Effects of cholestyramine resin: A Synthesis of Findings from 23 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant that has been shown to have various effects on health. 2 found that cholestyramine can prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut, suggesting its potential use in preventing antibiotic resistance. 12 reported a case where cholestyramine was used to successfully treat a rare liver condition, vanishing bile duct syndrome, highlighting its potential therapeutic value. 11 suggested that cholestyramine could be used to treat diarrhea caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, providing a new avenue for managing side effects of cancer treatments. 17 demonstrated that cholestyramine can be an effective adjunctive therapy for resistant amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. 3 showed that cholestyramine can prevent fat accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, indicating its potential as an anti-obesity agent. 14 found that cholestyramine may help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer caused by a high-fat diet.

Benefits and risks

Benefits summary

Cholestyramine exhibits potential benefits in various areas, including preventing the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, treating certain liver conditions, managing diarrhea caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, treating resistant amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, preventing fat accumulation, and potentially reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Additionally, cholestyramine can lower cholesterol levels.

Risks summary

Cholestyramine can cause side effects such as constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It can also interfere with the absorption of other medications, making it crucial to consult with a doctor before taking it, especially if you are on other medications. It is essential to consult a doctor before taking cholestyramine during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Comparison between studies

Commonalities in studies

The studies indicate that cholestyramine can affect various health aspects. Its mechanism of action involves interfering with bile acid absorption, impacting gut bacteria balance, liver function, immune system, hormone levels, and metabolism.

Differences between studies

These studies highlight that the effects of cholestyramine may vary depending on the specific condition or disease being addressed. 2 focuses on preventing antibiotic resistance, while 12 focuses on treating a specific liver condition. 11 examines its potential for managing diarrhea caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, while 17 focuses on its effectiveness for treating a specific type of thyroid dysfunction.

Consistency and inconsistencies in results

While the studies suggest that cholestyramine can impact various health conditions, its effectiveness may vary depending on factors such as individual health status, the specific disease or symptom, and potential interactions with other medications. It is crucial to consult a doctor before taking cholestyramine.

Considerations for real-life applications

While cholestyramine demonstrates potential benefits, it's essential to remember that it can also cause side effects. Consulting a doctor before taking cholestyramine and following their instructions carefully is crucial for safe and effective use.

Limitations of current research

These studies provide valuable insights into the potential effects of cholestyramine, but they also highlight several unanswered questions. Further research is necessary to fully understand how cholestyramine works and its specific mechanisms of action. It is also crucial to explore its potential benefits and risks in treating other diseases and conditions. More clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of cholestyramine for various applications.

Future research directions

Further research is needed to delve deeper into how cholestyramine functions and its specific mechanisms of action. It is also important to explore its potential benefits and risks in treating other diseases and conditions. More clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of cholestyramine for various applications.

Conclusion

Cholestyramine is a drug with the potential to influence various health conditions, but its efficacy and safety can vary. Consulting a doctor before taking it is crucial. Further research is needed to fully understand its workings and to explore its potential for treating other conditions. Remember to discuss with your healthcare provider before taking cholestyramine.

Literature analysis of 23 papers
Positive Content
17
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
5
Article Type
1
0
0
2
22
1.

Psyllium for the reduction of cholestyramine-associated gastrointestinal symptoms in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia.

Author: MaciejkoJ J, BrazgR, ShahA, PatilS, RubenfireM

Cholesterol reduction
Gastrointestinal side effect reduction

The study found that psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (PHM) significantly reduced the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal side effects associated with cholestyramine therapy, such as constipation, abdominal discomfort, and heartburn. While PHM showed a tendency toward further reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, this effect did not reach statistical significance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

An adjunctive therapy administered with an antibiotic prevents enrichment of antibiotic-resistant clones of a colonizing opportunistic pathogen.

Author: MorleyValerie J, KinnearClare L, SimDerek G, OlsonSamantha N, JacksonLindsey M, HansenElsa, UsherGrace A, ShowalterScott A, PaiManjunath P, WoodsRobert J, ReadAndrew F

Antibiotic stewardship
Antibiotic resistance

This study demonstrated proof of concept for an adjunctive therapy that allows intravenous antibiotic treatment without driving the evolution and onward transmission of resistance. We repurposed the FDA-approved bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine, which we show binds the antibiotic daptomycin, as an 'anti-antibiotic' to disable systemically-administered daptomycin reaching the gut.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Sex-dependent effects on gut microbiota regulate hepatic carcinogenic outcomes.

Author: XieGuoxiang, WangXiaoning, ZhaoAihua, YanJingyu, ChenWenlian, JiangRunqiu, JiJunfang, HuangFengjie, ZhangYunjing, LeiSha, GeKun, ZhengXiaojiao, RajaniCynthia, AlegadoRosanna A, LiuJiajian, LiuPing, NicholsonJeremy, JiaWei

HCC prevention
Improved microbial communities

This study found that male mice are more susceptible to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by a high-fat diet, compared to female mice. This susceptibility is linked to increased retention of hydrophobic bile acids (BAs) and decreased expression of tumor-suppressive microRNAs in male mice. The study also suggests that the gut microbiota composition is different between males and females, and this difference is amplified in mice fed a high-fat diet. Treating male mice with cholestyramine led to a significant improvement in hepatic BA retention, tumor-suppressive microRNA expressions, and gut microbial communities, ultimately preventing HCC.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

rHDL administration increases reverse cholesterol transport in mice, but is not additive on top of ezetimibe or cholestyramine treatment.

Author: MaugeaisCyrille, AnnemaWijtske, BlumDenise, MaryJean-Luc, TietgeUwe J F

Increased RCT

Stimulating the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by administering reconstituted HDL (rHDL) resulted in transient cholesterol mobilization from macrophages to plasma. This effect was not further enhanced by stimulating the last step of RCT, fecal sterol excretion.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Bile acid binding resin improves metabolic control through the induction of energy expenditure.

Author: WatanabeMitsuhiro, MorimotoKohkichi, HoutenSander M, Kaneko-IwasakiNao, SugizakiTaichi, HoraiYasushi, MatakiChikage, SatoHiroyuki, MurahashiKarin, AritaEri, SchoonjansKristina, SuzukiTatsuya, ItohHiroshi, AuwerxJohan

Glucose tolerance
Insulin resistance

Bile acids play a role in both lipid metabolism and cell signaling. This abstract discusses how bile acid binding resins (BABRs) can improve glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in models of diet-induced obesity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Cholestyramine decreases apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and alters fecal characteristics and metabolites of healthy adult dogs.

Author: AlexanderCeleste, GuardBlake C, SuchodolskiJan S, SwansonKelly S

Nutrient digestibility decrease

Cholestyramine significantly decreased nutrient digestibility and altered fecal characteristics in healthy adult dogs. Cholestyramine, when given with a meal, is safe and well tolerated but further studies are required to explore its effects on dogs with gastrointestinal disease.

Clinical Trial, VeterinaryClinical trials involving animals. They are conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drugs and treatments and contribute to the advancement of veterinary medicine.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Different effects of cholestyramine on postprandial secretions of cholecystokinin and peptide YY in women with bulimia nervosa.

Author: RigamontiAntonello E, SartorioAlessandro, ScognamiglioPasquale, BiniSilvia, MonteleoneAlessio M, MastromoDaniele, MarazziNicoletta, CellaSilvano G, MonteleonePalmiero

BN treatment

Cholestyramine, an anion exchanger that reduces lipid digestion, was studied in bulimic and healthy women to see its effects on the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) after a high-fat meal. The study aimed to understand the physiology of these peptides in bulimia nervosa, as patients with this disorder exhibit reduced postprandial levels of CCK and PYY.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Gastroparesis Worsens Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Antral Ulcers by Bile Reflux via Activation of 5-HT<sub>3</sub> and Dopamine D<sub>2</sub> Receptors in Mice.

Author: SatohHiroshi, AkibaYasutada, UrushidaniTetsuro, KaunitzJonathan D

Gastric ulcer treatment
Bile reflux

Gastroparesis induced by atropine or dopamine worsens NSAID-induced gastric antral ulcers by increasing duodenogastric bile reflux via activation of 5-HT3 receptors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Bile acid binding resin prevents fat accumulation through intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.

Author: KusumotoYukie, IrieJunichiro, IwabuKaho, TagawaHirotsune, ItohArata, KatoMari, KobayashiNana, TanakaKumiko, KikuchiRieko, FujitaMasataka, NakajimaYuya, MorimotoKohkichi, SugizakiTaichi, YamadaSatoru, KawaiToshihide, WatanabeMitsuhiro, OikeYuichi, ItohHiroshi

Obesity prevention

Bile acid binding resin (BAR) is a medication that has been shown to be effective in treating obesity and metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effect of BAR on intestinal microbiota in mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Cholestatic pruritus : an update.

Author: De VlooC, NevensF

Pruritus

Pruritus is a common and debilitating symptom in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. This review discusses the pathophysiology, treatment approaches, and emerging therapies for cholestatic pruritus. Current treatments focus on eliminating pruritogens, modifying their metabolism, and altering itch perception. New agents are under investigation to offer more effective treatment options in the future.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Mesalamine and cholestyramine for immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated diarrhea and colitis.

Author: HollanderBarbara, KhuranaShruti, JacobJake S, AltanMelmet, WangJianbo, ZhaoDan, VaratharajaluKrishnavathana, AlasadiMazen, ThomasAnusha S, WangYinghong

Colitis
Diarrhea

This study evaluates the role of non-immunosuppressive agents, mesalamine and cholestyramine, in managing diarrhea and colitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), offering alternative approaches to steroid and biologic therapies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Vanishing bile duct syndrome in the context of concurrent temozolomide for glioblastoma.

Author: MasonMatthew, AdeyiOyedele, FungScott, MillarBarbara-Ann

Liver damage
Vanishing bile duct syndrome

Temozolomide can cause acute vanishing bile duct syndrome, a rare condition characterized by jaundice and liver function abnormalities.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Leflunomide exposure through second trimester of pregnancy: A case report.

Author: AlothmanRawan, YeungJames, WatermanElizabeth, LepikChrista, AmiriNeda

Healthy baby delivery

This case report describes a pregnant woman with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who continued to take leflunomide throughout the first and second trimesters. The patient delivered a healthy baby at 37 weeks of gestation.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

14.

Secondary bile acids mediate high-fat diet-induced upregulation of R-spondin 3 and intestinal epithelial proliferation.

Author: LiJi-Yao, GillillandMerritt, LeeAllen A, WuXiaoyin, ZhouShi-Yi, OwyangChung

Colorectal cancer

A high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to the increased incidence of colorectal cancer. This study shows that HFD upregulates R-spondin 3 (Rspo3) expression in the colon, mediated by secondary bile acids produced by gut microbiota. Rspo3 promotes intestinal proliferation and may contribute to colorectal cancer development.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

15.

Mechanisms of STAT3 activation in the liver of FXR knockout mice.

Author: LiGuodong, ZhuYan, TawfikOssama, KongBo, WilliamsJessica A, ZhanLe, KasselKaren M, LuyendykJames P, WangLi, GuoGrace L

Liver carcinogenesis

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) deficiency in mice leads to elevated bile acids (BAs) and inflammation, contributing to STAT3 activation in the liver. FXR directly regulates SOCS3, a feedback inhibitor of STAT3. The elevated BAs and inflammation, along with reduced SOCS3, collectively contribute to the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway in the liver of FXR(-/-) mice. This study suggests that constitutive activation of STAT3 may be a mechanism of liver carcinogenesis in FXR(-/-) mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Resistant type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis responsive to cholestyramine as an adjunctive therapy.

Author: RummaanAisha, MaryamMaryam, AliAwais, MandalSnigdhendu, SaeedTamar

Hyperthyroidism treatment

This report discusses a case of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) resistant to conventional treatment, demonstrating the effectiveness of cholestyramine as an adjunctive therapy.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Tolerability and efficacy of colestipol hydrochloride for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide.

Author: RobertsonDerrick, DixonCrystal, AungstAngela, McCoyBradlee, MoreoNatalie, CasadyLise, MaldonadoJanice

MS treatment
Teratogenicity

Teriflunomide is a drug used to treat multiple sclerosis, but its slow elimination can be problematic in certain clinical situations. This abstract discusses the need for accelerated elimination procedures (AEPs) and explores existing methods using cholestyramine or activated charcoal.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Review article: bile acid diarrhoea - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management.

Author: MottackiN, SimrénM, BajorA

Bile acid diarrhea is a common condition, often underdiagnosed and undertreated. It can result from ileal disease/dysfunction, other GI pathology, or be idiopathic. Understanding the different types and available diagnostic methods is crucial for effective management.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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