Effects of cannabidiol: A Synthesis of Findings from 49 Studies

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This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Effects of cannabidiol: A Synthesis of Findings from 49 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

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This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, and research on its potential benefits continues to expand. Numerous studies suggest that CBD may have beneficial effects on various medical conditions, including anxiety reduction, pain relief, and treatment of epilepsy. 46

However, the exact mechanisms of action for CBD are not fully understood, and ongoing research aims to optimize its effectiveness. 21

Research indicates that CBD might influence the nervous system, potentially improving cognitive function. 24 19 22

CBD may reduce the psychoactive effects of THC, while in other instances, CBD may amplify the effects of THC when combined with it. 41 18 20

Despite its potential as a therapeutic agent, more research is needed to determine the safety and side effects of CBD. 26

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

CBD holds promise for improving various medical conditions, including reducing anxiety, managing pain, and treating epilepsy. 46 17

Furthermore, CBD may contribute to normalizing nervous system functions and potentially enhancing cognitive abilities. 24 19

Risks Summary

While generally considered safe, CBD can cause side effects such as fatigue, drowsiness, and digestive issues. 46

Additionally, CBD may interact with other medications, particularly anti-epileptic drugs, requiring careful monitoring during concurrent use. 26

Comparison of Studies

Similarities Among Studies

Many studies agree that CBD is generally safe and has not been associated with serious adverse effects. 26 3

Multiple studies suggest that CBD may have beneficial effects on a range of medical conditions. 46 17 9

Differences Among Studies

Variations in study design, including administration methods, dosage, and participant demographics, contribute to inconsistencies in the findings regarding CBD's effects and side effects. 21 22

Some studies suggest that CBD can reduce the psychoactive effects of THC, while others propose that CBD may increase the effects of THC. 41 18 20

Consistency and Contradictions in the Findings

The effects of CBD are not yet fully understood, and research findings show both consistency and contradictions. 22

Further research is necessary to conclusively determine whether CBD is effective for treating various medical conditions and to assess its safety. 26 15

Considerations for Real-Life Applications

Although CBD is available as a health food or supplement, it is not currently approved as a medication in many countries. When purchasing CBD products, it is crucial to carefully examine the ingredients and source them from reliable manufacturers. 31

Due to potential interactions with other medications, consulting a doctor before using CBD is recommended. 26

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the effects of CBD is still in its early stages and needs further investigation. 22

Especially, the long-term effects of CBD and its impact on various medical conditions remain largely unknown. 46

Future Research Directions

Research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action for CBD and to optimize its effectiveness. 21

Further studies are also necessary to investigate the long-term effects of CBD, its efficacy in treating various medical conditions, and its safety. 26

Conclusion

While CBD shows promise for alleviating various medical conditions, its effects and safety are not fully understood. 22

When using CBD products, be sure to read the ingredients carefully, choose reliable manufacturers, and consult a doctor before use. 31

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
No impairment in performance
2
Effective epilepsy treatment
Potentiates other antiepileptics
3
Neurophysiological biomarkers
4
Anxiety reduction
5
Improved motor inhibition
6
Treat cancer pain
Treat spasticity
7
Safe CBD
8
Enhanced extinction learning
9
Cannabis treatment
10
Improved beta cell function
Improved glycemic control
Increased adiponectin
12
CBD therapeutic potential
14
None mentioned
15
Antipsychotic effects
16
Anti-seizure properties
17
Therapeutic properties
18
Reduced addiction
Reduced psychosis
19
CBD absorption
21
THC side effect mitigation
22
Reduced anxiety
Stress reduction
23
Antipsychotic effect
Symptom reduction
24
CBD safety
26
Cognitive improvement
27
Anti-inflammatory effect
28
CBD moderation
29
CBD bioavailability
CBD dosing
31
Increased sedation
Reduced anxiety
32
Acute pain management
33
Cannabinoid treatment
34
Treat neuropathic pain
35
Antipsychotic effect
36
Anxiety reduction
37
No intoxication
38
Potential therapeutic applications
39
Anxiety treatment
Sleep disturbance treatment
40
Cannabis use disorder treatment
Cognitive improvement
42
Improved reaction time
Reduced anxiety
43
Medical disorders treatment
46
Cannabis use disorder treatment
47
Anxiety treatment
48
Epileptic seizure treatment
Improved immune function
Improved mental health
Improved sleep quality
49
Risk Keywords
Lower blood alcohol levels
2
Attention deficits
Cognitive impairment
4
CBD deactivated function
THC attenuated activation
6
THC effects
8
Cannabis use effects
13
Abuse liability
14
Anxiety increase
15
Abuse liability
17
Intoxication
18
Abnormal liver function
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Withdrawal
25
CBD drug interactions
26
Driving impairment
27
Cell viability inhibition
28
Cannabis addiction
Mental health disorders
29
Anxiety effects
Mood effects
30
None mentioned
33
Appetite disturbance
Cannabinoid side effects
Sleep disturbance
34
Cannabis use harms
41
Increased attention lapse
Increased early responses
43
Cognitive impairment
44
Adverse events
Toxicity
46
Literature analysis of 49 papers
Positive Content
39
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
6
Article Type
35
4
14
5
48
1.

The effect of cannabidiol, alone and in combination with ethanol, on human performance.

Author: BelgraveB E, BirdK D, ChesherG B, JacksonD M, LubbeK E, StarmerG A, TeoR K

Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect cognitive, perceptual, or motor function, even when combined with ethanol. CBD did not affect blood ethanol levels or heart rate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans.

Author: ConsroeP, CarliniE A, ZwickerA P, LacerdaL A

No impairment in performance
Lower blood alcohol levels

Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect motor or mental performance, even when combined with alcohol. However, alcohol consumption was associated with impaired motor and psychomotor function.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients.

Author: CunhaJ M, CarliniE A, PereiraA E, RamosO L, PimentelC, GagliardiR, SanvitoW L, LanderN, MechoulamR

Effective epilepsy treatment
Potentiates other antiepileptics

Cannabidiol was effective in treating secondary generalized epilepsy with temporal focus. 4 out of 8 CBD subjects remained almost free of convulsive crises throughout the experiment. No signs of toxicity or serious side effects were detected.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Neurophysiological and subjective profile of marijuana with varying concentrations of cannabinoids.

Author: IlanA B, GevinsA, ColemanM, ElSohlyM A, de WitH

Neurophysiological biomarkers
Attention deficits
Cognitive impairment

This study found that THC and its metabolites are the primary active constituents of marijuana, and that neurophysiological EEG and ERP measures are useful biomarkers for its effects, while varying the concentrations of CBC and CBD had no significant impact on subjective, behavioral, or neurophysiological responses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study about the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the pharmacokinetics of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) after oral application of THC verses standardized cannabis extract.

Author: NadulskiThomas, PragstFritz, WeinbergGordon, RoserPatrik, SchnelleMartin, FronkEva-Maria, StadelmannAndreas Michael

Anxiety reduction

This study examined the effects of CBD on the pharmacokinetics of THC. While there was some evidence that CBD partially inhibits the metabolism of THC, the effect was small compared to the variability caused by other factors. The study found that females had higher levels of THC and its metabolites than males.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Neural basis of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: effects during response inhibition.

Author: BorgwardtStefan J, AllenPaul, BhattacharyyaSagnik, Fusar-PoliPaolo, CrippaJose A, SealMarc L, FraccaroValter, AtakanZerrin, Martin-SantosRocio, O'CarrollColin, RubiaKatya, McGuirePhilip K

Improved motor inhibition
CBD deactivated function
THC attenuated activation

A study of 15 healthy volunteers found that THC decreased brain activity in areas related to response inhibition, while CBD affected brain regions not typically involved in this process.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration.

Author: KarschnerErin L, DarwinW David, GoodwinRobert S, WrightStephen, HuestisMarilyn A

Treat cancer pain
Treat spasticity

Sativex is a cannabis extract currently being investigated for use in treating cancer pain and spasticity. The combination of THC and CBD within Sativex may work together to provide therapeutic benefits, but further research is needed to understand this interaction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

8.

Acute effects of a single, oral dose of d9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) administration in healthy volunteers.

Author: Martin-SantosR, CrippaJ A, BatallaA, BhattacharyyaS, AtakanZ, BorgwardtS, AllenP, SealM, LangohrK, FarréM, ZuardiA W, McGuireP K

Safe CBD
THC effects

THC has marked acute behavioral and physiological effects in healthy volunteers, while CBD is safe and well tolerated.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Cannabidiol enhances consolidation of explicit fear extinction in humans.

Author: DasRavi K, KambojSunjeev K, RamadasMayurun, YoganKishoj, GuptaVivek, RedmanEmily, CurranH Valerie, MorganCelia J A

Enhanced extinction learning

Cannabidiol (CBD) can enhance consolidation of extinction learning in humans and may have potential as an adjunct to extinction-based therapies for anxiety disorders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Are cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin negative modulators of the endocannabinoid system? A systematic review.

Author: McPartlandJohn M, DuncanMarnie, Di MarzoVincenzo, PertweeRoger G

Cannabis treatment

This review article examines the pharmacological mechanisms of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), two cannabinoids found in cannabis. The article challenges the view that CBD and THCV behave like rimonabant, a CB1 receptor inverse agonist, and instead presents evidence suggesting that they have distinct pharmacological profiles.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis.

Author: HaneyMargaret, MalcolmRobert J, BabalonisShanna, NuzzoPaul A, CooperZiva D, BediGillinder, GrayKevin M, McRae-ClarkAimee, LofwallMichelle R, SparenborgSteven, WalshSharon L

This study investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on the effects of smoked cannabis. CBD did not reduce the reinforcing, physiological, or subjective effects of cannabis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: an evaluation of the cannabis 'amotivational' hypotheses.

Author: LawnWill, FreemanTom P, PopeRebecca A, JoyeAlyssa, HarveyLisa, HindochaChandni, MokryszClaire, MossAbigail, WallMatthew B, BloomfieldMichael Ap, DasRavi K, MorganCelia Ja, NuttDavid J, CurranH Valerie

Cannabis use effects

Cannabis use, both acute and chronic, has been anecdotally linked to apathy, amotivation, and reward processing deficits. This study aims to investigate the acute effects of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), as well as their association with cannabis dependence.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Oral cannabidiol does not produce a signal for abuse liability in frequent marijuana smokers.

Author: BabalonisShanna, HaneyMargaret, MalcolmRobert J, LofwallMichelle R, VotawVictoria R, SparenborgSteven, WalshSharon L

CBD therapeutic potential
Abuse liability

Cannabidiol (CBD), a naturally occurring constituent of marijuana, is being explored for various therapeutic applications, despite remaining a Schedule I drug in the US. While its therapeutic potential is significant, there are currently no well-controlled data regarding its abuse liability.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

The effects of cannabidiol on persecutory ideation and anxiety in a high trait paranoid group.

Author: HundalHarneet, ListerRachel, EvansNicole, AntleyAngus, EnglundAmir, MurrayRobin M, FreemanDaniel, MorrisonPaul D

None mentioned
Anxiety increase

Cannabidiol had no impact upon anxiety or persecutory ideation in healthy volunteers with high trait paranoia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Effect of Cannabidiol on Medial Temporal, Midbrain, and Striatal Dysfunction in People at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: BhattacharyyaSagnik, WilsonRobin, Appiah-KusiElizabeth, O'NeillAisling, BrammerMichael, PerezJesus, MurrayRobin, AllenPaul, BossongMatthijs G, McGuirePhilip

Antipsychotic effects

Cannabidiol (CBD) may partially normalize alterations in parahippocampal, striatal, and midbrain function associated with the clinical high risk (CHR) state for psychosis. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 33 CHR participants, CBD led to brain activation levels that were intermediate to those in the placebo and control groups.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: LattanziSimona, BrigoFrancesco, TrinkaEugen, ZaccaraGaetano, CagnettiClaudia, Del GiovaneCinzia, SilvestriniMauro

Anti-seizure properties
Abuse liability

Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa, shows promise as a new therapeutic option for epilepsy. CBD exhibits anti-seizure properties through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of ionic channels and neurotransmitter transporters.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

18.

A randomised controlled trial of vaporised &#916;<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination in frequent and infrequent cannabis users: acute intoxication effects.

Author: SolowijNadia, BroydSamantha, GreenwoodLisa-Marie, van HellHendrika, MartelozzoDave, RuebKuna, ToddJuanita, LiuZheng, GalettisPeter, MartinJennifer, MurrayRobin, JonesAlison, MichiePatricia T, CroftRodney

Therapeutic properties
Intoxication

This study investigated the acute effects of THC and CBD, alone and in combination, in frequent and infrequent cannabis users. CBD showed intoxicating properties, and low doses of CBD enhanced the intoxicating effects of THC, while high doses reduced them.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

19.

Dissociable effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol on the human brain's resting-state functional connectivity.

Author: WallMatthew B, PopeRebecca, FreemanTom P, KowalczykOliwia S, DemetriouLysia, MokryszClaire, HindochaChandni, LawnWill, BloomfieldMichael Ap, FreemanAbigail M, FeildingAmanda, NuttDavid, CurranH Valerie

Reduced addiction
Reduced psychosis

THC disrupts the default mode network (DMN), and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is a key brain region involved in the subjective experience of THC intoxication. CBD restores disruption of the salience network by THC.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Cannabidiol (CBD) content in vaporized cannabis does not prevent tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced impairment of driving and cognition.

Author: ArkellThomas R, LintzerisNicholas, KevinRichard C, RamaekersJohannes G, VandreyRyan, IrwinChristopher, HaberPaul S, McGregorIain S

This study investigated the effects of different cannabis products on driving performance and cognitive function. The study compared the effects of cannabis containing equal amounts of THC and CBD with THC-dominant cannabis. The study aimed to determine if CBD could mitigate the impairing effects of THC on driving and cognition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Examination of a New Delivery Approach for Oral Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetics Study.

Author: PatricianAlexander, Versic-BratincevicMaja, MijacikaTanja, BanicIvana, MarendicMario, SutlovićDavorka, DujićŽeljko, AinsliePhilip N

CBD absorption

This study investigated the pharmacokinetic-physiological time course of oral cannabidiol (CBD) in young healthy adults after multiple recreational-equivalent dosages. The study also evaluated a new technology (TurboCBD™) for enhanced CBD delivery.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review.

Author: FreemanAbigail M, PetrilliKatherine, LeesRachel, HindochaChandni, MokryszClaire, CurranH Valerie, SaundersRob, FreemanTom P

THC side effect mitigation

This systematic review of 16 studies involving 466 participants investigated the effects of CBD on the acute effects of THC. The findings were mixed, suggesting that CBD may reduce some effects of THC, particularly anxiety and psychosis-like effects. However, more research is needed to understand the dose-response relationship and the specific effects of CBD on THC-induced impairments.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

23.

Effects of short-term cannabidiol treatment on response to social stress in subjects at clinical high risk of developing psychosis.

Author: Appiah-KusiE, PetrosN, WilsonR, ColizziM, BossongM G, ValmaggiaL, MondelliV, McGuireP, BhattacharyyaS

Reduced anxiety
Stress reduction

CBD may normalize the neuroendocrine and anxiety responses to stress in clinical high risk for psychosis patients. In this study, CHR patients on CBD exhibited an intermediate cortisol reactivity compared to controls and placebo groups, suggesting a potential benefit. Further research is needed to investigate whether CBD can affect cortisol response and impact symptoms in CHR patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Normalization of mediotemporal and prefrontal activity, and mediotemporal-striatal connectivity, may underlie antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol in psychosis.

Author: O'NeillAisling, WilsonRobin, Blest-HopleyGrace, AnnibaleLuciano, ColizziMarco, BrammerMick, GiampietroVincent, BhattacharyyaSagnik

Antipsychotic effect
Symptom reduction

Cannabidiol (CBD) showed an antipsychotic effect in patients with established psychosis, possibly by normalizing brain activation in the mediotemporal and prefrontal regions and reducing mediotemporal-striatal functional connectivity. CBD also caused trend-level symptom reduction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: ChesneyEdward, OliverDominic, GreenAlastair, SoviSimina, WilsonJack, EnglundAmir, FreemanTom P, McGuirePhilip

Abnormal liver function
Diarrhea
Pneumonia
Withdrawal

This systematic review and meta-analysis of the adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) across all medical indications found that CBD is generally well-tolerated with few serious adverse effects, however, interactions with other medications should be monitored carefully.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

26.

Serious adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD): a review of randomized controlled trials.

Author: Dos SantosRafael G, GuimarãesFrancisco S, CrippaJosé Alexandre S, HallakJaime E C, RossiGiordano Novak, RochaJuliana Mendes, ZuardiAntônio W

CBD safety
CBD drug interactions

A review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using cannabidiol (CBD) found that serious adverse events (SAEs) are rare and mainly include elevated transaminases (related to concomitant valproate use), convulsion, sedation, lethargy, and upper respiratory tract infections (related to concomitant clobazam use). Epileptic patients should be monitored when using CBD concomitantly with these and other antiepileptic drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

27.

The effect of cannabidiol on simulated car driving performance: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging clinical trial protocol.

Author: McCartneyDanielle, BensonMelissa J, SuraevAnastasia S, IrwinChristopher, ArkellThomas R, GrunsteinRonald R, HoyosCamilla M, McGregorIain S

Cognitive improvement
Driving impairment

This study aims to investigate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on simulated driving and cognitive performance. CBD is a non-psychoactive compound derived from cannabis, and its potential impact on cognitive tasks like driving is under investigation.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Changes in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations in cannabis over time: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: FreemanTom P, CraftSam, WilsonJack, StylianouStephan, ElSohlyMahmoud, Di FortiMarta, LynskeyMichael T

CBD moderation
Cannabis addiction
Mental health disorders

Cannabis products with high delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations are linked to an increased risk of addiction and mental health disorders. This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze changes in THC and CBD concentrations in cannabis over time to understand the potential moderating effects of cannabidiol (CBD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

30.

Evidence for Use of Cannabinoids in Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, and PTSD: A Systematic Review.

Author: StanciuCorneliu N, BrunetteMary F, TejaNikhil, BudneyAlan J

Anxiety effects
Mood effects

This systematic review summarizes controlled trials assessing the effects of THC and CBD on affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). THC and CBD differentially and dose-dependently affect mood and anxiety.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

31.

Food effects on the formulation, dosing, and administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans: A systematic review of clinical studies.

Author: SilmoreLucy H, WillmerAndrew R, CapparelliEdmund V, RosaniaGus R

CBD bioavailability
CBD dosing

This review article analyzes the food effects on cannabidiol (CBD) pharmacokinetics. The study found that CBD bioavailability was significantly higher in fed patients, particularly for Epidiolex, the FDA-approved CBD formulation. The review highlights the importance of considering food effects on CBD pharmacokinetics for optimal dosing.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

32.

Evaluating cannabidiol (CBD) expectancy effects on acute stress and anxiety in healthy adults: a randomized crossover study.

Author: SpinellaToni C, StewartSherry H, NauglerJulia, YakovenkoIgor, BarrettSean P

Increased sedation
Reduced anxiety

A randomized crossover study of 43 healthy adults found that CBD expectancy alone impacted several subjective and physiological responses. Participants who endorsed strong a priori beliefs that CBD has anxiolytic properties reported significantly diminished anxiety in the CBD expectancy condition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

33.

Pain response to cannabidiol in induced acute nociceptive pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia by using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB I).

Author: SchneiderTobias, ZurbriggenLaura, DieterleMarkus, MauermannEckhard, FreiPriska, Mercer-Chalmers-BenderKatja, RuppenWilhelm

Acute pain management
None mentioned

Oral administration of 800-mg CBD did not significantly affect acute pain, hyperalgesia, or allodynia in a study involving healthy volunteers, suggesting the need for further research on dosage and route of administration.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

34.

Approved cannabinoids for medical purposes - Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis for sleep and appetite.

Author: SpanagelRainer, BilbaoAinhoa

Cannabinoid treatment
Appetite disturbance
Cannabinoid side effects
Sleep disturbance

This abstract discusses the potential adverse effects of cannabinoids on sleep and appetite. It highlights the differences in pharmacology between approved cannabinoid products, such as dronabinol, nabilone, and cannabidiol, and suggests that these differences may lead to variations in the impact on sleep and appetite.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

35.

A placebo-controlled investigation of the analgesic effects, abuse liability, safety and tolerability of a range of oral cannabidiol doses in healthy humans.

Author: AroutCaroline A, HaneyMargaret, HerrmannEvan S, BediGillinder, CooperZiva D

Treat neuropathic pain

This study examines the analgesic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in non-cannabis users. It highlights the need for more research on CBD's analgesic effects in humans.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

36.

Opposite Roles for Cannabidiol and δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Psychotomimetic Effects of Cannabis Extracts: A Naturalistic Controlled Study.

Author: Sainz-CortAlberto, Jimenez-GarridoDaniel, Muñoz-MarronElena, Viejo-SoberaRaquel, HeeromaJoost, BousoJose Carlos

Antipsychotic effect

Cannabidiol (CBD) is believed to have antipsychotic properties and may counteract the psychotomimetic effects of THC. This study aimed to investigate CBD's potential antipsychotomimetic effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

37.

The acute effects of cannabidiol on emotional processing and anxiety: a neurocognitive imaging study.

Author: BloomfieldMichael A P, YamamoriYumeya, HindochaChandni, JonesAugustus P M, YimJocelyn L L, WalkerHannah R, StattonBen, WallMatthew B, LeesRachel H, HowesOliver D, CurranValerie H, RoiserJonathan P, FreemanTom P

Anxiety reduction

This article discusses the growing interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) for psychiatric disorders, specifically its anxiolytic effects. However, the mechanisms underlying CBD's anxiolytic effects remain unknown.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

38.

Effects of cannabidiol on simulated driving and cognitive performance: A dose-ranging randomised controlled trial.

Author: McCartneyDanielle, SuraevAnastasia S, DoohanPeter T, IrwinChristopher, KevinRichard C, GrunsteinRonald R, HoyosCamilla M, McGregorIain S

No intoxication

This study found that acute, oral cannabidiol (CBD) treatment did not impair cognitive function or driving performance in healthy adults.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

40.

Cannabinoid treatments for anxiety: A systematic review and consideration of the impact of sleep disturbance.

Author: NarayanAndrea J, DowneyLuke A, ManningBrooke, HayleyAmie C

Anxiety treatment
Sleep disturbance treatment

This systematic review examined 58 full-text studies on cannabidiol (CBD) for anxiety and sleep disturbance. CBD demonstrated anxiolytic effects in healthy and certain clinical populations, without significant effects on sleep. CBD effects likely varied based on dose and ratio to THC in combined treatments.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

41.

Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios.

Author: EnglundAmir, OliverDominic, ChesneyEdward, ChesterLucy, WilsonJack, SoviSimina, De MicheliAndrea, HodsollJohn, Fusar-PoliPaolo, StrangJohn, MurrayRobin M, FreemanTom P, McGuirePhilip

Cannabis use harms

This study investigates the effectiveness of CBD in mitigating the harmful effects of THC. As cannabis policies become more permissive, understanding the potential risks and benefits of cannabis use is crucial. This study examined the effects of varying CBD:THC ratios in cannabis on cognitive function, psychotic symptoms, and other subjective, pleasurable, and physiological effects. The study found that CBD did not significantly modulate the adverse effects of THC on cognitive function, psychotic symptoms, or other measures. This suggests that CBD does not protect against the acute adverse effects of THC at common CBD:THC ratios found in medicinal and recreational cannabis products.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

42.

Effect of four-week cannabidiol treatment on cognitive function: secondary outcomes from a randomised clinical trial for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Author: LeesRachel, HinesLindsey A, HindochaChandni, BaioGianluca, ShabanNatacha D C, StothartGeorge, MofeezAli, MorganCelia J A, CurranH Valerie, FreemanTom P

Cannabis use disorder treatment
Cognitive improvement

This clinical trial examined the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognitive function in patients with cannabis use disorder. CBD did not significantly influence delayed verbal memory, but 800 mg daily treatment may improve working memory manipulation. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and optimal dosage of CBD for cognitive function in this population.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

43.

The effects of cannabidiol on subjective states, cognition, and psychomotor function in healthy adults: A randomized clinical trial.

Author: RudisillToni Marie, InnesKaren Kim, WenSijin, HaggertyTreah, SmithGordon S

Improved reaction time
Reduced anxiety
Increased attention lapse
Increased early responses

This feasibility trial investigated the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and psychomotor function in healthy college students. While performance on most tests was similar between the CBD and placebo groups, CBD might affect certain aspects of vigilance, necessitating further research with larger trials.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

44.

The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol oromucosal spray on cognition: a systematic review.

Author: MotaghiEhsan, Ghasemi-PirbalutiMasoumeh, RashidiMohsen, AlasvandMasoud, Di CianoPatricia, BozorgiHooman

Cognitive impairment

THC, the main psychoactive component of cannabis, can impair cognition, while CBD, a non-intoxicating component, may help. This study aims to investigate the effects of a THC:CBD oromucosal spray on cognition in human studies.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

45.

Assessment of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol When Coadministered With Cannabidiol on Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: ZamarripaC Austin, SpindleTory R, SurujunarainRenuka, WeertsElise M, BansalSumit, UnadkatJashvant D, PaineMary F, VandreyRyan

This study highlights the need for research into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabis extracts with varying Δ9-THC and CBD concentrations. Previous studies have shown that CBD can influence the effects of Δ9-THC, but no studies have evaluated the differences in PK and PD between orally administered cannabis extracts with varying concentrations.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

46.

Update on Cannabidiol Clinical Toxicity and Adverse Effects: A Systematic Review.

Author: MadeoGraziella, KapoorAshita, GiorgettiRaffaele, BusardòFrancesco Paolo, CarlierJeremy

Medical disorders treatment
Adverse events
Toxicity

This review discusses the safety and adverse events (AEs) associated with cannabidiol (CBD). The review found that while there is compelling evidence for the therapeutic role of CBD in various medical disorders, uncertainty remains regarding its safety.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

47.

Effects of cannabidiol on anandamide levels in individuals with cannabis use disorder: findings from a randomised clinical trial for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.

Author: HuaDaniel Ying-Heng, HindochaChandni, BaioGianluca, LeesRachel, ShabanNatacha, MorganCelia J, MofeezAli, CurranH Valerie, FreemanTom P

Cannabis use disorder treatment

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a potential treatment for cannabis use disorder, a major public health issue. This study investigated the effect of CBD on plasma anandamide levels in individuals with cannabis use disorder attempting cessation. After 28 days, 800 mg CBD/day led to a significant difference in anandamide levels compared to placebo, while 400 mg CBD/day did not. These changes were not associated with clinical outcomes, highlighting the need for further investigation into the role of anandamide in CBD's therapeutic effects for cannabis use disorder.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

48.

The effects of cannabidiol on worry and anxiety among high trait worriers: a double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial.

Author: GournayL Riley, FerrettiMorgan L, BilskySarah, VanceEmily, NguyenAnna Marie, MannEric, WilliamsParker, Leen-FeldnerEllen W

Anxiety treatment

This abstract highlights the need for research examining the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on worry, a key feature of anxiety. The study also emphasizes the need for comparative studies evaluating the effects of acute versus repeated CBD administration on anxiety symptoms.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

49.

Eight Weeks of Daily Cannabidiol Supplementation Improves Sleep Quality and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity.

Author: KisiolekJacob N, FloresVictoria A, RamaniArjun, ButlerBlake, HaughianJames M, StewartLaura K

Epileptic seizure treatment
Improved immune function
Improved mental health
Improved sleep quality

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid with a growing range of applications. While research has focused on its ameliorative effects in various diseases, few studies have investigated CBD's effects on healthy populations. This review examines the potential of CBD in promoting overall health and well-being.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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