluated the short-term effects of raloxifene on bone turnover, serum lipids, and endometrium in healthy postmenopausal women. Raloxifene was found to have similar bone-protective effects as estrogen, significantly reducing bone turnover markers compared to placebo. Raloxifene also improved lipid profiles, reducing LDL-C and increasing HDL-C:LDL-C ratios. Importantly, raloxifene did not stimulate the endometrium, unlike estrogen. These results suggest that raloxifene may be a beneficial alternative to estrogen for preventing bone loss and improving lipid profiles in postmenopausal women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Reproductive endocrine and endometrial effects of raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in women with regular menstrual cycles.

Author: BakerV L, DraperM, PaulS, AllerheiligenS, GlantM, ShifrenJ, JaffeR B

Estrogen production
Ovulation
Gland-stromal dysynchrony

This study investigated the effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on the reproductive endocrine system and endometrium of women with normal menstrual cycles. Raloxifene did not prevent ovulation but did alter hormone levels and have subtle effects on the endometrium.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women.

Author: WalshB W, KullerL H, WildR A, PaulS, FarmerM, LawrenceJ B, ShahA S, AndersonP W

Increased HDL2-C
Reduced LDL-C
Reduced fibrinogen
Reduced lipoprotein(a)

Raloxifene significantly lowers LDL-C, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein(a) in postmenopausal women, and increases HDL2-C without raising triglycerides. These effects are similar to HRT but differ in specific markers.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Treatment of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with raloxifene: a randomized trial.

Author: LufkinE G, WhitakerM D, NickelsenT, ArguetaR, CaplanR H, KnickerbockerR K, RiggsB L

Bone mineral density improvement
Lipid reduction

Raloxifene therapy is well tolerated, reduces serum lipids, and does not stimulate the uterus or breasts. It has beneficial effects on bone, although these appear to be of a smaller magnitude than have been reported with estrogen therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator: safety assessment of effects on cognitive function and mood in postmenopausal women.

Author: NickelsenT, LufkinE G, RiggsB L, CoxD A, CrookT H

This study did not find any significant cognitive or mood impairment in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene for 1 year.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Raloxifene lowers serum lipoprotein(A) in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with conjugated equine estrogens.

Author: MijatovicV, van der MoorenM J, KenemansP, de Valk-de RooG W, NetelenbosC

Bone health
Lipid metabolism
Breast cancer risk
Endometrial cancer risk

Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has antiestrogenic effects on the endometrium and breast, and estrogenic effects on bone and lipid metabolism. In a 24-month study of healthy postmenopausal women who had undergone hysterectomy, raloxifene (60 mg and 150 mg daily) and conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg daily) were found to have no significant effect on serum lipoprotein(a) levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation.

Author: CummingsS R, EckertS, KruegerK A, GradyD, PowlesT J, CauleyJ A, NortonL, NickelsenT, BjarnasonN H, MorrowM, LippmanM E, BlackD, GlusmanJ E, CostaA, JordanV C

Lower breast cancer risk
Venous thromboembolic disease

Raloxifene decreased the risk of invasive breast cancer by 76% in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis during 3 years of treatment. Raloxifene decreased the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by 90%, but not estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Raloxifene increased the risk of venous thromboembolic disease but did not increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Both raloxifene and estrogen reduce major cardiovascular risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women: A 2-year, placebo-controlled study.

Author: de Valk-de RooG W, StehouwerC D, MeijerP, MijatovicV, KluftC, KenemansP, CohenF, WattsS, NetelenbosC

Cardiovascular disease prevention
Osteoporosis prevention

Raloxifene and conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs) both have beneficial effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol and fibrinogen levels in postmenopausal women. However, CEEs have additional beneficial effects on high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, but also increase C-reactive protein and prothrombin fragment F1+2.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

A 12-month comparative study of raloxifene, estrogen, and placebo on the postmenopausal endometrium.

Author: GoldsteinS R, ScheeleW H, RajagopalanS K, WilkieJ L, WalshB W, ParsonsA K

No endometrial stimulation
None reported

Raloxifene, at 60 or 150 mg/day for 1 year, did not stimulate the postmenopausal endometrium. End-point endometrial thickness, morphology, and uterine volume in the raloxifene groups were similar to those observed at baseline and in the placebo group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

[Effects of raloxifene on bone loss and fracture risk in the menopausal woman].

Author: VignotE, MeunierP J

Increased bone mineral density
Lowered serum lipids
Reduced vertebral fractures

Raloxifene is a drug that mimics the positive effects of estrogen without the negative side effects. It can increase bone density, lower cholesterol levels, and reduce spinal fractures.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

12.

Long-term effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and serum lipid levels in early postmenopausal women: three-year data from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Author: JohnstonC C, BjarnasonN H, CohenF J, ShahA, LindsayR, MitlakB H, HusterW, DraperM W, HarperK D, HeathH, GennariC, ChristiansenC, ArnaudC D, DelmasP D

Bone health
Lipid metabolism

Raloxifene hydrochloride is a safe and effective treatment for postmenopausal women, improving bone mineral density and lipid profiles without stimulating reproductive tissues. Long-term studies have confirmed its beneficial effects over a 3-year period.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Randomized control study of the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and homocysteine in older women.

Author: De LeoV, la MarcaA, MorganteG, LanzettaD, SetacciC, PetragliaF

Reduced cholesterol
Reduced homocysteine

Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has beneficial effects on bone and cardiovascular risk factors but not on hot flashes. This study investigates its effects on plasma lipids and homocysteine levels in older women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Effects of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator-raloxifene-on calcium and PTH secretory dynamics in women with osteoporosis.

Author: OleksikA, DuongT, Popp-SnijdersC, PliesterN, AsmaG, LipsP

Bone mass maintenance

Raloxifene did not have any detectable effect on the PTH set-point. An effect on non-suppressible PTH secretion cannot be excluded.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Serum estradiol level and risk of breast cancer during treatment with raloxifene.

Author: CummingsSteven R, DuongTu, KenyonEmily, CauleyJane A, WhiteheadMalcolm, KruegerKathryn A,

Reduced breast cancer risk
None mentioned

Raloxifene reduces breast cancer risk more in women with relatively high estradiol levels than in women with very low estradiol levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Rationale and overview of the Raloxifene Use for the Heart (RUTH) trial.

Author: MoscaL

Breast cancer risk reduction
Cardiovascular risk reduction

The RUTH study investigates the effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on cardiovascular events and breast cancer risk in women at high risk for coronary heart disease.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

Mammographic changes associated with raloxifene and tibolone therapy in postmenopausal women: a prospective study.

Author: ChristodoulakosGeorge E, LambrinoudakiIrene V, VourtsiAthina D, PanoulisKonstantinos P C, KelekisDimitrios A, CreatsasGeorge C

Menopause prevention
Breast cancer risk

This study investigates the effects of raloxifene and tibolone on the mammographic appearance of the breast.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Efficacy of raloxifene for treatment of menopause: a systematic review.

Author: BoyackMark, LookinlandSandra, ChassonSusan

Reduced lipids
Reduced vertebral fractures
Increased DVT
Increased PE

Raloxifene is beneficial for cardiovascular and osteoporosis endpoints in short-term studies but more long-term studies are needed before it becomes the treatment of choice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

19.

Prevention of osteoporosis and uterine effects in postmenopausal women taking raloxifene for 5 years.

Author: JollyElaine E, BjarnasonNina H, NevenPatrick, PlouffeLeo, JohnstonC Conrad, WattsSteven D, ArnaudClaude D, MasonTimothy M, CransGerald, AkersRobin, DraperMichael W

Increases bone density
Prevents osteoporosis

This study investigated the long-term effects of raloxifene in postmenopausal women. The results showed that raloxifene treatment for 5 years effectively reduced the risk of osteoporosis and had no significant adverse effects on the endometrium or vaginal bleeding.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Short-term urogenital effects of raloxifene, tamoxifen, and estrogen.

Author: VardyMichael D, LindsayRobert, ScottiRichard J, MikhailMagdy, RichartRalph M, NievesJeri, ZionMarsha, CosmanFelicia

Improved cytohormonal effects
Worsening prolapse

Raloxifene and tamoxifen did not improve cytohormonal effects in the vagina or urethra, while conjugated equine estrogen did. They also appear to worsen prolapse compared with conjugated equine estrogen and placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

21.

The effects of raloxifene and simvastatin on plasma lipids and endothelium.

Author: SbarouniEftihia, FlevariPanagiota, KroupisChristos, KyriakidesZenon S, KoniavitouKaterina, KremastinosDimitrios Th

This study compared the effects of simvastatin and raloxifene treatments on lipid profiles, adhesion molecule levels, and vasoreactivity in patients. Both drugs have shown potential benefits in improving cardiovascular health.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Alendronate produces greater effects than raloxifene on bone density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone density: results of EFFECT (Efficacy of FOSAMAX versus EVISTA Comparison Trial) International.

Author: SambrookP N, GeusensP, RibotC, SolimanoJ A, Ferrer-BarriendosJ, GainesK, VerbruggenN, MeltonM E

Alendronate improves bone density
Raloxifene associated with hot flashes

Alendronate was more effective than raloxifene in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and reducing bone turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone density. The incidence of vasomotor events was significantly higher with raloxifene than with alendronate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Safety and adverse effects associated with raloxifene: multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation.

Author: GradyDeborah, EttingerBruce, MoscarelliElena, PlouffeLeo, SarkarSomnath, CiacciaAngelina, CummingsSteven,

Reduced endometrial cancer
Reduced endometrial hyperplasia
Increased venous thromboembolism

Raloxifene was associated with an increased risk for venous thromboembolism, but there was no increased risk for cataracts, gallbladder disease, endometrial hyperplasia, or endometrial cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on hormonal status, lipids, genital tract, and tolerability in postmenopausal women.

Author: KomiJanne, LankinenKari S, HärkönenPirkko, DeGregorioMichael W, VoipioSari, KivinenSeppo, TuimalaRisto, VihtamäkiTarja, VihkoKimmo, YlikorkalaOlavi, ErkkolaRisto

Estrogenic effect
Hormonal balance
Vaginal health
Lipid changes

Ospemifene, particularly at the dose of 90 mg/day, was more estrogenic than raloxifene in postmenopausal women, with a clear estrogenic effect in the vagina. Neither agent stimulated the endometrium.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Structural effects of raloxifene on the proximal femur: results from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation trial.

Author: Uusi-RasiK, BeckT J, SemanickL M, DaphtaryM M, CransG G, DesaiahD, HarperK D

Improved BMD

This review discusses the effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. Raloxifene has been shown to improve spine BMD and reduce vertebral fractures, but further research is needed to confirm its effects on hip strength.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women treated with lasofoxifene compared with raloxifene.

Author: McClungMichael R, SirisEthel, CummingsSteve, BologneseMichael, EttingerMark, MoffettAlfred, EmkeyRonald, DayWesley, SomayajiVeena, LeeAndrew

Bone health

This study aimed to compare the effects of lasofoxifene, raloxifene, and placebo on bone health in postmenopausal women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial.

Author: VogelVictor G, CostantinoJoseph P, WickerhamD Lawrence, CroninWalter M, CecchiniReena S, AtkinsJames N, BeversTherese B, FehrenbacherLouis, PajonEduardo R, WadeJames L, RobidouxAndré, MargoleseRichard G, JamesJoan, LippmanScott M, RunowiczCarolyn D, GanzPatricia A, ReisSteven E, McCaskill-StevensWorta, FordLeslie G, JordanV Craig, WolmarkNorman,

Reduced invasive breast cancer risk
Increased non-invasive breast cancer risk

Raloxifene and tamoxifen are both effective in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but have different side effect profiles. In a large randomized trial of nearly 20,000 women, both drugs demonstrated similar reductions in invasive breast cancer risk. Raloxifene was associated with a lower risk of thromboembolic events and cataracts, while tamoxifen had a non-statistically significant higher risk of noninvasive breast cancer.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

The effects of combined raloxifene and oral estrogen on vasomotor symptoms and endometrial safety.

Author: StovallDale W, UtianWulf H, GassMargery L S, QuYongming, MuramDavid, WongMayme, PlouffeLeo

Vasomotor symptom reduction
Endometrial hyperplasia

This randomized, double-blind clinical trial compared the effects of 52 weeks' treatment with either raloxifene 60 mg/day alone (RLX) or in combination with 17beta-estradiol 1 mg/day (RLX + E) on vasomotor symptoms and endometrial safety in postmenopausal women who transitioned from estrogen-progestin therapy. The study found that vasomotor symptoms were unchanged from baseline with RLX treatment, but these symptoms were significantly reduced with combined RLX + E therapy. Signs of endometrial stimulation were observed in the RLX + E group.

Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Cognitive effects of short-term use of raloxifene: a randomized clinical trial.

Author: BuckwalterJ G, GeigerA M, ParsonsT D, HandlerJ, HowesJ, LehmerR R

Cognitive functioning
Raloxifene efficacy
Age-related effects
Side effects

This study investigated the short-term effects of raloxifene vs. alendronate on cognitive function in a randomized trial. The study found no significant difference in short-term cognitive function between the two groups, suggesting that raloxifene does not have a negative impact on cognitive function compared to alendronate.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

30.

Effect of raloxifene and low-dose percutaneous 17beta-estradiol on menopause symptoms and endometrium--a randomized controlled trial.

Author: ValiatiBeatriz, CappEdison, EdelweissMaria Isabel, de FreitasFernando Monteiro, WenderMaria Celeste Osório

Endometrium safety
Hot flush reduction

Percutaneous low-dose 17beta-estradiol combined with raloxifene reduced hot flush severity in postmenopausal women without causing endometrial proliferation in a short-term study.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

31.

Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene on coronary outcomes in the Raloxifene Use for The Heart trial: results of subgroup analyses by age and other factors.

Author: CollinsPeter, MoscaLori, GeigerMary Jane, GradyDeborah, KornitzerMarcel, Amewou-AtissoMessan G, EffronMark B, DowsettSherie A, Barrett-ConnorElizabeth, WengerNanette K

Coronary heart disease prevention

The RUTH trial examined the effects of raloxifene, a medication that mimics the effects of estrogen, on women with heart disease or risk factors for heart disease. The study found that raloxifene had no overall effect on the occurrence of coronary events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

33.

Effect of Raloxifene on all-cause mortality.

Author: GradyDeborah, CauleyJane A, StockJohn L, CoxDavid A, MitlakBruce H, SongJingli, CummingsSteven R

Reduced breast cancer risk
Reduced osteoporosis
Increased stroke risk
Increased venous thromboembolism risk

Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can help reduce osteoporosis and breast cancer risk. However, it may increase the risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke in women with heart disease. Further research is needed to assess its overall risk and benefit.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

34.

The effects of selective estrogen receptor modulator treatment following hormone replacement therapy on elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Author: HayashiToshio, InaKoichiro, MaedaMorihiko, NomuraHideki

Bone mineral density
Endothelial function

SERM (Raloxifene) improved BMD and endothelial function in elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who had received HRT. These effects were comparable to or slightly stronger than those of HRT. SERM increased high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and tended to decrease low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P=0.058) compared with baseline.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

35.

[Effects of raloxifene on endothelial function and hemostasis in women with ischemic heart disease].

Author: RoquéMercè, SitgesMarta, SalaJoan, DelgadoVictoria, MoralesManuel, MarrugatJaume, VilaJoan, SubiranaIsaac, TàssiesDolors, ReverterJuan Carlos, CastroMiriam, DuranMagdalena

Endothelial function improvement
Thromboembolic risk

Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, is being studied for its effects on endothelial function and coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways in postmenopausal women with cardiovascular disease.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Spanish

36.

Raloxifene and tibolone in elderly women: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial.

Author: JacobsenDidy E, MelisRené J F, VerhaarHarald J J, Olde RikkertMarcel G M

Improved health status
Improved verbal memory
Increased bone density
Increased risk of stroke

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of raloxifene and tibolone on body mass density, handgrip strength, and other frailty components in older women. Both treatments significantly increased body mass density but had no effect on handgrip strength. Raloxifene also had positive effects on verbal memory and health status.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

37.

Could in-vitro studies on Ishikawa cell lines explain the endometrial safety of raloxifene? Systematic literature review and starting points for future oncological research.

Author: GizzoSalvatore, NoventaMarco, Di GangiStefania, LittaPietro, SaccardiCarlo, D'AntonaDonato, NardelliGiovanni Battista

Breast cancer treatment
Endometrial safety
Raloxifene effectiveness

This study reviewed the in vitro mechanisms of action of raloxifene (RAL), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on endometrial cells. RAL appears to induce apoptosis, inhibit estrogen-related cell proliferation, and reduce endometrial carcinogenesis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

38.

Effects of Raloxifene Combined with Low-dose Conjugated Estrogen on the Endometrium in Menopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer.

Author: CarneiroAndrea Lucia Bastos, SpadellaAna Paula Curi, SouzaFabiola Amaral de, AlvesKaren Borelli Ferreira, Araujo-NetoJoaquim Teodoro de, HaidarMauro Abi, DardesRita de Cássia de Maio

Reduced menopausal symptoms

This study compared the effects of low-dose conjugated estrogen (CE), raloxifene, and the combination thereof on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. The study found that combined raloxifene and low-dose CE decreased the severity of menopausal symptoms to a similar extent as CE alone and had similar effects as raloxifene alone on the endometrium.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

39.

The effects of raloxifene on endothelial function and Inflammation in Postmenopausal women: A Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Author: KangFuli, ZouQi, HuangJiazhen

Cardiovascular benefits

Raloxifene is a medication used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of raloxifene on endothelial function and inflammation in postmenopausal women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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