Effects of clopidogrel: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of clopidogrel, an antiplatelet medication, in preventing blood clots. One key finding is that patients with a specific genetic variation called CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele may not respond as well to standard doses of clopidogrel. 25 found that increasing the dose of clopidogrel in stroke patients with this genetic variation was both effective and safe. This suggests that higher doses might be necessary for optimal benefits in some individuals. 8 compared the effects of prasugrel, a newer antiplatelet medication, to high-dose clopidogrel in patients undergoing coronary intervention. The results suggest that prasugrel might be more effective than high-dose clopidogrel. 5 demonstrated that clopidogrel manufactured in different regions had comparable antiplatelet effects. This suggests that the effectiveness of clopidogrel might not be significantly affected by the manufacturing location.

Research also highlighted the potential interactions of clopidogrel with other medications. 18 found that morphine decreased the levels of ticagrelor, another antiplatelet medication, but did not significantly impact its antiplatelet effects. This suggests that clopidogrel might interact differently with other medications. 22 explored the effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), medications used for acid reflux, on clopidogrel effectiveness. The findings suggest that some PPIs could compromise clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

High-dose clopidogrel might be more effective in patients with CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele, compared to standard doses. 25 High-dose clopidogrel shows potential benefits in treating stroke patients. 25 Prasugrel might offer more consistent antiplatelet effects than high-dose clopidogrel. 8 Clopidogrel manufactured in different regions has comparable effectiveness. 5 These findings underscore the importance of personalized medication choices for patients with cardiovascular disease.

Risk Summary

Clopidogrel carries the risk of bleeding, especially when used in high doses or combined with other antiplatelet medications. It's crucial to consider the bleeding risk before starting clopidogrel and be vigilant for any signs of bleeding during treatment.

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies focused on the relationship between clopidogrel effectiveness and the CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele, indicating that patients with this genetic variation might have a reduced response to clopidogrel. Several studies also highlighted the importance of considering potential interactions between clopidogrel and other medications. These findings emphasize the need for personalized treatment strategies to maximize clopidogrel's benefits while minimizing risks.

Differences

Studies have shown varying results on the effectiveness of high-dose clopidogrel. 25 concluded that high-dose clopidogrel was effective, while 13 raised questions about its effectiveness. The bleeding risk associated with high-dose clopidogrel has also been assessed differently across studies. A comprehensive evaluation of these findings is crucial for determining the optimal treatment approach for individual patients.

Consistency and Contradictions

Clopidogrel's effectiveness can vary widely depending on factors such as patient characteristics, drug interactions, and genetics. This variability underscores the importance of careful interpretation of research findings. Further studies are necessary to determine the optimal dose and type of medication for specific patients and conditions. The development of biomarkers to assess clopidogrel effectiveness is another crucial area for future research.

Implications for Daily Life

Clopidogrel's effectiveness is highly individualized. It is crucial to follow your doctor's instructions regarding dosage and type of medication. Be aware of potential interactions with other medications. Regular check-ups with your doctor are essential to monitor the effectiveness and potential side effects of clopidogrel.

Limitations of Current Research

Current research cannot encompass all factors that might influence clopidogrel's effectiveness. Lifestyle habits and genetic factors beyond CYP2C19 are still being investigated. Long-term effects and safety require further study.

Future Research Directions

Developing new medications or delivery methods to enhance clopidogrel's effectiveness is crucial. Biomarkers to assess clopidogrel effectiveness are also needed. Further investigations into lifestyle habits and genetic factors that influence clopidogrel's effectiveness are vital.

Conclusion

Clopidogrel's effectiveness is variable and depends on numerous factors. It's crucial to tailor treatment plans to individual patients, based on their characteristics and potential interactions. Further research is necessary to optimize clopidogrel's efficacy. Consult your doctor to discuss clopidogrel's benefits and risks, and be an active participant in managing your health.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
1
Article Type
23
2
1
0
25
1.

A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee.

Author:

Reduced thrombotic events
Adverse effects

Clopidogrel is a new thienopyridine derivative that inhibits platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. It may be an effective alternative to aspirin and ticlopidine for the prevention of thrombotic events.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients.

Author: DavidJ L, LimetR

Ischemic event prevention
Platelet aggregation inhibition
Bleeding time prolongation

This study compared the effectiveness of different doses of clopidogrel, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. The study found that all doses of clopidogrel were effective in inhibiting platelet aggregation, but the optimal dose for the early post-operative period requires further investigation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Effects of statins on platelet inhibition by a high loading dose of clopidogrel.

Author: MüllerIris, BestaFelicitas, SchulzChristian, LiZhongyan, MassbergSteffen, GawazMeinrad

No statin inhibition

This study investigated whether various statins would affect the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel in patients receiving a high loading dose of 600 mg of clopidogrel. The study found that no statin had a significant effect on the platelet aggregation of clopidogrel.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Monitoring of clopidogrel action: comparison of methods.

Author: GeigerJörg, TeichmannLino, GrossmannRalf, AktasBarsom, SteigerwaldUdo, WalterUlrich, SchinzelReinhard

Prevention of adverse effects

Clopidogrel is a medication used to prevent blood clots, but some patients don't respond well to it. A reliable assay is needed to assess the effectiveness of clopidogrel treatment, as failure can have severe consequences.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Competency profile of locally manufactured clopidogrel Lowplat and foreign manufactured clopidogrel Plavix in patients of suspected ischemic heart disease (CLAP-IHD).

Author: AshrafTariq, AhmedMunir, TalpurM Saeed, KundiAsadullah, FaruquiAzhar Masood A, JafferyAbdul Hafeez, FareedAslam

Antiplatelet therapy

This study compared the antiplatelet effects of loading doses of locally manufactured clopidogrel (Lowplat) and foreign manufactured clopidogrel (Plavix) in patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. The results showed that the two drugs had comparable antiplatelet effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

A randomized comparison of high clopidogrel loading doses in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the ALBION (Assessment of the Best Loading Dose of Clopidogrel to Blunt Platelet Activation, Inflammation and Ongoing Necrosis) trial.

Author: MontalescotGilles, SiderisGeorges, MeulemanCatherine, Bal-dit-SollierClaire, LelloucheNicolas, StegPh Gabriel, SlamaMichel, MilleronOlivier, ColletJean-Philippe, HenryPatrick, BeyguiFarzin, DrouetLudovic,

Faster onset of action
Improved platelet inhibition
None mentioned

Clopidogrel loading doses (LDs) greater than 300 mg provided a faster onset of action, a higher IPA plateau, and greater reductions in platelet activation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. A 900-mg LD may induce a greater antiplatelet effect than 600 mg, compared with the standard 300-mg regimen.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Transitioning patients from cangrelor to clopidogrel: pharmacodynamic evidence of a competitive effect.

Author: SteinhublSteven R, OhJennifer J, OestreichJulie H, FerrarisSuellen, CharnigoRichard, AkersWendell S

Cangrelor is a direct, parenteral, and reversible inhibitor of the platelet P2Y12 receptor. It is important to determine the effects of concurrent cangrelor and clopidogrel administration.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Prasugrel compared with high loading- and maintenance-dose clopidogrel in patients with planned percutaneous coronary intervention: the Prasugrel in Comparison to Clopidogrel for Inhibition of Platelet Activation and Aggregation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 44 trial.

Author: WiviottStephen D, TrenkDietmar, FrelingerAndrew L, O'DonoghueMichelle, NeumannFranz-Josef, MichelsonAlan D, AngiolilloDominick J, HodHanoch, MontalescotGilles, MillerDebra L, JakubowskiJoseph A, CairnsRichard, MurphySabina A, McCabeCarolyn H, AntmanElliott M, BraunwaldEugene,

Platelet aggregation inhibition

This study aims to evaluate the relative antiplatelet effects of prasugrel versus high-dose clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention patients.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Thrombin formation and platelet activation at the site of vascular injury in patients with coronary artery disease treated with clopidogrel combined with aspirin.

Author: UndasAnetta, StepieńEwa, BranickaAgnieszka, WołkowPaweł, ZmudkaKrzysztof, TraczWiesława

Platelet activation reduction
None mentioned

Clopidogrel combined with aspirin did not reduce thrombin formation following vascular injury, but it attenuated platelet soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and P-selectin release. Patients with previous myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease had the highest amounts of sCD40L and P-selectin released at baseline.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Response to ticagrelor in clopidogrel nonresponders and responders and effect of switching therapies: the RESPOND study.

Author: GurbelPaul A, BlidenKevin P, ButlerKathleen, AntoninoMark J, WeiCheryl, TengRenli, RasmussenLars, StoreyRobert F, NielsenTonny, EikelboomJohn W, Sabe-AffakiGeorges, HustedSteen, KereiakesDean J, HendersonDavid, PatelDharmendra V, TantryUdaya S

Ticagrelor overcomes nonresponsiveness

This study investigated the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor in patients who were nonresponsive to clopidogrel. Ticagrelor was found to overcome clopidogrel nonresponsiveness, resulting in significantly higher platelet inhibition compared to clopidogrel.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Inhibitory effects of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel on platelet function in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the PLATO (PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes) PLATELET substudy.

Author: StoreyRobert F, AngiolilloDominick J, PatilShankar B, DesaiBhaloo, EcobRosemary, HustedSteen, EmanuelssonHakan, CannonChristopher P, BeckerRichard C, WallentinLars

Greater antiplatelet effect

Ticagrelor achieved greater antiplatelet effect than clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes, both during maintenance therapy and in the first hours of treatment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Pharmacodynamic effects of concomitant versus staggered clopidogrel and omeprazole intake: results of a prospective randomized crossover study.

Author: FerreiroJosé L, UenoMasafumi, CapodannoDavide, DesaiBhaloo, DharmashankarKodlipet, DarlingtonAndrew, CharltonRonald K, BassTheodore A, AngiolilloDominick J

Impaired platelet inhibition

Omeprazole impaired clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects in the maintenance phase of treatment, regardless of the timing of their administration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Effects of CYP2C19 genotype on outcomes of clopidogrel treatment.

Author: ParéGuillaume, MehtaShamir R, YusufSalim, AnandSonia S, ConnollyStuart J, HirshJack, SimonsenKaty, BhattDeepak L, FoxKeith A A, EikelboomJohn W

Reduced cardiovascular events

This study investigated the effect of CYP2C19 genotype on the effectiveness of clopidogrel. The effect of clopidogrel in reducing cardiovascular events was similar in patients with and without loss-of-function CYP2C19 alleles. Gain-of-function carriers derived more benefit from clopidogrel than noncarriers.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Pharmacodynamic evaluation of pantoprazole therapy on clopidogrel effects: results of a prospective, randomized, crossover study.

Author: FerreiroJosé Luis, UenoMasafumi, TomaselloSalvatore D, CapodannoDavide, DesaiBhaloo, DharmashankarKodlipet, SeecheranNaveen, KodaliMurali K, DarlingtonAndrew, PhamJohn-Paul, Tello-MontoliuAntonio, CharltonRonald K, BassTheodore A, AngiolilloDominick J

Assess impact of pantoprazole therapy

This study assessed the impact of high-dose pantoprazole therapy, a proton pump inhibitor, on clopidogrel-mediated pharmacodynamic effects. The study aimed to determine whether the drug interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors is a class effect or a drug effect and if timing of drug administration affects the interaction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Recovery of platelet function after discontinuation of prasugrel or clopidogrel maintenance dosing in aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary disease: the recovery trial.

Author: PriceMatthew J, WalderJames S, BakerBrian A, HeiselmanDarell E, JakubowskiJoseph A, LoganDouglas K, WintersKenneth J, LiWei, AngiolilloDominick J

Consistent guidelines
Delayed recovery

The offset of prasugrel was consistent with current guidelines regarding the recommended waiting period for surgery after discontinuation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel reloading on high platelet reactivity in clopidogrel-loaded patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PRAISE-HPR): a study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.

Author: LeeDong-Hyun, KimMoo Hyun, ParkTae-Ho, ParkJong Sung, ParkKyungil, ZhangHong-Zhe, SeoJeong-Min, LeeMichael S

HPR reduction

Prasugrel reloading is hypothesized to be more effective than clopidogrel reloading in patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) after an initial loading dose of clopidogrel.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Point-of-care measurements of platelet inhibition after clopidogrel loading in patients with acute coronary syndrome: comparison of generic and branded clopidogrel bisulfate.

Author: SeoKyoung-Woo, TahkSeung-Jea, YangHyoung-Mo, YoonMyeong-Ho, ShinJoon-Han, ChoiSo-Yeon, LimHong-Seok, HwangGyo-Seung, ChoiByoung-Joo, ParkJin-Sun, ShinJeoung-Sook, LeeYou-Hong, ChoiYong-Woo, ParkSe-Jun, JinXiong-Jie

Platelet suppression

This study compared the effects of generic clopidogrel bisulfate to branded clopidogrel bisulfate in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Morphine decreases ticagrelor concentrations but not its antiplatelet effects: a randomized trial in healthy volunteers.

Author: HoblEva-Luise, ReiterBirgit, SchoergenhoferChristian, SchwameisMichael, DerhaschnigUlla, KubicaJacek, StimpflThomas, JilmaBernd

Morphine can decrease the concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel, a drug used to prevent blood clots. Further research is needed to determine whether the pharmacodynamic consequences of drug-drug interactions between morphine and ticagrelor would be less.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Effects of autologous platelet transfusion on platelet inhibition in ticagrelor-treated and clopidogrel-treated subjects.

Author: TengR, CarlsonG F, NylanderS, AnderssonT L G

Hemostatic benefits

Platelet transfusion (PT) may not reverse ticagrelor's antiplatelet effects and has minimal impact post clopidogrel. The benefits post-clopidogrel are unknown.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Meta-analysis of effects of ABCB1 polymorphisms on clopidogrel response among patients with coronary artery disease.

Author: ZhaiYajing, HeHairong, MaXiancang, XieJiao, MengTi, DongYalin, LuJun

Antiplatelet Efficacy

This meta-analysis evaluated the association between ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism and the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug, and ABCB1 is a transporter protein that can influence drug metabolism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

21.

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX in Chinese healthy male subjects.

Author: LiuShuaibing, XueLing, ShiXiangfen, SunZhiyong, ZhuZhenfeng, ZhangXiaojian, TianXin

Consistent platelet inhibition
Faster onset

Ticagrelor, a new antiplatelet drug, works more quickly and consistently than clopidogrel, providing faster onset and offset of antiplatelet effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Evaluating the Effect of Six Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Antiplatelet Effects of Clopidogrel.

Author: PrzespolewskiEugene R, WestphalErica S, RainkaMichelle, SmithNicholas M, BatesVernice, GengoFran M

Antiplatelet effects
Compromised clopidogrel effects

This study investigated the potential interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), particularly esomeprazole and omeprazole. While previous studies have raised concerns about PPIs compromising clopidogrel's antiplatelet effects, this study suggests that the interaction may not be as robust as previously thought, calling for further investigation to assess the clinical relevance of this interaction.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Effects of Ticagrelor, Prasugrel, or Clopidogrel on Endothelial Function and Other Vascular Biomarkers: A Randomized Crossover Study.

Author: AriottiSara, Ortega-PazLuis, van LeeuwenMaarten, BrugalettaSalvatore, LeonardiSergio, AkkerhuisK Martijn, RimoldiStefano F, JanssensGladys, GianniUmberto, van den BergeJan C, KaragiannisAlexios, WindeckerStephan, ValgimigliMarco,

Off-target effects

Ticagrelor did not improve endothelial function or increase systemic adenosine plasma levels in stabilized patients who suffered from an acute coronary syndrome, compared to prasugrel and clopidogrel.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk of adverse cardiovascular events with proton pump inhibitors independent of clopidogrel.

Author: BatchelorRiley, KumarRadya, Gilmartin-ThomasJulia F M, HopperIngrid, KempWilliam, LiewDanny

Cardiovascular risk

The impact of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on cardiovascular risk in the absence of clopidogrel is not well understood despite the known interaction between PPIs and clopidogrel.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

25.

Effectiveness and safety of high dose clopidogrel plus aspirin in ischemic stroke patients with the single CYP2C19 loss-of-function allele: a randomized trial.

Author: WuHongliang, SongHuiqun, DouLianwei, GaoBo, PanYan, DongMei, ChenQi, LiJiazhen, SongLixiang, LiuChuanyu, LiBing, ChuWenzheng

Stroke outcomes improvement
CYP2C19 loss-of-function

This study investigated the effect of increasing clopidogrel dose in stroke patients carrying a single loss-of-function allele of CYP2C19.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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