Effective treatment of seasonal affective disorder: A Synthesis of Findings from 35 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a seasonal pattern of recurrent major depressive episodes that most commonly occurs during autumn or winter and remits in spring. 31 The prevalence of SAD ranges from 1.5% to 9%, depending on latitude. 31 SAD can cause significant distress and impairment. 13

Light therapy is a non-pharmacological treatment that exposes people to artificial light. 31 It is considered an accepted treatment option for SAD. 24 Light therapy has been shown to be effective in SAD in controlled trials. 6 Bright white light is significantly more effective than dim red light, and high-density negative ions are more effective than low-density negative ions. 18 However, almost 40% of SAD patients do not respond to light therapy and require alternative treatments. 7 Morning light (ML) and evening light (EL) have similar response rates, but diurnal variation during baseline negatively correlates with therapeutic response. 3

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of therapy that helps people identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to their depression. 22 CBT has been proven effective in treating SAD, reducing depressive symptoms and preventing relapse. 25 Participants with higher baseline levels of dysfunctional attitudes and negative automatic thoughts experienced less severe depression the next winter when treated with CBT compared to light therapy. 22 CBT has been shown to be an effective treatment for SAD and warrants further study. 16

Antidepressant medication, such as fluoxetine and bupropion XL, is also used to treat SAD. 8 13 Fluoxetine has antidepressant effects comparable to bright light. 8 Antidepressants are sometimes used in combination with light therapy or psychotherapy. 34 d-Fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug, has shown to be useful in treating SAD. 2 The drug effectively reduces carbohydrate craving and weight gain in SAD patients. 2

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a promising method for preventing SAD recurrence. 23 It combines mindfulness and cognitive therapy, offering potential effectiveness in preventing SAD relapse. 23

treatmentまとめ

Several studies have investigated light therapy, CBT, and their combination as treatments for SAD. 22 Light therapy has been shown to be effective in SAD in several studies. 24 CBT has been proven effective in treating SAD, reducing depressive symptoms and preventing relapse. 25 The combination of CBT and light therapy has been found to have lower relapse rates than other treatments. 16

Research suggests that antidepressants, including SSRIs, SNRIs, and d-fenfluramine, are also used in treating SAD. 9 34 2

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Several effective methods for treating SAD are available, including light therapy, CBT, drug therapy, and nutritional supplements. These treatments effectively reduce depressive symptoms and prevent relapse.

Risks Summary

Although several effective treatments for SAD exist, such as light therapy, CBT, drug therapy, and nutritional supplements, they are not effective for everyone. They can also cause side effects. It is important to consult a doctor if you are considering treatment for SAD.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Many studies indicate the effectiveness of light therapy, CBT, and drug therapy in treating SAD. These treatments effectively reduce depressive symptoms and prevent relapse.

Differences Among Studies

Some studies suggest the combination of light therapy and CBT is more effective than other treatments. 16 Some studies have investigated the use of nutritional supplements, such as d-fenfluramine, in treating SAD. 2 However, these studies are still limited.

Consistency and Discrepancies in Results

There is consistency in research findings regarding SAD treatment. Many studies demonstrate the effectiveness of light therapy, CBT, and drug therapy. However, the optimal treatment varies from individual to individual.

Practical Applications and Precautions

Several effective methods for treating SAD are available, including light therapy, CBT, drug therapy, and nutritional supplements. However, these treatments are not effective for everyone. They can also cause side effects. It is essential to consult a doctor if you are considering treatment for SAD.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on SAD treatment is still limited. More research is needed.

Future Research Directions

Future research should aim to clarify the most effective treatment methods for SAD. It should also develop effective methods for preventing SAD relapse.

Conclusion

SAD is a seasonal pattern of recurrent major depressive episodes that most commonly occurs during autumn or winter and remits in spring. Several effective methods for treating SAD are available, including light therapy, CBT, drug therapy, and nutritional supplements. These treatments effectively reduce depressive symptoms and prevent relapse. However, the optimal treatment varies from individual to individual. It is essential to consult a doctor if you are considering treatment for SAD.

Treatment List

Light therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Drug therapy, Nutritional supplements

Literature analysis of 35 papers
Positive Content
33
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
0
Article Type
29
1
6
3
35
1.

Treatment of seasonal depression with d-fenfluramine.

Author: O'RourkeD, WurtmanJ J, WurtmanR J, ChebliR, GleasonR

Reduced SAD symptoms
Weight loss

This study investigated the effectiveness of d-fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug, in treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in 18 patients. Patients received either d-fenfluramine or a placebo for four weeks, with a two-week washout period between treatments. D-fenfluramine significantly reduced depression scores compared to placebo, with a 71% decrease in overall depression scores and a 73% decrease in SAD-specific scores. Thirteen patients (72%) experienced a complete reversal of their symptoms while taking d-fenfluramine. The group also lost weight while taking d-fenfluramine. A follow-up study confirmed that d-fenfluramine remained effective for the full three-month duration of SAD symptoms. These findings suggest that d-fenfluramine may be a useful treatment for SAD and that serotonin plays a role in both the mood and appetite changes associated with the condition.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Nutrient imbalances in depressive disorders. Possible brain mechanisms.

Author: WurtmanR J, O'RourkeD, WurtmanJ J

Reduced depression symptoms
Weight loss

This study examined the effectiveness of d-fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug, in treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in 18 patients. Patients received either d-fenfluramine or a placebo for four weeks. D-fenfluramine significantly reduced depression scores compared to placebo, with a 71% decrease in overall depression scores and a 73% decrease in SAD-specific scores. Thirteen patients (72%) experienced a complete reversal of their symptoms while taking d-fenfluramine. The group also lost weight while taking d-fenfluramine. A follow-up study confirmed that d-fenfluramine remained effective for the full three-month duration of SAD symptoms. These findings suggest that d-fenfluramine may be a useful treatment for SAD and that serotonin plays a role in both the mood and appetite changes associated with the condition.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

Morning and evening light treatment of seasonal affective disorder: response, relapse and prediction.

Author: MeestersY, JansenJ H, LambersP A, BouhuysA L, BeersmaD G, van den HoofdakkerR H

In a study of 27 people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), light therapy in the morning (ML) or evening (EL) resulted in similar improvement rates (57% for ML and 50% for EL). The relapse rate during the rest of the winter season was 54%. There was no difference in the speed of improvement between the two groups. Larger variations in mood throughout the day were associated with a lower response to treatment. Fatigue or sleepiness did not predict response.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Multicenter, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in seasonal affective disorder.

Author: LamR W, GormanC P, MichalonM, SteinerM, LevittA J, CorralM R, WatsonG D, MorehouseR L, TamW, JoffeR T

Seasonal affective disorder treatment
Limited efficacy

Fluoxetine was effective in treating seasonal affective disorder, with a clinical response rate of 59% compared to 34% for placebo. Further studies are needed to confirm efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

A controlled trial of light therapy for the treatment of pediatric seasonal affective disorder.

Author: SwedoS E, AllenA J, GlodC A, ClarkC H, TeicherM H, RichterD, HoffmanC, HamburgerS D, DowS, BrownC, RosenthalN E

Effective for pediatric SAD

Light therapy was effective in treating pediatric seasonal affective disorder (SAD), significantly reducing total depression scores and subscores for atypical and typical depression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Dawn simulation treatment of abstinent alcoholics with winter depression.

Author: AveryD H, BolteM A, RiesR

Improved SAD treatment

This study investigated the effectiveness of dawn simulation, a light therapy, in treating seasonal depression in people who are recovering from alcohol addiction.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

Efficacy of light versus tryptophan therapy in seasonal affective disorder.

Author: GhadirianA M, MurphyB E, GendronM J

Effective treatment for SAD
Well tolerated
Rapid relapse after light therapy
Slower relapse after tryptophan therapy

This study found that tryptophan was equally effective as light therapy in treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The study suggests that tryptophan may have a slower relapse rate than light therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Effects of fluoxetine versus bright light in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder.

Author: RuhrmannS, KasperS, HawellekB, MartinezB, HöflichG, NickelsenT, MöllerH J

Antidepressant effect
Well tolerated

This randomized, parallel design study found that both bright light and fluoxetine produced a good antidepressant effect in patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), with an apparently better response to bright light that requires confirmation in a larger sample.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

A placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with seasonal affective disorder.

Author: MoscovitchAdam, BlashkoCarl A, EaglesJohn M, DarcourtGuy, ThompsonChristopher, KasperSiegfried, LaneRoger M,

Effective treatment of SAD

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months. Light therapy is a common treatment, but the effectiveness of antidepressants is not clear. Antidepressants that increase serotonin levels may be effective for SAD.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination in treating seasonal affective disorder.

Author: RohanKelly J, LindseyKathryn Tierney, RoeckleinKathryn A, LacyTimothy J

SAD treatment

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months. While light therapy is a common treatment, nearly half of people with SAD don’t respond, some have lingering symptoms, and many don’t stick with light therapy long-term. Given that research suggests that thoughts and behaviors play a role in SAD, this study investigates cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as a potential treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

11.

Adjunctive bright light in non-seasonal major depression.

Author: MartinyK

Depression treatment

Bright light treatment is an effective adjunct treatment to antidepressants for non-seasonal depression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression.

Author: GoelNamni, TermanMichael, TermanJiuan Su, MacchiMariana M, StewartJonathan W

Treatment for chronic depression

Both bright light and negative air ions are effective for treatment of chronic depression. Remission rates are similar to those for SAD, but without a seasonal dependency or apparent mediation by circadian rhythm phase shifts. Combination treatment with antidepressant drugs may further enhance clinical response.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

13.

Seasonal affective disorder and its prevention by anticipatory treatment with bupropion XL.

Author: ModellJack G, RosenthalNorman E, HarriettApril E, KrishenAlok, AsgharianAfsaneh, FosterVicki J, MetzAlan, RockettCarol B, WightmanDonna S

SAD prevention

Three studies found that bupropion XL was effective in preventing the onset of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Bupropion XL treatment was started early in the season while patients were still well.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Therapeutic mechanism in seasonal affective disorder: do fluoxetine and light operate through advancing circadian phase?

Author: MurrayGreg, MichalakErin E, LevittAnthony J, LevitanRobert D, EnnsMurray W, MorehouseRachel, LamRaymond W

Antidepressant effect
Phase advance

This study found no evidence to support the theory that circadian phase advance mediates the therapeutic mechanism of light therapy for winter Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), despite both light therapy and fluoxetine being associated with antidepressant effects and phase advance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Quality of life as an outcome indicator in patients with seasonal affective disorder: results from the Can-SAD study.

Author: MichalakErin E, MurrayGreg, LevittAnthony J, LevitanRobert D, EnnsMurray W, MorehouseRachel, TamEdwin M, CheungAmy, LamRaymond W

Improves quality of life

This study assessed the impact of treatment with antidepressant medication or light therapy on quality of life (QoL) in patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), highlighting the need for further research on QoL in this condition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination for seasonal affective disorder.

Author: RohanKelly J, RoeckleinKathryn A, Tierney LindseyKathryn, JohnsonLeigh G, LippyRobert D, LacyTimothy J, BartonFranca B

Clinically significant change
Higher remission rate
Improved depression

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), light therapy (LT), and their combination are effective treatments for seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Influence of timed nutrient diet on depression and light sensitivity in seasonal affective disorder.

Author: DanilenkoKonstantin V, PlisovIgor L, HébertMarc, KräuchiKurt, Wirz-JusticeAnna

SAD treatment

This study investigated the effect of timed carbohydrate- or protein-rich diets on SAD symptoms, but no significant effects were found.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bright light and high-density negative air ions for treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder.

Author: FloryRandall, AmetepeJoseph, BowersBonnie

SAD treatment

This study examined the effectiveness of four treatments for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): bright white light, high-density negative ions, dim red light, and low-density negative ions. All treatments resulted in improvements in depression scores. However, bright white light was significantly more effective than the other treatments in achieving full remission. High-density negative ions were more effective than the placebo conditions, but the difference was not significant. The study also found that expectations about treatment were linked to greater benefits.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Negative ion treatment increases positive emotional processing in seasonal affective disorder.

Author: HarmerC J, CharlesM, McTavishS, FavaronE, CowenP J

Positive affective processing

Antidepressant drug treatments increase positive affective information processing early in treatment, which may contribute to later therapeutic responses. This study investigated whether this effect is a shared mechanism of action for different treatment modalities, including high-density negative ion (HDNI) therapy, a treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. light therapy for preventing winter depression recurrence: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: RohanKelly J, EvansMaggie, MahonJennifer N, SitnikovLilya, HoSheau-Yan, NillniYael I, PostolacheTeodor T, VacekPamela M

Improved SAD management
SAD treatment
Limited long-term solutions
Need for better prevention strategies
Poor LT compliance

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs in the fall and winter and improves in the spring. The biggest challenge is preventing the return of SAD each winter. While light therapy (LT) is the best treatment for SAD, people often don't stick with it long-term. New treatments that have longer-lasting effects are needed to prevent SAD from coming back every year.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

21.

Bright light therapy for symptoms of anxiety and depression in focal epilepsy: randomised controlled trial.

Author: BaxendaleSallie, O'SullivanJohn, HeaneyDominic

Reduced anxiety
Reduced depression

Bright light therapy significantly reduced anxiety and depression symptoms in adults with focal epilepsy, regardless of the intensity of light used.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Cognitive predictors and moderators of winter depression treatment outcomes in cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. light therapy.

Author: SitnikovLilya, RohanKelly J, EvansMaggie, MahonJennifer N, NillniYael I

SAD treatment

This study investigated whether certain personality traits, specifically negative thinking patterns, could predict which treatment (light therapy, CBT, or a combination) would be most effective for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The study found that people with more negative thoughts and rigid thinking patterns responded better to CBT than light therapy in the following winter. However, people with more flexible thinking patterns fared equally well with both treatments. This suggests that CBT may be a better initial choice for those with more negative thinking patterns.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

23.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for seasonal affective disorder: a pilot study.

Author: FleerJoke, SchroeversMaya, PanjerVera, GeertsErwin, MeestersYbe

SAD treatment

While light therapy is the most effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), it doesn't prevent the condition from returning in the following seasons. This study aims to investigate whether Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) can help prevent SAD from returning.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Bright white light therapy in depression: A critical review of the evidence.

Author: MårtenssonBjörn, PetterssonAgneta, BerglundLars, EkseliusLisa

Improved depressive symptoms
Methodological problems
Unequivocal evidence

Bright white light (BWL) therapy may be effective for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), but the evidence for its use in non-seasonal depression is less clear. Methodological limitations in many studies make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of BWL.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

25.

Outcomes One and Two Winters Following Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy or Light Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder.

Author: RohanKelly J, MeyerhoffJonah, HoSheau-Yan, EvansMaggie, PostolacheTeodor T, VacekPamela M

SAD recurrence prevention

This study compares the long-term effectiveness of light therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy tailored for seasonal affective disorder (CBT-SAD) in preventing winter SAD recurrence. Initial studies suggest that CBT-SAD may be more effective than light therapy over the long term. This study will compare the two treatments over two winters following initial treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder.

Author: NussbaumerBarbara, Kaminski-HartenthalerAngela, FornerisCatherine A, MorganLaura C, SonisJeffrey H, GaynesBradley N, GreenblattAmy, WipplingerJörg, LuxLinda J, WinklerDietmar, Van NoordMegan G, HofmannJulia, GartlehnerGerald

Light therapy for SAD

This review examines light therapy as a preventative measure for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). SAD is a seasonal pattern of depression, and light therapy, a non-pharmacological treatment, may offer a promising approach to preventing its recurrence.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

27.

Treatment expectations for cognitive-behavioral therapy and light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: Change across treatment and relation to outcome.

Author: MeyerhoffJonah, RohanKelly J

CBT effective
LT effective

Treatment expectations changed across treatment and affected outcome. Treatment expectations at midtreatment were a mechanism by which CBT-SAD reduced depression.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
WebcastA live or recorded video or audio broadcast distributed over the Internet.

Language : English

28.

Patterns of depressive symptom remission during the treatment of seasonal affective disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy or light therapy.

Author: MeyerhoffJonah, YoungMichael A, RohanKelly J

CBT-SAD
LT
SAD treatment

This study examined how different symptoms of winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD) improved over time in people receiving either cognitive-behavioral therapy for SAD (CBT-SAD) or light therapy (LT). Both treatments have similar effectiveness, but this study aims to understand how they achieve improvement differently.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

29.

Pharmacotherapy and nutritional supplements for seasonal affective disorders: a systematic review.

Author: CoolsOlivia, HebbrechtKaat, CoppensViolette, RoosensLaurence, De WitteAndy, MorrensManuel, NeelsHugo, SabbeBernard

SAD treatment
Lack of research

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at a specific time of year, usually during the winter months. It accounts for 10-20% of all depression cases. While potential causes are being studied, the exact reason for SAD is still unknown. More research on treating SAD is needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

30.

Depressive mood and circadian rhythms disturbances as outcomes of seasonal affective disorder treatment: A systematic review.

Author: MenculiniGiulia, VerdoliniNorma, MurruAndrea, PacchiarottiIsabella, VolpeUmberto, CervinoAntonella, SteardoLuca, MorettiPatrizia, VietaEduard, TortorellaAlfonso

Improved mood symptoms
Improved sleep-wake disorders

Bright light therapy (BLT) is effective in treating depressive symptoms and circadian disturbances in seasonal affective disorder (SAD). BLT was found to phase-advance delayed rhythms and improve sleep-wake disorders. While both BLT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) showed evidence of efficacy for mood symptoms, the relationship between improvement in mood symptoms and changes in circadian outcomes remains unclear.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

31.

Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder.

Author: Nussbaumer-StreitBarbara, FornerisCatherine A, MorganLaura C, Van NoordMegan G, GaynesBradley N, GreenblattAmy, WipplingerJörg, LuxLinda J, WinklerDietmar, GartlehnerGerald

Light therapy
SAD prevention

This review examines the use of light therapy to prevent seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that occurs during certain seasons. Light therapy involves exposing oneself to artificial light and is a non-medication option. The study explores different types of light therapy and their effectiveness in preventing SAD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

32.

A measure of cognitions specific to seasonal depression: Development and validation of the Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire.

Author: RohanKelly J, MeyerhoffJonah, HoSheau-Yan, RoeckleinKathryn A, NillniYael I, HillhouseJoel J, DeSarnoMichael J, VacekPamela M

Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire
Winter seasonal affective disorder treatment

The Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ) is a new tool to measure maladaptive thoughts about seasons, light, and weather that may contribute to winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The study showed that the SBQ is a reliable and valid tool that can distinguish SAD patients from those with other conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

33.

Applying experimental therapeutics to examine cognitive and chronological vulnerabilities as mediators of acute outcomes in cognitive-behavioral therapy and light therapy for winter depression.

Author: RohanKelly J, BurtKeith B, CamusoJulia, PerezJessica, MeyerhoffJonah

CBT
LT
SAD

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-SAD) for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) reduced SAD-specific negative cognitions, which in turn led to symptom improvement. Light therapy (LT) reduced eveningness but did not improve symptoms, suggesting different mechanisms of action.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

34.

Second-generation antidepressants for treatment of seasonal affective disorder.

Author: Nussbaumer-StreitBarbara, ThalerKylie, ChapmanAndrea, ProbstThomas, WinklerDietmar, SönnichsenAndreas, GaynesBradley N, GartlehnerGerald

Fluoxetine efficacy
Light therapy efficacy
Adverse events
Limited evidence

There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Fluoxetine may be numerically superior to placebo, but more studies are needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

35.

Body mass index and atypical balance as predictors of winter depression remission in cognitive-behavioral therapy and light therapy.

Author: IyiewuarePraise, RohanKelly J, PostolacheTeodor T

SAD treatment

Light therapy (LT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are effective treatments for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), but some people respond better than others. This study will examine whether a person's body mass index (BMI) or having atypical depression symptoms (like increased sleep or appetite) affects how likely they are to recover from SAD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

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