Effective treatment of panic disorder: A Synthesis of Findings from 136 Studies

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This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Effective treatment of panic disorder: A Synthesis of Findings from 136 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

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This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is widely recognized as an effective treatment for panic disorder. 103 investigated the efficacy of brief CBT for panic disorder patients presenting to emergency departments with chest pain, suggesting its effectiveness. 104 indicated that an 8-day intensive treatment for adolescents with panic disorder and agoraphobia can alleviate symptoms of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, particularly specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. 110 examined the rate and shape of change in panic severity, fear, and avoidance symptoms across an 8-day intensive CBT for adolescents, revealing a clear trajectory of improvement. 93 found that internet-based CBT is as effective as face-to-face CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia. 84 provided further support for the efficacy of internet-based CBT, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing panic disorder symptoms, panic-related cognitions, negative affect, and the number of GP visits. 114 highlighted the role of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity as mechanisms of change during CBT for panic disorder. 73 suggested that self-directed treatment with brief therapist contact is a viable option for many individuals with panic disorder.

Treatment Summary

103 investigated the efficacy of brief CBT for panic disorder patients presenting to emergency departments with chest pain, suggesting its effectiveness. 104 indicated that an 8-day intensive treatment for adolescents with panic disorder and agoraphobia can alleviate symptoms of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, particularly specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. 93 found that internet-based CBT is as effective as face-to-face CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia. 84 provided further support for the efficacy of internet-based CBT, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing panic disorder symptoms, panic-related cognitions, negative affect, and the number of GP visits. 73 suggested that self-directed treatment with brief therapist contact is a viable option for many individuals with panic disorder.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

CBT is widely recognized as an effective treatment for panic disorder. 103 investigated the efficacy of brief CBT for panic disorder patients presenting to emergency departments with chest pain, suggesting its effectiveness. 104 indicated that an 8-day intensive treatment for adolescents with panic disorder and agoraphobia can alleviate symptoms of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, particularly specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. 110 examined the rate and shape of change in panic severity, fear, and avoidance symptoms across an 8-day intensive CBT for adolescents, revealing a clear trajectory of improvement. 93 found that internet-based CBT is as effective as face-to-face CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia. 84 provided further support for the efficacy of internet-based CBT, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing panic disorder symptoms, panic-related cognitions, negative affect, and the number of GP visits. 114 highlighted the role of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity as mechanisms of change during CBT for panic disorder. 73 suggested that self-directed treatment with brief therapist contact is a viable option for many individuals with panic disorder.

Risks Summary

While CBT is generally safe, some individuals may experience heightened anxiety or discomfort during the process. 50 compared three treatment modalities for panic disorder patients resistant to exposure therapy, finding that exposure therapy alone might be superior in some cases. However, patients who do not respond to exposure may have poor tolerance and compliance with pharmacological treatment, and may not achieve remission with imipramine or cognitive therapy.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

These studies consistently suggest that CBT is an effective treatment for panic disorder. They also indicate the potential of internet-based CBT as an alternative to face-to-face CBT.

Differences

The studies vary in terms of the characteristics of participants, specific treatments, and research methodologies. For example, 103 focused on emergency department patients with chest pain, while 104 focused on adolescents. 93 found that internet-based CBT was comparable to face-to-face CBT, while 84 suggested that internet-based CBT might be even more effective.

Consistency and Contradictions

While these studies consistently suggest that CBT is an effective treatment, the specific details of treatment and patient characteristics influence outcomes. Some studies highlight factors that can impact CBT effectiveness, such as resistance to exposure therapy and medication tolerance.

Applying Results to Everyday Life

Individuals struggling with panic disorder should be aware that CBT can be an effective treatment option. However, it requires effort and active participation. CBT may not be effective for everyone, and factors like resistance to exposure therapy or medication tolerance should be considered.

Limitations of Current Research

These studies have limitations, including small sample sizes, variations in treatment details, and short follow-up periods, which make it difficult to generalize findings.

Future Research Directions

Future research should utilize larger samples, compare different treatment variations in more detail, and conduct longer follow-up studies. Further exploration of factors influencing CBT effectiveness, such as resistance to exposure therapy and medication tolerance, is also crucial.

Conclusion

Panic disorder is a treatable condition with various treatment options, including CBT. If you are experiencing panic disorder symptoms, consult a physician or mental health professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Treatment List

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)Internet-based CBTExposure TherapyPharmacological Treatment (e.g. imipramine)

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Early intervention efficacy
1
Panic disorder treatment
2
Alprazolam effective without avoidance
Imipramine effective for avoidance behavior
Predictive power for drug response
4
Delayed effect on global measures
Early effect on panic attacks
5
Placebo response
6
Predictive factors for treatment outcome
7
Panic disorder treatment
8
Panic disorder treatment
9
Improved understanding of panic disorder
10
Improved panic symptoms
Improved phobias
11
Reduced agoraphobia symptoms
13
Anxiety reduction
14
Panic disorder treatment
15
Reduced anxiety
16
Panic remission
17
Reduced panic symptoms
18
Improved quality of life
19
Effective treatment
Improved anxiety
Reduced panic attacks
20
Improved panic disorder outcomes
22
Reduced withdrawal symptoms
23
Improved panic disorder outcomes
24
Improved panic disorder outcomes
25
Effective treatment
Improved anxiety
Reduced panic attacks
26
Improved panic disorder outcomes
27
Improved response to treatment
28
Improved understanding of panic disorder treatment
29
Improved panic disorder outcomes
30
Improved response
31
Effective treatment
32
Drug discontinuation
Relapse prevention
33
Antidepressant efficacy
GAD improvement
34
Improved panic disorder outcomes
35
Maintained benefit
36
Improved panic disorder outcomes
37
Effective treatment
Panic relief
38
Effective treatment
Panic relief
39
Improved panic disorder outcomes
40
Reduced panic disorder relapse
41
Improved panic disorder outcomes
42
Effective treatment
Reduced panic attacks
43
Improved panic disorder symptoms
44
Improved agoraphobia
Improved panic disorder
46
Effective treatment
Improved functioning
Reduced panic attacks
47
Reduced agoraphobic symptoms
Reduced avoidant traits
Reduced dependent traits
48
Improved understanding of panic disorder treatment
49
Improved panic disorder treatment
50
Reduced interpersonal problems
52
Improved panic disorder treatment
53
Effective treatment
54
Effective treatment
55
Improved panic disorder treatment
56
Improved understanding of panic disorder treatment
57
Effective treatment
58
CBT effective
Reduced agoraphobia
59
Improved clinical outcomes
60
Effective treatment
61
Clomipramine efficacy
Panic disorder treatment
Paroxetine efficacy
62
Improved abstinence from alcohol
Improved anxiety symptoms
63
Improved treatment of panic
Reduced need for FVX
64
Reduced avoidance
Reduced panic
65
Effective treatment of panic disorder
66
Effective treatment
67
Effective treatment of panic disorder
68
CBT effective panic
Paroxetine effective panic
69
Panic disorder treatment
71
Agoraphobia treatment
Panic disorder treatment
72
Effective treatment of panic disorder
Self-directed treatment is viable
73
Longer treatment effective for some
74
Paroxetine effective for panic disorder
Sertraline better tolerated
Sertraline effective for panic disorder
75
PD treatment
76
Effective treatment of panic disorder
77
Improved panic symptoms
Improved phobic symptoms
78
Agoraphobia treatment
Panic disorder treatment
79
Panic disorder treatment
80
Effective treatment of PDA
81
Panic disorder treatment
82
Panic disorder treatment
83
Panic disorder treatment
84
Enhanced outcomes
85
Treat panic disorder
86
Treat anxiety syndromes
87
Improved anxiety treatment
88
Improved panic disorder treatment
89
Improved panic disorder treatment
90
Improved OCD treatment
91
Agoraphobia treatment
Panic disorder treatment
93
Reduced panic fear
Reduced panic severity
94
Panic disorder treatment
95
PD treatment
96
Panic disorder treatment
97
Panic disorder treatment
98
Panic disorder treatment
99
PD treatment
100
Improved CBT outcomes
101
Panic disorder treatment
102
Treatment of panic disorder
103
Treatment of panic disorder
104
Reduced anxiety
Reduced depressive symptoms
105
Treatment of panic disorder
106
Reduced panic disorder symptoms
107
Anxiety treatment
108
CBT+SSRI for moderate or severe AG
Panic disorder treatment
SSRI and CBT+SSRI
109
Improved panic disorder
110
CBT cost-effective
CBT+SSRI cost-effective
111
Panic symptom reduction
112
Anxiety sensitivity reduction
Panic symptom reduction
113
CBT effectiveness
114
PD/AG treatment
115
Azapirones for panic disorder
116
Panic disorder treatment
117
Stepped Care for PD and SAD
118
PD treatment
119
Improved panic disorder symptoms
120
Panic disorder treatment
121
Panic disorder treatment
122
Reduced symptom severity
123
Treatment for anxiety disorders
124
Panic disorder treatment
125
Antidepressant efficacy
Panic disorder treatment
126
Improved treatment outcomes
127
Panic disorder treatment
128
Panic disorder treatment
SSRIs
129
Reduced agoraphobia
Reduced generalized anxiety disorder
Reduced major depressive disorder
Reduced social anxiety disorder
130
Panic disorder treatment
131
Panic disorder treatment
132
ART for panic disorder
CBT for panic disorder
PFPP for panic disorder
133
Exercise for PD
134
Panic disorder treatment
135
Panic disorder treatment
136
Risk Keywords
Attrition rate
7
Psychotropic drug use
14
Relapse
23
Adverse effects
28
Adverse effects
34
Residual symptomatology
36
Withdrawal syndrome
39
Limited difference between therapies
44
Cognitive therapy
Drop-out rate
Panic disorder treatment
62
Limited availability of treatments
66
Potential negative influence on bipolar illness
70
Comorbid conditions negatively impact outcome
73
Paroxetine more side effects
75
Weight gain
83
Symptom reappearance
87
Anxiety
88
Panic disorder
89
Panic disorder
90
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
91
Pain interference
108
High nonresponse
Ineffective for mild panic
112
Panic disorder
114
Relapse after discontinuation
120
No benefit for response
Small study sample
123
Not applicable
127
Personality pathology
128
Personality disorders
132
Abuse history
Dropout risk
133
Literature analysis of 136 papers
Positive Content
131
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
1
Article Type
114
13
16
13
136
1.

Brief treatment of emergency room patients with panic attacks.

Author: SwinsonR P, SouliosC, CoxB J, KuchK

Early intervention efficacy

Most research on panic disorder treatment focuses on chronic cases. Further research is needed on early intervention for patients experiencing panic attacks in emergency rooms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Avoidance behaviour: a predictor of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in panic disorder?

Author: MaierW, RothS M, ArgyleN, BullerR, LavoriP, BrandonS, BenkertO

Panic disorder treatment

This study of 1134 patients with panic disorder compared the effectiveness of alprazolam, imipramine, and placebo in treating panic disorder, specifically examining the impact of avoidance behavior (agoraphobia). The study found that patients with agoraphobia had the greatest benefit from active medications, particularly imipramine. This suggests that agoraphobia may be a distinct type of anxiety disorder rather than just a severe form of panic disorder, and that imipramine may be a more effective treatment option for patients with agoraphobic symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Chronology of panic and avoidance, age of onset in panic disorder, and prediction of treatment response. A report from the Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study.

Author: BullerR, MaierW, GoldenbergI M, LavoriP W, BenkertO

This study explored the relationship between the timing of panic disorder and avoidance behavior, and their impact on treatment outcomes. Patients who developed avoidance behavior before experiencing full-blown panic disorder had less severe agoraphobia but showed no difference in treatment response. Early onset of panic disorder was associated with a higher prevalence of agoraphobia. However, the timing of panic disorder or avoidance behavior did not predict treatment outcomes with alprazolam or imipramine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Subtyping panic disorder by major depression and avoidance behaviour and the response to active treatment.

Author: MaierW, RosenbergR, ArgyleN, BullerR, RothM, BrandonS, BenkertO

Alprazolam effective without avoidance
Imipramine effective for avoidance behavior
Predictive power for drug response

A study investigated the clinical validity of panic disorder subtypes by examining the association of avoidance behavior and depression with treatment response. The study found limited support for the validity of panic disorder subtypes based on avoidance behavior, with patients with agoraphobia responding better to imipramine and those without avoidance responding better to alprazolam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

A trend analysis of changes during treatment of panic disorder with alprazolam and imipramine.

Author: MellergårdM, LorentzenK, BechP, OttossonJ O, RosenbergR

Delayed effect on global measures
Early effect on panic attacks

This study of 123 patients with panic disorder compared the effects of alprazolam and imipramine on various symptoms. Alprazolam demonstrated a quicker improvement in panic attack frequency and avoidance behaviors, while imipramine showed a more gradual improvement in overall symptoms. The study also found that the duration of illness, gender, and history of depression impacted the rate of improvement. This suggests that different treatment approaches and timelines may be needed for patients with panic disorder, depending on their individual characteristics.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Characteristics of panic disorder patients responding to placebo.

Author: RosenbergN K, MellergårdM, RosenbergR, BeckP, OttossonJ O

Placebo response

This study investigated the response to placebo in 41 patients with panic disorder. While more patients in the placebo group dropped out of the study compared to those receiving active medications, a significant number of patients in the placebo group showed improvement, with 34% experiencing no panic attacks and 23% showing substantial improvement on a clinical rating scale. These responders had fewer panic attacks initially, lower levels of overall mental health issues, and sought help less often. The study suggests that these individuals may be more receptive to psychotherapy as they seem to have better coping mechanisms and less distress.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Alprazolam, imipramine and placebo treatment of panic disorder: predicting therapeutic response.

Author: RosenbergR, BechP, MellergårdM, OttossonJ O

Predictive factors for treatment outcome
Attrition rate

This study investigated factors influencing treatment outcomes for panic disorder in 123 patients receiving alprazolam, imipramine, or placebo. The study found that initial symptom severity was the strongest predictor of improvement, with more severe symptoms at the start of treatment associated with poorer outcomes. This effect was consistent across all treatments. The study also found a significant placebo response in a subgroup of patients. Other factors, such as avoidance behavior, gender, age, and past treatment experience, had limited impact on outcomes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Personality traits associated with panic disorder: change associated with treatment.

Author: NoyesR, ReichJ H, SuelzerM, ChristiansenJ

Panic disorder treatment

A study of 82 patients with panic disorder found that those with higher scores on avoidant, dependent, histrionic, and paranoid personality traits at baseline showed improvements in these traits after 3 years of successful panic symptom reduction, suggesting that these personality traits may be state-dependent and influenced by panic and agoraphobic symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Patients with panic disorder unaccompanied by depression improve with alprazolam and imipramine treatment.

Author: DeltitoJ A, ArgyleN, KlermanG L

Panic disorder treatment

A study of 1168 patients with panic disorder found that the effectiveness of imipramine and alprazolam was not affected by the presence of depression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

The sequence of improvement of the symptoms encountered in patients with panic disorder.

Author: DeltitoJ A, ArgyleN, BullerR, NutzingerD, OttossonJ O, BrandonS, MellergardM, SheraD

Improved understanding of panic disorder

A study of 1168 patients with panic disorder found that symptom improvement did not support any theory suggesting that one specific symptom is central to the disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Treatment of panic and agoraphobia. An integrative review.

Author: MattickR P, AndrewsG, Hadzi-PavlovicD, ChristensenH

Improved panic symptoms
Improved phobias

A review of panic disorder and agoraphobia treatments found that both medication and non-medication therapies can significantly reduce panic and phobia symptoms. Imipramine, alprazolam, exposure therapy, and the combination of imipramine and exposure therapy were effective, with exposure therapy showing the greatest benefit for phobias.

BibliographyA document that focuses on the life and achievements of an individual. It describes in detail the person's background, accomplishments, and influence, and often has historical or educational value.
Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Drug treatment of panic disorder: early response to treatment as a predictor of final outcome.

Author: AlbusM, LecrubierY, MaierW, BullerR, RosenbergR, HippiusH

This study examined early predictors of treatment success in 1010 patients with panic disorder receiving alprazolam, imipramine, or placebo. For alprazolam, a reduction in spontaneous panic attacks within the first week of treatment predicted successful outcomes. For placebo, early changes in anticipatory anxiety (worry about future panic attacks) predicted response. The study suggests that for imipramine, more than a week of treatment is needed to predict treatment success. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring patients closely in the early stages of treatment to identify potential responders and non-responders.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Breathing retraining, exposure and a combination of both, in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: de RuiterC, RykenH, GarssenB, KraaimaatF

Reduced agoraphobia symptoms

This study compared three treatments for agoraphobia: breathing retraining with cognitive restructuring (BRCR), graded self-exposure (EXP), and a combination of both. All three treatments led to improvements in various symptoms, including anxiety, avoidance, and depression, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. Surprisingly, BRCR did not significantly reduce panic frequency, contrary to previous findings. The study concludes that hyperventilation may play a less important role in panic than previously thought.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: comparison of drug and psychological treatments.

Author: TyrerP, SeivewrightN, MurphyS, FergusonB, KingdonD, BarczakP, BrothwellJ, DarlingC, GregoryS, JohnsonA L

Anxiety reduction
Psychotropic drug use

This study compared the effectiveness of different treatments for generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and dysthymic disorder in 210 patients. Treatments included diazepam, dothiepin, placebo, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and a self-help program. All treatments lasted for six weeks, followed by a four-week withdrawal period. The study found no significant differences in treatment effectiveness between the different diagnoses, but diazepam was less effective than dothiepin, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or the self-help program. These three treatments were equally effective. Placebo patients were more likely to require additional medications, while those taking dothiepin or receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy required the fewest additional medications.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Secondary depression in panic disorder and agoraphobia. I. Frequency, severity, and response to treatment.

Author: LesserI M, RubinR T, PecknoldJ C, RifkinA, SwinsonR P, LydiardR B, BurrowsG D, NoyesR, DuPontR L

Panic disorder treatment

A study of 481 patients with panic disorder found that 31% experienced a secondary major depressive episode after the onset of panic disorder. Alprazolam was effective in reducing panic and depressive symptoms in both depressed and non-depressed patients, and the presence of depression did not predict treatment outcome.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

A controlled comparison of relaxation and diazepam in panic disorder.

Author: TaylorC B, KenigsbergM L, RobinsonJ M

Reduced anxiety

Diazepam significantly improved physiological measures in patients with panic disorder, while relaxation therapy had the largest effect on psychological measures and self-reported anxiety and depression, although the differences were not statistically significant. This suggests that relaxation therapy may be helpful in treating general anxiety associated with panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

17.

Pattern of placebo response in panic disorder.

Author: ShearM K, LeonA C, PollackM H, RosenbaumJ F, KellerM B

Panic remission

Placebo response in depressed panic disorder patients was characterized by significant improvement in panic attacks but not other symptoms. Placebo panic remitters were more ill overall than those who remitted with medication.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Brief cognitive-behavioral versus nondirective therapy for panic disorder.

Author: CraskeM G, MaidenbergE, BystritskyA

Reduced panic symptoms

In a study of 30 people with panic disorder, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective than supportive therapy in reducing worry about panic attacks and overall phobic distress. More people who were experiencing panic attacks at the start of the study were panic-free after CBT. Nearly 40% of those who received CBT improved enough to stop medication or no longer meet criteria for panic disorder by the end of four weeks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

19.

Impact of cognitive-behavioral treatment on quality of life in panic disorder patients.

Author: TelchM J, SchmidtN B, JaimezT L, JacquinK M, HarringtonP J

Improved quality of life

This study investigated the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on quality of life in patients with panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia. At the start of the study, patients with PD showed significant impairments in their quality of life. Those who received CBT demonstrated significant improvements in quality of life compared to the control group, with these improvements lasting up to six months. The study found that anxiety and phobic avoidance were strongly associated with quality of life, while the frequency of panic attacks was not.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

20.

Applied relaxation vs cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.

Author: OstL G, WestlingB E

Effective treatment
Improved anxiety
Reduced panic attacks

This study compared the effectiveness of applied relaxation (AR) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating panic disorder in 38 patients. Both treatments resulted in significant improvements in panic symptoms, which were maintained or even improved at a one-year follow-up. There was no significant difference between the two treatments. At follow-up, 82% of AR patients and 89% of CBT patients were panic-free. Both treatments also positively affected generalized anxiety, depression, and distorted thinking. These findings suggest that both AR and CBT are effective treatments for panic disorder without avoidance behavior.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Pre-treatment predictors of treatment outcome in panic disorder and agoraphobia treated with alprazolam and exposure.

Author: BaşoğluM, MarksI M, SwinsonR P, NoshirvaniH, O'SullivanG, KuchK

A study of 144 patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia found that several factors predicted poorer treatment outcomes. Those who had never taken psychotropic medication before, had severe agoraphobic disability, or had a longer duration of illness were less likely to improve overall after treatment. Severity of agoraphobia predicted poorer outcomes both in the short- and long-term. At 6-month follow-up, older age, a history of depression, severity of phobic triggers, and a longer duration of illness were also associated with poorer outcomes. Other factors like sex, referral source, initial depression, anxiety, panic levels, and treatment expectations did not influence outcomes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Relationship of panic, anticipatory anxiety, agoraphobia and global improvement in panic disorder with agoraphobia treated with alprazolam and exposure.

Author: BaşoğluM, MarksI M, KiliçC, SwinsonR P, NoshirvaniH, KuchK, O'SullivanG

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 154 people with panic disorder and agoraphobia, panic, anticipatory anxiety, and phobic avoidance were independent symptoms that improved largely separately during treatment. While improvement in avoidance predicted overall improvement after treatment, the reduction of avoidance was more closely related to overall improvement than the decrease in panic attacks. Therefore, panic attacks alone may not be the best measure of improvement in this condition.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Alprazolam and exposure for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Attribution of improvement to medication predicts subsequent relapse.

Author: BaşoğluM, MarksI M, KiliçC, BrewinC R, SwinsonR P

Reduced withdrawal symptoms
Relapse

This study examined the relationship between attributions of treatment success (to medication or personal effort) and relapse in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia treated with alprazolam or placebo, combined with either exposure therapy or relaxation. Patients who attributed their improvement primarily to medication experienced more severe withdrawal symptoms and greater loss of gains during tapering and follow-up compared to those who attributed their success to their own efforts. This effect was stronger in the alprazolam group compared to the placebo group. While factors like illness severity, age, and drug expectations influenced attributions, they did not independently predict relapse.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder.

Author: ClarkD M, SalkovskisP M, HackmannA, MiddletonH, AnastasiadesP, GelderM

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 64 people with panic disorder, cognitive therapy was more effective than applied relaxation and imipramine in reducing panic symptoms at 3 months. At 6 months, cognitive therapy and imipramine were equally effective and both were more effective than applied relaxation. However, more people taking imipramine relapsed between 6 and 15 months. Cognitive therapy was again more effective than the other treatments at 15 months, although on fewer measures than at 3 months. People's thoughts at the end of treatment were predictive of how well they did later on.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder.

Author: BeckJ G, StanleyM A, BaldwinL E, DeagleE A, AverillP M

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 64 people with panic disorder, both relaxation training (RT) and cognitive therapy (CT) were more effective than minimal contact control (MCC) in reducing panic, improving overall psychological functioning, and reducing fear of open spaces (agoraphobia). 82% of those who received CT and 68% who received RT were considered treatment responders, compared to 36% in the control group. While CT was slightly more effective in reducing agoraphobia, there was not strong evidence that it was more effective overall. The study suggests that both RT and CT can be helpful in treating panic disorder, but the role of exposure therapy remains unclear.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

A comparison of bibliotherapy and group therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.

Author: LidrenD M, WatkinsP L, GouldR A, ClumG A, AsterinoM, TullochH L

Effective treatment
Improved anxiety
Reduced panic attacks

Both bibliotherapy and group therapy were effective in reducing panic attacks, physical symptoms, and avoidance behaviors in patients with panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Predictors of short-term treatment response in 66 patients with panic disorder.

Author: BlackD W, WesnerR B, GabelJ, BowersW, MonahanP

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 66 people with panic disorder, fluvoxamine, a type of medication, was effective in reducing panic symptoms within three weeks. Those with less severe panic attacks and without a personality disorder showed the best response to treatment. Personality disorders were a negative predictor of success with cognitive therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Anxiety psychopathology predictive of outcome in patients with panic disorder and depression treated with imipramine, alprazolam and placebo.

Author: PollackM H, OttoM W, SachsG S, LeonA, ShearM K, DeltitoJ A, KellerM B, RosenbaumJ F

Improved response to treatment
Adverse effects

Baseline severity of illness and phobic avoidance were predictors of response to treatment for panic disorder and depression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

30.

Applied relaxation, exposure in vivo and cognitive methods in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: OstL G, WestlingB E, HellströmK

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 45 people with panic disorder and agoraphobia, three different therapies—applied relaxation, exposure therapy, and cognitive therapy—were equally effective in reducing symptoms. 87% of those who received relaxation therapy, 80% who received exposure therapy, and 60% who received cognitive therapy showed significant improvement at the end of treatment. These improvements were maintained a year later. While relaxation therapy was slightly more effective than cognitive therapy on two measures, the study suggests that all three treatments are generally effective for this condition.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

Predictors of response to alprazolam and placebo in patients with panic disorder.

Author: WoodmanC L, NoyesR, BallengerJ C, LydiardR B, SieversG, MihalkoD

Improved response

Older age and lower baseline anxiety and phobic symptoms were associated with a better response to alprazolam for panic disorder. Lower baseline anxiety and panic attacks, and a lack of previous psychiatric treatment, were associated with a better response to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

32.

Cognitive behavioral treatment compared with nonprescriptive treatment of panic disorder.

Author: ShearM K, PilkonisP A, CloitreM, LeonA C

Effective treatment

This study compared the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with a non-prescriptive treatment approach for panic disorder. While CBT has been proven effective in controlled studies, the efficacy of other psychological treatments for panic disorder is not well understood.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

33.

Does cognitive behavior therapy assist slow-taper alprazolam discontinuation in panic disorder?

Author: SpiegelD A, BruceT J, GreggS F, NuzzarelloA

Drug discontinuation
Relapse prevention

Cognitive behavioral treatment was effective in preventing relapse after discontinuation of alprazolam therapy in patients with panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

34.

Antidepressants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. A placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine, trazodone, and diazepam.

Author: RickelsK, DowningR, SchweizerE, HassmanH

Antidepressant efficacy
GAD improvement
Adverse effects

Imipramine and trazodone were found to be safe and effective treatments for generalized anxiety disorder not complicated by depression or panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

35.

Three-year follow-up of patients with panic disorder after short-term treatment with alprazolam and imipramine.

Author: LepolaU M, RimónR H, RiekkinenP J

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 55 people with moderate to severe panic disorder, treatment with alprazolam or imipramine resulted in long-term improvements. Three years after treatment, 74% of participants were free of panic attacks, and 68% no longer exhibited phobic avoidance behavior. 28% of the participants were no longer taking medication, and 20% were free of any mental health symptoms. No tolerance to the medications was observed over the long-term.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

36.

Long-term outcome after acute treatment with alprazolam or clonazepam for panic disorder.

Author: PollackM H, OttoM W, TesarG E, CohenL S, Meltzer-BrodyS, RosenbaumJ F

Maintained benefit
Residual symptomatology

Most panic disorder patients maintained benefit from long-term pharmacotherapy, but some required additional treatments. Response to treatment was associated with baseline severity, presence of dysthymia, and duration of the disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

37.

A comparison of fluvoxamine, cognitive therapy, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder.

Author: BlackD W, WesnerR, BowersW, GabelJ

Improved panic disorder outcomes

A study of 75 patients with panic disorder compared fluvoxamine, cognitive therapy, and placebo. Fluvoxamine was found to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic, showing significant improvement in patient ratings compared to both cognitive therapy and placebo. Cognitive therapy showed some improvement but did not significantly differ from placebo for most measures. Fluvoxamine was superior to cognitive therapy for many measures, and produced improvement sooner. At week 4, 57% of the fluvoxamine group were rated moderately improved or better, compared to 40% in the cognitive therapy group and 22% in the placebo group. At week 4, 43% of the fluvoxamine group were free of panic attacks, compared to 25% in the cognitive therapy group and 4% in the placebo group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

38.

Maintenance drug treatment of panic disorder. I. Results of a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison of alprazolam and imipramine.

Author: SchweizerE, RickelsK, WeissS, ZavodnickS

Effective treatment
Panic relief

Alprazolam was more effective than imipramine hydrochloride or placebo in treating agoraphobia with panic disorder, panic disorder with limited phobic avoidance, or uncomplicated panic disorder. Both alprazolam and imipramine produced significant panic relief, but alprazolam had better patient acceptance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

39.

Maintenance drug treatment for panic disorder. II. Short- and long-term outcome after drug taper.

Author: RickelsK, SchweizerE, WeissS, ZavodnickS

Effective treatment
Panic relief
Withdrawal syndrome

A withdrawal syndrome was observed in most patients who discontinued alprazolam after 8 months of maintenance treatment, but not in those who discontinued imipramine or placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

40.

Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder.

Author: TelchM J, LucasJ A, SchmidtN B, HannaH H, LaNae JaimezT, LucasR A

Improved panic disorder outcomes

A study of 67 people with panic disorder found that 8 weeks of cognitive-behavioral group treatment led to significant improvement compared to a control group. 85% of the treatment group were panic-free after treatment, compared to 30% of the control group. Treatment also resulted in clinically significant improvements in anxiety, agoraphobia, depression, and fear of fear. At 6-month follow-up, 63% of the treated group met criteria for recovery. This suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a viable alternative to medication for treating panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

41.

Does brief dynamic psychotherapy reduce the relapse rate of panic disorder?

Author: WiborgI M, DahlA A

Reduced panic disorder relapse

This study investigated whether adding brief psychotherapy focused on social and psychological factors to standard medication treatment for panic disorder would reduce the risk of the disorder returning after medication is stopped.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

42.

Acute treatment response in outpatients with panic disorder: high versus low depressive symptoms.

Author: BlackD W, WesnerR, BowersW, MonahanP, GabelJ

Improved panic disorder outcomes

In a study of 75 people with panic disorder, those with high levels of depression had more severe symptoms, including greater phobic avoidance and higher anxiety scores. However, depression improved at the same rate as panic and anxiety symptoms, suggesting that depression did not interfere with treatment response for panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

43.

Psychological treatments of panic disorder without agoraphobia: cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation.

Author: ArntzA, van den HoutM

Effective treatment
Reduced panic attacks

This study compared cognitive therapy (CT) and applied relaxation (AR) for treating panic disorder. Both treatments were more effective than a waiting list control group in reducing panic symptoms. CT was significantly more effective than AR at reducing the frequency of panic attacks, and slightly better at reducing overall panic symptoms. After treatment, 78-83% of CT patients were panic-free compared to 50% of AR patients and 28% of the waiting list group. This suggests that CT is a highly effective treatment for reducing panic attacks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

44.

Exposure versus cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: BouchardS, GauthierJ, LabergeB, FrenchD, PelletierM H, GodboutC

Improved panic disorder symptoms
Limited difference between therapies

This study compared exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring in treating panic disorder with agoraphobia. Both treatments were equally effective in reducing anxiety and improving symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

45.

Predictors of outcome in panic disorder: a 5-year prospective follow-up study.

Author: ScheibeG, AlbusM

A 5-year follow-up study of patients with panic disorder found that the strongest predictors of treatment outcome were comorbidity with depression, severity of illness, and agoraphobic avoidance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

46.

Study and course of the psychological profile in 77 patients expressing panic disorder with agoraphobia after cognitive behaviour therapy with or without buspirone.

Author: BouvardM, MollardE, GuerinJ, CottrauxJ

Improved agoraphobia
Improved panic disorder

Cognitive behavior therapy combined with buspirone was more effective than cognitive behavior therapy combined with placebo in the short-term treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

47.

Interoceptive exposure versus breathing retraining within cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: CraskeM G, RoweM, LewinM, Noriega-DimitriR

Effective treatment
Improved functioning
Reduced panic attacks

Cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure, and in vivo exposure to agoraphobic situations were more effective than cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, and in vivo exposure in treating panic disorder and agoraphobia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

48.

Personality traits among panic disorder with agoraphobia patients before and after symptom-focused treatment.

Author: HoffartA, HedleyL M

Reduced agoraphobic symptoms
Reduced avoidant traits
Reduced dependent traits

This study examined the relationship between changes in agoraphobic symptoms during treatment and personality changes in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. The study also explored the potential effects of personality traits on symptom change.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

49.

Growing placebo response rate: the problem in recent therapeutic trials?

Author: UhlenhuthE H, MatuzasW, WarnerT D, ThompsonP M

Improved understanding of panic disorder treatment

This study examined the effect of treatment on panic disorder, finding that medications (alprazolam and imipramine) were more effective for people with more frequent panic attacks at the start of the study. The medications were less effective in addressing more cognitive aspects of panic disorder, such as fear of situations and phobias, suggesting that these medications may not be the best choice for these types of symptoms. The study highlights the importance of considering individual factors and the specific symptoms of panic disorder when choosing treatment options.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

50.

Overcoming resistance to exposure in panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: FavaG A, SavronG, ZieleznyM, GrandiS, RafanelliC, ContiS

Improved panic disorder treatment

A study of 21 patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia who did not respond to initial exposure therapy compared three treatments: exposure alone (E), exposure plus imipramine (EI), and exposure plus cognitive therapy (EC). Twelve patients achieved remission (no panic attacks) during the study, with 8 achieving remission with exposure alone. The study found that exposure alone was more effective than the other treatments for some measures. This suggests that prolonged exposure therapy can be successful in some cases of treatment-resistant panic disorder. However, patients who don't respond to exposure often have difficulty tolerating and complying with medication and cognitive therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

51.

Global measures of outcome in a controlled comparison of pharmacological and psychological treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care.

Author: SharpD M, PowerK G, SimpsonR J, SwansonV, AnsteeJ A

The study discusses the challenges of conducting clinical outcome studies for panic disorder in primary care settings.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

52.

Interpersonal problems among patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia before and after treatment.

Author: HoffartA

Reduced interpersonal problems

Interpersonal problems in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia improved significantly after cognitive therapy or guided mastery therapy. Pre-treatment depression was a strong predictor of improvement in interpersonal problems.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

53.

A comparison of focused and standard cognitive therapy for panic disorder.

Author: BrownG K, BeckA T, NewmanC F, BeckJ S, TranG Q

Improved panic disorder treatment

A study compared focused cognitive therapy (FCT) to standard cognitive therapy (SCT) for panic disorder. FCT specifically targeted "catastrophic misinterpretation" of panic symptoms, while SCT focused on generalized anxiety. Both groups showed significant improvement in panic symptoms, with similar rates of panic-free patients at one-year follow-up. While the study initially hypothesized that FCT would be more effective due to its specific focus on panic, both therapies were equally beneficial. This suggests that focusing on anxiety-related beliefs in general, rather than solely on panic-specific beliefs, can be effective for treating panic disorder. The study also highlights the potential importance of cognitive change in reducing panic episodes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

54.

A meta-analysis of the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a comparison of psychopharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and combination treatments.

Author: van BalkomA J, BakkerA, SpinhovenP, BlaauwB M, SmeenkS, RuesinkB

Effective treatment

A meta-analysis of 106 studies on the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PA) showed that antidepressants, psychological panic management, and high-potency benzodiazepines were all more effective than control conditions in reducing panic attacks. The combination of antidepressants and exposure therapy was most effective in treating agoraphobic avoidance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

55.

Follow-up on the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a quantitative review.

Author: BakkerA, van BalkomA J, SpinhovenP, BlaauwB M, van DyckR

Effective treatment

A meta-analysis of 68 studies on the long-term efficacy of different treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia found that all treatment options were effective at both post-treatment and follow-up.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

56.

Effects of panic disorder treatments on personality disorder characteristics.

Author: HofmannS G, ShearM K, BarlowD H, GormanJ M, HershbergerD, PattersonM, WoodsS W

Improved panic disorder treatment

In a study of 93 people with panic disorder, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and imipramine were equally effective in reducing panic symptoms. Both treatments also improved personality characteristics, and the presence of these characteristics did not predict which treatment would be most successful. The study suggests that both CBT and medication are effective treatments for panic disorder, and that personality characteristics may not be a significant factor in determining treatment success.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

57.

Outcome assessment and clinical improvement in panic disorder: evidence from a randomized controlled trial of fluoxetine and placebo. The Fluoxetine Panic Disorder Study Group.

Author: MichelsonD, LydiardR B, PollackM H, TamuraR N, HoogS L, TepnerR, DemitrackM A, TollefsonG D

Improved understanding of panic disorder treatment

This study investigated the effectiveness of fluoxetine treatment for panic disorder and examined how changes in different symptoms contribute to overall improvement. While most studies focus on the frequency of panic attacks, the study acknowledges that other symptoms contribute to the severity of the condition.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

58.

Long-term outcome of pharmacological and psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a 2-year naturalistic follow-up.

Author: de BeursE, van BalkomA J, Van DyckR, LangeA

Effective treatment

This study found that while fluvoxamine combined with exposure therapy was the most effective treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia in the initial study, all treatments showed long-term benefits with no significant difference between groups.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

59.

Randomised placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide, cognitive-behavioural therapy and their combination in panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: LoerchB, Graf-MorgensternM, HautzingerM, SchlegelS, HainC, SandmannJ, BenkertO

CBT effective
Reduced agoraphobia

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was highly effective in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia, reducing agoraphobia to levels comparable to those of non-clinical controls. Moclobemide with clinical management was not superior to placebo, and the combination of moclobemide with CBT did not yield significantly better results than CBT with placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

60.

Continuing treatment of panic disorder after acute response: randomised, placebo-controlled trial with fluoxetine. The Fluoxetine Panic Disorder Study Group.

Author: MichelsonD, PollackM, LydiardR B, TamuraR, TepnerR, TollefsonG

Improved clinical outcomes

Continued fluoxetine treatment following successful acute therapy in panic disorder showed improved clinical outcomes compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

61.

Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: ClarkD M, SalkovskisP M, HackmannA, WellsA, LudgateJ, GelderM

Effective treatment

A briefer version of cognitive therapy (CT) for panic disorder (PD) was found to be as effective as full CT in reducing panic and anxiety symptoms, with significant and sustained improvements at 12-month follow-up.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

62.

Paroxetine, clomipramine, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.

Author: BakkerA, van DyckR, SpinhovenP, van BalkomA J

Clomipramine efficacy
Panic disorder treatment
Paroxetine efficacy
Cognitive therapy
Drop-out rate
Panic disorder treatment

Paroxetine and clomipramine were more effective than placebo in treating panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Cognitive therapy was not significantly different from placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

63.

A controlled trial of cognitive behavioral treatment of panic in alcoholic inpatients with comorbid panic disorder.

Author: BowenR C, D'ArcyC, KeeganD, SenthilselvanA

Improved abstinence from alcohol
Improved anxiety symptoms

This study examined the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for panic disorder in patients entering an inpatient alcoholism treatment program. The study found that CBT did not significantly improve outcomes for problem drinking compared to the standard alcohol treatment program.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

64.

Comparison of Fluvoxamine alone, Fluvoxamine and cognitive psychotherapy and psychotherapy alone in the treatment of panic disorder in Kelantan--implications for management by family doctors.

Author: AzharM Z

Improved treatment of panic
Reduced need for FVX

In a study of 42 people with panic disorder, three treatment groups were compared: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) alone, CBT with fluvoxamine (FVX), and FVX alone. All groups showed improvement after treatment, but the combination of CBT and FVX resulted in the greatest improvement. The FVX-only group showed less improvement than the other groups. The study suggests that combining medication and psychological treatment is the most effective approach for treating panic disorder. The study also found that the combination group required less FVX than the FVX-only group, which may have implications for treating panic in primary care settings.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

65.

[Conflict-centered individual therapy or integration of psychotherapy methods. Process of change in client-centered psychotherapy with and without behavioral exposure therapy in agoraphobia with panic disorder].

Author: TeuschL, BöhmeH, FinkeJ

Reduced avoidance
Reduced panic

This study compared the effects of two therapies for agoraphobia and panic: client-centered therapy (CCT) alone and CCT combined with behavioral exposure. Both therapies effectively reduced panic and avoidance behaviors. CCT alone promoted greater feelings of independence and less reliance on others, while the combined therapy helped patients feel more accepted by others. The study suggests that different therapies may work through different mechanisms and that combining therapies may enhance treatment outcomes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

66.

Reducing therapist contact in cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care: global measures of outcome in a randomised controlled trial.

Author: SharpD M, PowerK G, SwansonV

Effective treatment of panic disorder
Limited availability of treatments

Panic disorder is common and can be effectively treated with psychological therapy. However, limited access to therapy is a barrier for many people. There is growing interest in developing more efficient psychological treatments, particularly those that require less interaction with a therapist.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

67.

A dose-finding and discontinuation study of clomipramine in panic disorder.

Author: Lotufo-NetoF, BernikM, RamosR T, AndradeL, GorensteinC, CordasT, MeloM, GentilV

Effective treatment

Clomipramine was effective in achieving full remission in 70% of patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. However, a high relapse rate after discontinuation emphasizes the need for long-term or intermittent maintenance treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

68.

Emotion-focused psychotherapy for patients with panic disorder.

Author: ShearM K, HouckP, GreenoC, MastersS

Effective treatment of panic disorder

This study compared the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy to standard treatments for panic disorder (cognitive behavioral therapy or imipramine) and to a placebo. The study examined the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy in 30 people with panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

69.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of adjunctive paroxetine in panic disorder patients unsuccessfully treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.

Author: KampmanMirjam, KeijsersGer P J, HoogduinCees A L, HendriksGert-Jan

CBT effective panic
Paroxetine effective panic

This study examined the effectiveness of adding paroxetine to ongoing cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with panic disorder who did not respond to cognitive-behavioral therapy alone. The study found that this combined approach was beneficial for these patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

70.

Clinical significance of lifetime panic spectrum symptoms in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder.

Author: FrankEllen, CyranowskiJill M, RucciPaola, ShearM Katherine, FagioliniAndrea, ThaseMichael E, CassanoGiovanni B, GrochocinskiVictoria J, KostelnikBryan, KupferDavid J

Potential negative influence on bipolar illness

This study investigated the impact of panic disorder and related conditions on the course and treatment of bipolar I (BPI) disorder. The researchers hypothesized that people with a history of panic disorders would have a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and would respond less well to treatment for their current mood episode.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

71.

Unemployment and emergency room visits predict poor treatment outcome in primary care panic disorder.

Author: Roy-ByrnePeter P, RussoJoan, CowleyDeborah S, KatonWayne J

Panic disorder treatment

This study aimed to identify factors that predict treatment response for panic disorder in a group of primary care patients with diverse diagnoses and co-existing conditions over a year-long period. This research aimed to expand on existing studies that focused on patients with a single diagnosis of panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

72.

Panic control treatment for agoraphobia.

Author: CraskeMichelle G, DeColaJoseph P, SachsAndrei D, PontilloDeborah C

Agoraphobia treatment
Panic disorder treatment

The study found that cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic control alone was as effective as the treatment containing an additional in vivo exposure component in treating panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

73.

Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic and brief therapist contact in the treatment of panic disorder.

Author: HeckerJeffrey E, LoseeMelinda C, Roberson-NayRoxann, MakiKristin

Effective treatment of panic disorder
Self-directed treatment is viable
Comorbid conditions negatively impact outcome

This study compared two types of treatment for panic disorder: group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and a self-directed approach with brief therapist contact (Telephone). Both treatments resulted in significant improvement and these gains were maintained over time. The Telephone group had a higher percentage of participants who had a significant improvement at the end of treatment compared to the group CBT group (72% vs 24%). However, this difference disappeared at 6 months. People with certain personality disorders (borderline, dependent, or depressive) were less likely to experience significant improvement. The study suggests that self-directed treatment with limited therapist contact is a viable option for many people with panic disorder, but that specific personality characteristics may affect the success of treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

74.

Personality disorder and social anxiety predict delayed response in drug and behavioral treatment of panic disorder.

Author: BergerPeter, SachsGabriele, AmeringMichaela, HolzingerAnita, BankierBettina, KatschnigHeinz

Longer treatment effective for some

Patients with panic disorder who have a personality disorder or social phobia are less likely to respond to treatment compared to those without. Prolonged treatment and additional treatment focused on social anxiety may be beneficial for these patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

75.

Sertraline versus paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder: an acute, double-blind noninferiority comparison.

Author: BandelowBorwin, BehnkeKirsten, LenoirSergio, HendriksG J, AlkinTunc, GoebelClaus, ClaryCathryn M

Paroxetine effective for panic disorder
Sertraline better tolerated
Sertraline effective for panic disorder
Paroxetine more side effects

Sertraline and paroxetine were equally effective in treating panic disorder. However, sertraline was better tolerated and less likely to cause clinical worsening during taper than paroxetine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

76.

Cognitive behavioral group therapy in panic disorder patients: the efficacy of CBGT versus drug treatment.

Author: DannonPinhas N, Gon-UsishkinM, GelbertA, LowengrubK, GrunhausL

PD treatment

Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) was as effective as Paroxetine pharmacotherapy in the short-term treatment of Panic Disorder (PD).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

77.

Effectiveness of cognitive--behavioral treatment for panic disorder versus treatment as usual in a managed care setting.

Author: AddisMichael E, HatgisChristina, KrasnowAaron D, JacobKaren, BourneLeslie, MansfieldAbigail

Effective treatment of panic disorder

In a study of 80 people with panic disorder, those who received a specific type of therapy called panic control therapy (PCT) showed greater improvement than those who received standard treatment. Nearly 43% of those who completed PCT showed significant improvement, compared to 19% in the standard treatment group. This highlights the importance of using evidence-based therapies in clinical settings.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

78.

Switching from imipramine to sertraline in panic disorder.

Author: MavissakalianMatig R

Improved panic symptoms
Improved phobic symptoms

Switching from imipramine to sertraline may be an effective strategy in the management of patients with panic disorder who have had an unsatisfactory outcome with the first antidepressant tried.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

79.

Cognitive behavior therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (corrected from agrophobia).

Author: OstLars-Göran, ThulinUlrika, RamneröJonas

Agoraphobia treatment
Panic disorder treatment

This study compared two treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia: exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Both treatments showed significant improvement in panic, agoraphobic symptoms, and overall mental health, with improvements maintained at a 1-year follow-up. However, there was no significant difference between the two treatments, suggesting that adding cognitive therapy to exposure therapy did not provide an additional benefit.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

80.

Changes in anxiety sensitivity with pharmacotherapy for panic disorder.

Author: SimonNaomi M, OttoMichael W, SmitsJasper A J, NicolaouD Colette, ReeseHannah E, PollackMark H

Panic disorder treatment

The study found that pharmacotherapy for panic disorder led to significant acute reductions in fears of anxiety symptoms, but at levels that may be somewhat less than the changes associated with CBT.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

81.

[Effect of different variables on the outcome of various cognitive-behavioral treatment modalities for panic disorder with agoraphobia].

Author: MarchandA, GermainV

Effective treatment of PDA

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA), but 10-30% of patients continue to have symptoms after treatment. This study examined what factors influence the success of different CBT approaches (individual, group, self-help) for moderate to severe PDA. For individual therapy, gender, duration of agoraphobia, and anxiety level predicted immediate success, but only duration of agoraphobia predicted long-term success. Self-help therapy had no significant predictors. For group therapy, avoidance behaviors predicted immediate success, while symptom severity predicted long-term success.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : French

82.

A randomized effectiveness trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication for primary care panic disorder.

Author: Roy-ByrnePeter P, CraskeMichelle G, SteinMurray B, SullivanGreer, BystritskyAlexander, KatonWayne, GolinelliDaniela, SherbourneCathy D

Panic disorder treatment

Delivery of evidence-based CBT and medication using the collaborative care model and a CBT-naive, midlevel behavioral health specialist is feasible and significantly more effective than usual care for primary care panic disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

83.

Potential effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in refractory panic disorder.

Author: HollifieldMichael, ThompsonPeter M, RuizJames E, UhlenhuthE H

Panic disorder treatment
Weight gain

This study investigated the use of olanzapine, a medication typically used for schizophrenia, in treating severe panic disorder that didn't respond to other treatments. After 8 weeks of treatment, 50% of the 10 participants were completely free of panic attacks, and 60% were free of anxiety about future attacks. Overall, there was a significant reduction in panic attacks and anticipatory anxiety. While olanzapine showed potential benefits with minimal side effects, further studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

84.

Efficacy of internet therapy for panic disorder.

Author: KleinBritt, RichardsJeffrey C, AustinDavid W

Panic disorder treatment

Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was found to be effective in reducing panic disorder (PD) symptoms, panic-related cognitions, negative affect, and healthcare utilization, offering a promising alternative to therapist-assisted CBT.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

85.

Does the addition of cognitive behavioral therapy improve panic disorder treatment outcome relative to medication alone in the primary-care setting?

Author: CraskeMichelle G, GolinelliDaniela, SteinMurray B, Roy-ByrnePeter, BystritskyAlexander, SherbourneCathy

Enhanced outcomes

This study evaluated the added benefit of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to medication in treating panic disorder in a primary-care setting, finding that CBT may enhance outcomes.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

86.

Incremental cost-effectiveness of a collaborative care intervention for panic disorder.

Author: KatonWayne, RussoJoan, SherbourneCathy, SteinMurray B, CraskeMichelle, FanMing-Yu, Roy-ByrnePeter

Treat panic disorder

This study assesses the cost-effectiveness of a combined cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy intervention for panic disorder in primary care, highlighting the need for improved treatment quality in this setting.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

87.

[Treatment of anxiety syndrome. A systematic literature review. Summary and conclusions by the SBU].

Author: von KnorringLars, ThelanderSten, PetterssonAgneta

Treat anxiety syndromes
Symptom reappearance

A report by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) reviews the scientific literature on the treatment of various anxiety disorders, concluding that effective treatments exist but that symptom recurrence is common after discontinuation of therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : Swedish

88.

A pragmatic, unblinded randomised controlled trial comparing an occupational therapy-led lifestyle approach and routine GP care for panic disorder treatment in primary care.

Author: LambertRodney A, HarveyIan, PolandFiona

Improved anxiety treatment
Anxiety

The number of people receiving treatment for anxiety in the UK has increased by over 30% since 1994. While medication and therapy are the most common treatments, outcomes are sometimes poor with frequent relapses. Lifestyle factors may play a role in anxiety, especially panic disorder, but are not addressed in treatment guidelines.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

90.

Implications of naturalistic use of pharmacotherapy in CBT treatment for panic disorder.

Author: ArchJoanna J, CraskeMichelle G

Improved panic disorder treatment
Panic disorder

This study examined how using antidepressants (SSRIs, benzodiazepines, or other anti-anxiety/antidepressant medications) before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) affected the outcome of treatment for panic disorder. After accounting for initial symptom severity, the study found that using SSRIs and other antidepressants before and after treatment was associated with poorer outcomes, particularly for panic disorder severity and anxiety sensitivity. Benzodiazepines were not linked to worse outcomes, but their use decreased after treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

91.

Influence of co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and personality disorders on the outcome of cognitive behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Author: HansenBjarne, VogelPatrick A, StilesTore C, GötestamK Gunnar

Improved OCD treatment
Obsessive-compulsive disorder

This study examined how having generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder, and having any personality disorder, affected the outcomes of treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Patients received either exposure and response prevention (ERP) with cognitive therapy (ERP+CT) or ERP with relaxation training (ERP+REL). People with generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder showed less improvement with both treatment approaches, but those in the ERP+CT group showed significantly more improvement at the end of treatment and 12 months later than those in the ERP+REL group. However, this difference was not significant when only looking at patients who completed treatment. Those with certain personality disorders (Clusters A or B) showed significantly less improvement at 12 months, while those with Cluster C personality disorders showed better outcomes at the end of treatment with ERP+REL. The study suggests that combining ERP with cognitive therapy may be more beneficial for those with anxiety, and that personality disorders may impact treatment outcomes. Further research is needed to understand these findings.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

92.

Effect of pharmacological treatment on temperament and character in panic disorder.

Author: MarchesiCarlo, De PanfilisChiara, CantoniAlessandro, GiannelliMaria R, MagginiCarlo

The study evaluated temperament and character in patients with panic disorder (PD) before and after 1 year of pharmacological therapy, finding that higher levels of harm avoidance (HA) were associated with a lack of remission.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

93.

Is internet-based CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia as effective as face-to-face CBT?

Author: KiropoulosLitza A, KleinBritt, AustinDavid W, GilsonKathryn, PierCiaran, MitchellJoanna, CiechomskiLisa

Agoraphobia treatment
Panic disorder treatment

An internet-based CBT intervention, Panic Online (PO), was found to be comparable to face-to-face CBT for people with panic disorder.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

94.

Treating comorbid panic disorder in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Author: TengEllen J, BaileySara D, ChaisonAngelic D, PetersenNancy J, HamiltonJoseph D, DunnNancy Jo

Reduced panic fear
Reduced panic severity

This study compared the effectiveness of panic control treatment (PCT) and psychoeducational supportive treatment (PE-SUP) in veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder. PCT was found to be significantly more effective in reducing panic severity, fear, and anxiety sensitivity, and in achieving panic-free status.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

95.

Effects of escitalopram on anxiety and respiratory responses to carbon dioxide inhalation in subjects at high risk for panic disorder: a placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Author: CoryellWilliam, RickelsHeather

Panic disorder treatment

People with panic disorder and those with a family history of panic disorder are more sensitive to the effects of breathing in carbon dioxide, which can trigger panic. While many studies have shown that medication for panic disorder reduces anxiety, few have used a placebo control group for comparison.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

96.

Psychological treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: a meta-analysis.

Author: Sánchez-MecaJulio, Rosa-AlcázarAna I, Marín-MartínezFulgencio, Gómez-ConesaAntonia

PD treatment

This review of 42 studies on treatments for panic disorder found that combining exposure therapy, relaxation training, and breathing retraining was most effective. The effectiveness was also greater when treatment included homework assignments and follow-up support. Treatment was more successful for those without other mental health problems and for those with shorter durations of illness. The study suggests that these techniques and approaches should be considered in treating panic disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

97.

Predictors of clinical improvement in a randomized effectiveness trial for primary care patients with panic disorder.

Author: ChaviraDenise A, SteinMurray B, GolinelliDaniela, SherbourneCathy D, CraskeMichelle G, SullivanGreer, BystritskyAlexander, Roy-ByrnePeter P

Panic disorder treatment

This study found that people with higher anxiety sensitivity and neuroticism at the beginning of treatment were less likely to improve within three months. Those who were not white, had higher anxiety sensitivity, and greater overall avoidance of things that caused anxiety were less likely to improve after 12 months. Understanding these factors can help doctors identify people at higher risk for ongoing anxiety and tailor treatment accordingly.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

98.

A randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or both combined for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: treatment results through 1-year follow-up.

Author: van ApeldoornFranske J, TimmermanMarieke E, MerschPeter Paul A, van HoutWiljo J P J, VisserSako, van DyckRichard, den BoerJohan A

Panic disorder treatment

This study compares the long-term effectiveness of three treatments for panic disorder: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medication (SSRIs), and a combination of both. It also explores the relationship between treatment outcome and seven factors that may influence success.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

99.

Clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment is effective for panic: A randomized controlled trial.

Author: WimsEdward, TitovNickolai, AndrewsGavin, ChoiIsabella

Panic disorder treatment

An internet-based clinician-assisted cognitive behavioral treatment program (the Panic program) was found to be effective in treating panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Participants in the treatment group showed significant reductions in panic symptoms, disability, and depression compared to the waitlist control group (Cohen's d = 0.93 and 0.59, respectively). These effects were sustained at 1-month follow-up.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

100.

New treatment options for panic disorder: clinical trials from 2000 to 2010.

Author: FreireRafael C, HallakJaime E, CrippaJosé A, NardiAntonio E

PD treatment

Panic disorder (PD) is a common mental health condition characterized by sudden and recurring panic attacks. People with PD often experience significant difficulties in their daily lives, are at risk for other mental health problems, and have a higher risk of suicide. Early treatment is crucial for PD, as delayed treatment can lead to poorer outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

101.

Predictors of outcome of pharmacological and psychological treatment of late-life panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: HendriksGert-Jan, KeijsersGer P J, KampmanMirjam, HoogduinCees A L, Oude VoshaarRichard C

Improved CBT outcomes

In late-life agoraphobic panic disorder, chronological age has no impact on treatment modality outcome. In older patients with a late disease onset or shorter duration of illness, CBT is to be preferred over paroxetine, whereas paroxetine might be the treatment of choice for older people with an early onset and short duration of illness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

102.

Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder: an update.

Author: BatelaanNeeltje M, Van BalkomAnton J L M, SteinDan J

Panic disorder treatment

This review examines the use of medications for panic disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) remain a first-line treatment, with the combination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine) also being an option. Short-term use of benzodiazepines may be helpful. Continuing treatment after initial improvement reduces the chance of relapse, but more research is needed on how long to continue treatment. Several options exist for those who don't respond to initial medications, but there is a lack of definitive guidance on the best choices.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

103.

Comparing two brief psychological interventions to usual care in panic disorder patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain.

Author: LessardMarie-Josée, MarchandAndré, PellandMarie-Ève, BellevilleGeneviève, VadeboncoeurAlain, ChaunyJean-Marc, PoitrasJulien, DupuisGilles, FleetRichard, Foldes-BusqueGuillaume, LavoieKim L

Treatment of panic disorder

Panic disorder is common among people who go to the emergency room (ER) for chest pain, but psychological treatment is rarely offered. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) program for people with panic disorder who present to the ER with chest pain, as there are no existing studies on this topic.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

104.

The impact of an 8-day intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia on comorbid diagnoses.

Author: GalloKaitlin P, ChanPriscilla T, BuzzellaBrian A, WhittonSarah W, PincusDonna B

Treatment of panic disorder

Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective for both primary anxiety disorders and related anxiety disorders. This study found that an intensive 8-day treatment for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PDA) reduced the frequency and severity of other anxiety disorders, particularly specific phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. This suggests that treating PDA can have broader benefits beyond just reducing panic symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

105.

Depression does not affect the treatment outcome of CBT for panic and agoraphobia: results from a multicenter randomized trial.

Author: EmmrichAngela, Beesdo-BaumKatja, GlosterAndrew T, KnappeSusanne, HöflerMichael, AroltVolker, DeckertJürgen, GerlachAlexander L, HammAlfons, KircherTilo, LangThomas, RichterJan, StröhleAndreas, ZwanzgerPeter, WittchenHans-Ulrich

Reduced anxiety
Reduced depressive symptoms

This post-hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial examined the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in 369 patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia, considering the presence of comorbid depression. CBT was effective in reducing both anxiety and depressive symptoms, regardless of the presence of comorbid depression.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

106.

A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: VosS P F, HuibersM J H, DielsL, ArntzA

Treatment of panic disorder

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) appears to be as effective as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating major depression. Since panic attacks are often linked to increased interpersonal stress, IPT could potentially treat panic disorder as well. While preliminary research shows promise, more studies are needed to directly compare the effectiveness of IPT and CBT for panic disorder.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

107.

Comparing physical exercise in groups to group cognitive behaviour therapy for the treatment of panic disorder in a randomized controlled trial.

Author: HovlandAnders, NordhusInger Hilde, SjøbøTrond, GjestadBente A, BirknesBirthe, MartinsenEgil W, TorsheimTorbjørn, PallesenStåle

Reduced panic disorder symptoms

Exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of panic disorder. However, the efficacy of exercise has not been compared to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and there is a lack of controlled long-term studies.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

108.

Pain adversely affects outcomes to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety in primary care.

Author: MoroneNatalia E, BelnapBea Herbeck, HeFanyin, MazumdarSati, WeinerDebra K, RollmanBruce L

Anxiety treatment
Pain interference

Pain intensity negatively affects treatment response for panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In a study of 124 patients, patients with at least moderate pain were significantly less likely to achieve improvement in anxiety symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

109.

Rate of improvement during and across three treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: cognitive behavioral therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or both combined.

Author: Van ApeldoornFranske J, Van HoutWiljo J P J, TimmermanMarieke E, MerschPeter Paul A, den BoerJohan A

CBT+SSRI for moderate or severe AG
Panic disorder treatment
SSRI and CBT+SSRI

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI), and a combination of both (CBT+SSRI) were found to be effective in reducing panic attacks in patients with panic disorder (PD). SSRI and CBT+SSRI were associated with a faster rate of improvement than CBT alone. For patients with moderate or severe agoraphobia (AG), CBT+SSRI was associated with the most rapid improvement in panic frequency.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

110.

Trajectories of change across outcomes in intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia.

Author: GalloKaitlin P, Cooper-VinceChristine E, HardwayChristina L, PincusDonna B, ComerJonathan S

Improved panic disorder

This study examined the rate and shape of change across an 8-day intensive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for adolescent panic disorder with and without agoraphobia. The study found that panic severity showed a linear decrease throughout treatment, while fear and avoidance ratings showed a cubic change pattern.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

111.

Cost-effectiveness of CBT, SSRI, and CBT+SSRI in the treatment for panic disorder.

Author: van ApeldoornF J, StantA D, van HoutW J P J, MerschP P A, den BoerJ A

CBT cost-effective
CBT+SSRI cost-effective

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was the most cost-effective treatment for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, followed by CBT plus a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

112.

An Internet-based guided self-help intervention for panic symptoms: randomized controlled trial.

Author: van BallegooijenWouter, RiperHeleen, KleinBritt, EbertDavid Daniel, KramerJeannet, MeulenbeekPeter, CuijpersPim

Panic symptom reduction
High nonresponse
Ineffective for mild panic

An internet-based guided self-help course for mild panic symptoms was not effective for individuals with panic symptoms, although those who completed the course did experience clinical benefits.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

113.

Temporal patterns of change in panic disorder during cognitive behaviour therapy: an Indian study.

Author: ManjulaM, PrasadaraoP S D V, KumaraiahV, RaguramR

Anxiety sensitivity reduction
Panic symptom reduction

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was more effective than behavior therapy (BT) in reducing panic symptoms, cognitions, behaviors, and anxiety sensitivity in patients with panic disorder.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

114.

Mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: the unique effects of self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity.

Author: GallagherMatthew W, PayneLaura A, WhiteKamila S, ShearKatherine M, WoodsScott W, GormanJack M, BarlowDavid H

CBT effectiveness
Panic disorder

This study examined how changes in self-confidence (self-efficacy) and anxiety sensitivity related to improvements in panic symptoms during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD). The study found that changes in anxiety sensitivity happened early in treatment, while improvements in self-efficacy occurred later. Both changes in self-efficacy and anxiety sensitivity were linked to reductions in panic symptoms. The study suggests that these two factors are distinct mechanisms that contribute to the effectiveness of CBT for panic disorder, with different impacts at various stages of treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

115.

Timing matters: change depends on the stage of treatment in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Author: GlosterAndrew T, KlotscheJens, GerlachAlexander L, HammAlfons, StröhleAndreas, GauggelSiegfried, KircherTilo, AlpersGeorg W, DeckertJürgen, WittchenHans-Ulrich

PD/AG treatment

This study investigates how various factors, including anxiety related to physical sensations, fear of situations, worry about experiencing anxiety, and psychological flexibility, play a role in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG). The study examines the importance of these factors during different phases of treatment, such as education, exposure to feared situations, and maintaining progress.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

116.

Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults.

Author: ImaiHissei, TajikaAran, ChenPeiyao, PompoliAlessandro, GuaianaGiuseppe, CastellazziMariasole, BighelliIrene, GirlandaFrancesca, BarbuiCorrado, KoestersMarkus, CiprianiAndrea, FurukawaToshi A

Azapirones for panic disorder

Panic disorder is common and often associated with other mental health conditions. This review examines the effectiveness and acceptability of azapirones, a class of anxiolytics, for treating panic disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

117.

The POSE study - panic control treatment versus panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy under randomized and self-selection conditions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: SandellRolf, SvenssonMartin, NilssonThomas, JohanssonHåkan, ViborgGardar, PerrinSean

Panic disorder treatment

Panic disorder, affecting 2-3% of people in Sweden, can have serious consequences if left untreated. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the recommended first-line treatment, but many patients receive other types of therapy. Allowing patients to choose among evidence-based therapies could improve outcomes and lower healthcare costs. More research is needed to compare the effectiveness of different therapies and understand how patients' preferences influence outcomes, disability, and healthcare use over time.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

118.

Stepped care versus face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder and social anxiety disorder: Predictors and moderators of outcome.

Author: HaugThomas, NordgreenTine, ÖstLars-Göran, KvaleGerd, TangenTone, AnderssonGerhard, CarlbringPer, HeiervangEinar R, HavikOdd E

Stepped Care for PD and SAD

This study compares immediate face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy (FtF-CBT) with a stepped care model for treating panic disorder (PD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD). The stepped care model includes psychoeducation, internet-delivered CBT, and FtF-CBT. The study examines predictors and moderators of treatment outcome for both approaches.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

119.

Treatment-resistant panic disorder: a systematic review.

Author: FreireRafael C, ZuglianiMorena M, GarciaRafael F, NardiAntonio E

PD treatment

Panic disorder is a common condition that affects work, increases the risk of unemployment, and leads to more healthcare use. While medications, therapy, and combined approaches exist, about a third of people with panic disorder continue to experience panic attacks and other symptoms after treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

121.

Treatment-resistant panic disorder: clinical significance, concept and management.

Author: ChenMu-Hong, TsaiShih-Jen

Panic disorder treatment

Panic disorder is common, but many people don't respond well to treatment. This review examines the reasons why panic disorder can be difficult to treat, including factors like the nature of panic disorder, other mental and physical health problems, and stress. It explores potential causes of treatment resistance, such as genetics, brain function, and inflammation. Finally, the review discusses current approaches to treating panic disorder that doesn't respond to standard treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

122.

Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis.

Author: PompoliAlessandro, FurukawaToshi A, ImaiHissei, TajikaAran, EfthimiouOrestis, SalantiGeorgia

Panic disorder treatment

A network meta-analysis of eight different psychological therapies for panic disorder found that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) were all significantly more effective than control conditions in reducing panic symptoms. CBT and exposure therapy showed the largest effects, leading to a 50% reduction in panic attacks compared to control groups. While MBCT demonstrated a smaller effect, it still resulted in a 30% reduction in panic attacks.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

123.

AUGMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT ANXIETY DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

Author: PattersonBeth, Van AmeringenMichael

Reduced symptom severity
No benefit for response
Small study sample

This meta-analysis of 6 studies evaluated the efficacy of medication augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Augmentation was not associated with an increased risk of response compared with placebo. A small significant effect was found in reduction in symptom severity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

124.

False Safety Behavior Elimination Therapy: A randomized study of a brief individual transdiagnostic treatment for anxiety disorders.

Author: RiccardiChristina J, KorteKristina J, SchmidtNorman B

Treatment for anxiety disorders

This study tested the efficacy of a brief, transdiagnostic treatment (F-SET) for anxiety disorders, targeting anxiety-maintaining behaviors and cognitive strategies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

125.

Psychological therapies versus pharmacological interventions for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults.

Author: ImaiHissei, TajikaAran, ChenPeiyao, PompoliAlessandro, FurukawaToshi A

Panic disorder treatment

Panic disorder is a common mental health condition. Both psychological therapies and medications are used to treat panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or crowds). There's a need for updated research to compare the effectiveness and acceptability of these two approaches to improve treatment planning for panic disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

126.

Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults.

Author: BighelliIrene, CastellazziMariasole, CiprianiAndrea, GirlandaFrancesca, GuaianaGiuseppe, KoestersMarkus, TurriniGiulia, FurukawaToshi A, BarbuiCorrado

Antidepressant efficacy
Panic disorder treatment

Panic disorder is a common condition that causes sudden and intense episodes of fear and anxiety. Antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are considered the first choice for treatment because they generally have fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants. While different classes of antidepressants have been studied, the most effective and well-tolerated options are still not clear.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

127.

Are there advances in pharmacotherapy for panic disorder? A systematic review of the past five years.

Author: CaldirolaDaniela, AlciatiAlessandra, RivaAlice, PernaGiampaolo

Improved treatment outcomes
Not applicable

SSRIs may be more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy alone in treating panic attacks. Combined therapy is preferable when agoraphobia is present. Clonazepam is more potent than paroxetine in decreasing panic relapse.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

128.

Empirical evidence of the effect of personality pathology on the outcome of panic disorder.

Author: ReichJames, SchatzbergAlan, DelucchiKevin

Panic disorder treatment
Personality pathology

This study investigated whether personality traits affect treatment outcomes for panic disorder. The study hypothesized that certain personality characteristics would lead to poorer outcomes for people with panic disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

129.

Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults.

Author: BreilmannJohanna, GirlandaFrancesca, GuaianaGiuseppe, BarbuiCorrado, CiprianiAndrea, CastellazziMariasole, BighelliIrene, DaviesSimon Jc, FurukawaToshi A, KoestersMarkus

Panic disorder treatment
SSRIs

Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and intense episodes of fear that peak within minutes. It's common, affecting 1-5% of people. While both therapy and medication are used to treat panic disorder, antidepressants are generally preferred because they are less likely to cause dependence than benzodiazepines, which are often used because they work quickly.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

130.

Treatment of anxiety and mood comorbidities in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapies for panic disorder.

Author: KeefeJohn R, ChamblessDianne L, BarberJacques P, MilrodBarbara L

Reduced agoraphobia
Reduced generalized anxiety disorder
Reduced major depressive disorder
Reduced social anxiety disorder

Patients completing panic-focused psychotherapies often experience meaningful remission for diagnoses of agoraphobia, MDD, GAD, and SAD, with no detectable differences between Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PFPP).

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

131.

Severity of panic disorder, adverse events in childhood, dissociation, self-stigma and comorbid personality disorders Part 2: Therapeutic effectiveness of a combined cognitive behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy in treatment-resistant inpatients.

Author: KolekAntonín, PraskoJan, OciskovaMarie, HolubovaMichaela, VanekJakub, GrambalAles, SlepeckyMilos

Panic disorder treatment

Combining antidepressants with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to help people with panic disorder who haven't responded to other treatments. This study will examine how factors like childhood trauma, negative self-views, dissociation, and the severity of the panic disorder may influence how well this combination works.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

132.

The Impact of Personality Pathology on Treatment Outcome in Late-life Panic Disorder.

Author: GulpersBernice, Oude VoshaarRichard, KampmanMirjam, VerheyFrans, VAN AlphenSebastiaan, HendriksGert-Jan

Panic disorder treatment
Personality disorders

Cluster B personality pathology negatively impacted the treatment outcomes of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder in both younger and older adults. In late-life panic disorder with comorbid personality pathology, CBT may be a better treatment option than paroxetine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

133.

Predictors and moderators of treatment dropout in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapies for panic disorder.

Author: KeefeJohn R, ChamblessDianne L, BarberJacques P, MilrodBarbara L

ART for panic disorder
CBT for panic disorder
PFPP for panic disorder
Abuse history
Dropout risk

<b>Introduction:</b> Panic disorder patients who drop out of treatment typically do not remit from their disorder. How patient-level moderators influence dropping out of one panic-focused treatment over another has never been examined, nor in non-CBT treatments. <b>Method:</b> 200 patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were randomized to receive cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy (PFPP), or applied relaxation training (ART) across two sites. Therapy was twice a week for 12 weeks. A two-step variable search method was applied to identify potential prognostic predictors and moderators of patient dropout. Survival models predicting hazard of session-by-session dropout tested the resulting variables. <b>Results:</b> Across treatments, unemployment and higher psychosocial disability on the Sheehan Disability Scale predicted increased risk of dropout, while patients with higher anxiety sensitivity were more likely to complete treatment. Patients who reported experiencing childhood abuse had heightened dropout in ART, but not CBT or PFPP. Men were especially likely to complete PFPP. Session 2 expectancies and patient-rated alliance predicted lower dropout only in CBT. <b>Conclusions:</b> Patient-level factors may influence both whether patients will complete any treatment, and whether they continue in a particular panic-focused therapy. Moderators of dropout (e.g., abuse history) may inform treatment decisions for specific patients.<b>Trial registration:</b> ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00353470.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

134.

Can regular physical exercise be a treatment for panic disorder? A systematic review.

Author: MachadoSergio, TellesGeorge, MagalhaesFranklin, TeixeiraDiogo, Amatriain-FernándezSandra, BuddeHenning, ImperatoriClaudio, Murillo-RodriguezEric, MonteiroDiogo, Telles CorreiaDiogo, Sá FilhoAlberto Souza

Exercise for PD

This systematic review assessed the effects of regular exercise interventions on panic severity, global anxiety, and depression symptoms in patients with panic disorder (PD). Exercise has emerged as a potential treatment approach for PD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

135.

Managing emotions in panic disorder: A systematic review of studies related to emotional intelligence, alexithymia, emotion regulation, and coping.

Author: OussiAbdellah, HamidKarim, BouvetCyrille

Panic disorder treatment

Panic disorder is characterized by sudden panic attacks and fear of future attacks, which can significantly affect people's lives. This review will examine research on how emotions and coping strategies contribute to panic disorder. The aim is to better understand how panic disorder develops and to improve treatment approaches.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

136.

Pharmacological treatments in panic disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis.

Author: GuaianaGiuseppe, MeaderNicholas, BarbuiCorrado, DaviesSimon Jc, FurukawaToshi A, ImaiHissei, DiasSofia, CaldwellDeborah M, KoestersMarkus, TajikaAran, BighelliIrene, PompoliAlessandro, CiprianiAndrea, DawsonSarah, RobertsonLindsay

Panic disorder treatment

A panic attack is a sudden and intense episode of fear or anxiety. Common symptoms include heart racing, chest pain, sweating, shaking, dizziness, feeling lightheaded, shortness of breath, and stomach upset. People with panic attacks may also feel like they are going to faint, go crazy, or die, or they may feel like the world isn't real. Panic disorder is common, affecting 1-4% of people. Treatments for panic disorder include therapy and medications like antidepressants and benzodiazepines.

Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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