Effective treatment of cholesterol: A Synthesis of Findings from 43 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Many studies have shown that lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. 19 suggests that simvastatin treatment may reduce the risk of major vascular events, such as stroke. 26 suggests that fluvastatin extended-release combined with ezetimibe can effectively reduce LDL cholesterol and improve inflammatory parameters. Additionally, 16 suggests that replacing saturated fatty acids with cis unsaturated fatty acids can reduce the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. These studies suggest that lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events.

However, some studies have shown that lowering cholesterol levels may be associated with an increased risk of other health problems. 3 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma. However, this increase was not statistically significant and could be due to chance. Additionally, 12 did not find a significant effect of simvastatin treatment on coronary endothelial vasomotor function. These studies suggest that lowering cholesterol levels may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events, but may also increase the risk of other health problems or have other effects on the body.

A meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials ( 42 ) involving 154,601 patients concluded that increasing HDL cholesterol levels through medication had no significant effect on cardiovascular mortality, stroke, or overall mortality. However, a beneficial effect on myocardial infarction was lost when these medications were used with statin therapy. 38 found that rosuvastatin dose-dependently lowered plasma sphingolipids and phospholipids in men with metabolic syndrome, independent of LDL-lowering effects.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Lowering cholesterol levels may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. 19 suggests that simvastatin treatment may reduce the risk of major vascular events, such as stroke. 26 suggests that fluvastatin extended-release combined with ezetimibe can effectively reduce LDL cholesterol and improve inflammatory parameters. Additionally, 16 suggests that replacing saturated fatty acids with cis unsaturated fatty acids can reduce the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. These studies suggest that lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events.

Risks Summary

There are some potential risks associated with lowering cholesterol levels. 3 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma, though this finding wasn't statistically significant. Additionally, 12 didn't find a significant effect of simvastatin treatment on coronary endothelial vasomotor function. These studies suggest that while lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events, it may also increase the risk of other health problems or have other effects on the body.

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Many studies have shown that lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. 19 , 26 , 16 , and 38 have investigated the potential benefits of different cholesterol-lowering therapies or interventions. These studies have observed reductions in LDL cholesterol, increases in HDL cholesterol, or reductions in the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio.

Differences in Studies

There are also some studies that suggest that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of other health problems. 3 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma. Additionally, 12 didn't find a significant effect of simvastatin treatment on coronary endothelial vasomotor function. These studies suggest that lowering cholesterol levels may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular events, but may also increase the risk of other health problems or have other effects on the body.

Consistency and Inconsistencies in Results

While some research suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, other studies have shown that it may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma, or have no effect on certain aspects of vascular function. 2 reports that lowering cholesterol levels reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events but does not decrease overall mortality. 19 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of major vascular events such as stroke. These findings suggest that the effects of lowering cholesterol levels on the body may vary depending on the specific treatment or intervention, the individual patient, and other factors.

Practical Implications

Lowering cholesterol levels may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, but it is important to remember that there are potential risks associated with this treatment. 3 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma, though this was not statistically significant. Additionally, 12 found no effect of simvastatin treatment on coronary endothelial vasomotor function. When considering treatment to lower cholesterol, it is essential to discuss the potential benefits and risks with your doctor and make decisions based on your individual needs and circumstances.

Limitations of Current Research

Current research on lowering cholesterol levels suggests that the effects may vary depending on the specific treatment or intervention, the individual patient, and other factors. 2 reports that lowering cholesterol levels reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events but does not decrease overall mortality. 19 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels can reduce the risk of major vascular events such as stroke. To better understand the impact of lowering cholesterol levels, further research is needed.

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to better understand the effects of lowering cholesterol levels on the body. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to provide more conclusive evidence. Studies that examine different treatments, interventions, and patient populations will provide more detailed information. Additionally, it is important to investigate the relationship between lowering cholesterol levels and other health risks, such as cancer or trauma. 3 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma, though this was not statistically significant. Further research is needed to determine if this is a real effect or simply due to chance.

Conclusion

Lowering cholesterol levels may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, but it is important to remember that there are potential risks associated with this treatment. 3 suggests that lowering cholesterol levels may increase the risk of death from cancer or trauma, though this was not statistically significant. Additionally, 12 found no effect of simvastatin treatment on coronary endothelial vasomotor function. When considering treatment to lower cholesterol, it is essential to discuss the potential benefits and risks with your doctor and make decisions based on your individual needs and circumstances. To better understand the impact of lowering cholesterol levels, further research is needed.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
CHD risk reduction
1
Reduced morbidity
Reduced mortality from coronary heart disease
2
Reduced CHD incidence
3
Nonfatal stroke reduction
4
Lowered cholesterol
5
No mood disturbance
6
Reduced atherosclerosis
Reduced risk
7
Improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness
Improved fibrinolysis
Improved vascular inflammation
8
Lower LDL cholesterol
Lower triglycerides
9
Improved cardiovascular mortality
Reduced cardiovascular risk
10
Improved lipid profile
11
Reduced cardiovascular risk
13
Reduced cholesterol
14
Reduced cholesterol
15
Reduced risk of coronary artery disease
16
Reduced LDL cholesterol
Reduced total cholesterol
17
Apo A-I increase
HDL-C increase
18
Reduced stroke risk
19
Reduced cholesterol levels
20
None specified
21
Ezetimibe
Statins
22
HDL cholesterol increase
LDL cholesterol reduction
23
Reduced DBP
Reduced FE(Na)
25
Cholesterol reduction
hs-CRP reduction
26
Reduced cholesterol
27
Reduces stroke risk
Reduces total cholesterol
28
Improved endothelial function
Reduced cholesterol
29
Reduced cardiovascular events
30
Reduced cardiovascular events
31
Improved LDL-C reduction
32
Lower heart disease risk
33
Kidney function protection
34
Cardiovascular event reduction
35
Cardiovascular risk reduction
36
Cardiovascular benefits
37
Lipid lowering
38
LDL cholesterol reduction
39
Cholesterol-lowering
40
Lower CVD risk
41
Reduced MI
42
Improved lipid profile
Increased HDL
43
Risk Keywords
Cancer risk increase
1
Increased cancer
Increased violent deaths
2
Increased cancer deaths
Increased trauma deaths
3
Clofibrate risk
Fatal stroke increase
4
Increased triacylglycerol levels
16
Increased inflammation
Increased triglyceride
17
ALT/AST elevation
18
Increased risk
21
Atherosclerosis progression
Blood pressure increase
23
Convulsive crisis
Hypercholesterolemia
26
None mentioned
28
No nitric oxide effect
37
Hyperlipidemia
40
No effect on all-cause mortality
No effect on cardiovascular mortality
No effect on stroke
42
Literature analysis of 43 papers
Positive Content
39
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
2
Article Type
33
8
5
6
43
1.

Lowering cholesterol: effects on trauma death, cancer death and total mortality.

Author: MacMahonS

CHD risk reduction
Cancer risk increase

A review of 26 studies involving 50,000 patients found that cholesterol reduction (about 10%) significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) after just a few years of treatment. The reduction in CHD-related deaths was half the reduction in non-fatal heart attacks, but both were statistically significant. The overall reduction in total mortality fell within the expected range based on the reduction in CHD deaths. While there was a slight increase in cancer and trauma deaths among patients receiving cholesterol-lowering treatment, these increases were not statistically significant and were likely due to chance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Lipid intervention trials in primary prevention: a critical review.

Author: KaplanN M

Reduced morbidity
Reduced mortality from coronary heart disease
Increased cancer
Increased violent deaths

Six randomized trials demonstrated a significant reduction in coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality, but not overall mortality due to increased cancer and violent deaths in the treated group. These adverse effects may not be directly related to cholesterol reduction but cannot be disregarded. Caution is advised in advocating widespread treatment for even mild hypercholesterolemia due to limited benefits and high costs.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Cholesterol reduction and death from non-coronary causes: evidence from randomised controlled trials.

Author: MacMahonS

Reduced CHD incidence
Increased cancer deaths
Increased trauma deaths

A review of 26 studies on cholesterol reduction showed a significant reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and a small, non-significant increase in deaths from cancer and trauma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Cholesterol reduction and the risk for stroke in men. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

Author: AtkinsD, PsatyB M, KoepsellT D, LongstrethW T, LarsonE B

Nonfatal stroke reduction
Clofibrate risk
Fatal stroke increase

Lowering serum cholesterol through modified diets or medications does not reduce stroke mortality or morbidity in middle-aged men. Clofibrate appears to increase the risk for fatal strokes, but the mechanism for this effect is unknown.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Effects of lovastatin and dietary cholesterol on sterol homeostasis in healthy human subjects.

Author: DuaneW C

Lowered cholesterol

This study of 12 human subjects found that lovastatin significantly lowered biliary secretion of cholesterol, fecal output of endogenous neutral sterols, cholesterol balance, and systemic cholesterol input.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

6.

Randomised placebo controlled trial of effect on mood of lowering cholesterol concentration. Oxford Cholesterol Study Group.

Author: WardleJ, ArmitageJ, CollinsR, WallendszusK, KeechA, LawsonA

No mood disturbance

Simvastatin treatment to lower cholesterol did not have a negative impact on mood in a large, long-term study.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Effects of lowering average of below-average cholesterol levels on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: results of the LIPID Atherosclerosis Substudy. LIPID Trial Research Group.

Author: MacMahonS, SharpeN, GambleG, HartH, ScottJ, SimesJ, WhiteH

Reduced atherosclerosis
Reduced risk

The study examines the effects of cholesterol lowering in patients with average or below-average cholesterol levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Vascular effects of estrogen and cholesterol-lowering therapies in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women.

Author: KohK K, CardilloC, BuiM N, HathawayL, CsakoG, WaclawiwM A, PanzaJ A, CannonR O

Improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness
Improved fibrinolysis
Improved vascular inflammation

Estrogen therapy appears to have unique properties that may benefit the vasculature of hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women, even if they are already on cholesterol-lowering therapy. In a randomized trial of 28 women, estrogen therapy and statin therapy had differing effects on lipoprotein levels, but similarly improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness. However, only therapies including estrogen improved markers of fibrinolysis and vascular inflammation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Lowering effects of four different statins on serum triglyceride level.

Author: BranchiA, FiorenzaA M, RovelliniA, TorriA, MuzioF, MacorS, SommarivaD

Lower LDL cholesterol
Lower triglycerides

This study investigated the effects of various statins on serum triglycerides, specifically exploring whether all statins are effective in reducing triglycerides and whether this effect is related to their LDL cholesterol-lowering activity.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Reduced or modified dietary fat for prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Author: HooperL, SummerbellC D, HigginsJ P, ThompsonR L, ClementsG, CappsN, Davey SmithG, RiemersmaR A, EbrahimS

Improved cardiovascular mortality
Reduced cardiovascular risk

Reducing dietary fat may offer a small but potentially important reduction in cardiovascular risk in trials lasting over two years. Lifestyle advice should include reducing saturated fat and partially replacing it with unsaturated fats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women.

Author: Merz-DemlowB E, DuncanA M, WangenK E, XuX, CarrT P, PhippsW R, KurzerM S

Improved lipid profile

Soy isoflavones significantly improved the lipid profile in premenopausal women with normal cholesterol levels. In specific phases of the menstrual cycle, a high-isoflavone diet lowered LDL cholesterol by 7.6-10.0%, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol by 10.2%, and the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol by 13.8%. These effects could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

12.

Effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelial vasomotor function in patients with coronary artery disease.

Author: VitaJ A, YeungA C, WinnifordM, HodgsonJ M, TreasureC B, KleinJ L, WernsS, KernM, PlotkinD, ShihW J, MitchelY, GanzP

Cholesterol-lowering therapy did not significantly affect coronary endothelial vasomotor function in patients with coronary artery disease and mildly elevated cholesterol levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease.

Author: HooperL, SummerbellC D, HigginsJ P, ThompsonR L, ClementsG, CappsN, DaveyS, RiemersmaR A, EbrahimS

Reduced cardiovascular risk

Reducing dietary fat, especially saturated fat, was associated with a small, but potentially important reduction in cardiovascular risk. The effect was more significant in trials lasting more than two years.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

14.

A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men.

Author: MatvienkoOksana A, LewisDouglas S, SwansonMike, ArndtBeth, RainwaterDavid L, StewartJeanne, AlekelD Lee

Reduced cholesterol

Phytosterol-supplemented margarine has been shown to lower total plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in older, middle-aged individuals with high cholesterol. However, the effects of phytosterols on plasma lipids in younger men at risk for cardiovascular disease have not been studied.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

15.

Effects of gender, apolipoprotein E phenotype and cholesterol-lowering by plant stanol esters in children: the STRIP study. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project.

Author: TammiA, RönnemaaT, MiettinenT A, GyllingH, Rask-NissiläL, ViikariJ, TuominenJ, MarniemiJ, SimellO

Reduced cholesterol

Plant stanol esters reduce serum cholesterol concentration in healthy children irrespective of their gender or apolipoprotein E4 phenotype.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials.

Author: MensinkRonald P, ZockPeter L, KesterArnold D M, KatanMartijn B

Reduced risk of coronary artery disease
Increased triacylglycerol levels

Replacing trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids with cis unsaturated fatty acids is the most effective way to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Inflammation modifies the effects of a reduced-fat low-cholesterol diet on lipids: results from the DASH-sodium trial.

Author: ErlingerThomas P, MillerEdgar R, CharlestonJeanne, AppelLawrence J

Reduced LDL cholesterol
Reduced total cholesterol
Increased inflammation
Increased triglyceride

Increased C-reactive protein was associated with less total and LDL cholesterol reduction and a greater increase in triglycerides from a reduced-fat/low-cholesterol diet.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

18.

Effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of maximum dose simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: results of the Comparative HDL Efficacy and Safety Study (CHESS).

Author: BallantyneChristie M, BlazingMichael A, HunninghakeDonald B, DavidsonMichael H, YuanZhong, DeLuccaPaul, RamseyKaren E, HustadCarolyn M, PalmisanoJoanne

Apo A-I increase
HDL-C increase
ALT/AST elevation

Simvastatin (80 mg) increased HDL-C and apo A-I significantly more than did atorvastatin (80 mg) in patients with hypercholesterolemia, regardless of HDL-C level at baseline or the presence of the metabolic syndrome.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions.

Author: CollinsRory, ArmitageJane, ParishSarah, SleightPeter, PetoRichard,

Reduced stroke risk

While cholesterol-lowering statin therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke in previous randomized trials, large-scale prospective confirmation is needed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Comparison of the effects of dietary plant sterol and stanol esters on lipid metabolism.

Author: O'NeillF H, BrynesA, MandenoR, RendellN, TaylorG, SeedM, ThompsonG R

Reduced cholesterol levels

Plant stanols are more effective than plant sterols in lowering cholesterol, as plant sterols suppress bile acid synthesis and diminish their efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Effect of plant sterols and endurance training on LDL particle size and distribution in previously sedentary hypercholesterolemic adults.

Author: VaradyK A, St-PierreA C, LamarcheB, JonesP J H

None specified
Increased risk

Plant sterols have no effect on LDL particle size and distribution in hypercholesterolemic adults. Short-term exercise, however, may potentially increase CHD risk by decreasing LDL peak particle size.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Simvastatin versus ezetimibe: pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans.

Author: LandmesserUlf, BahlmannFerdinand, MuellerMaja, SpiekermannStephan, KirchhoffNina, SchulzSvenja, ManesCostantina, FischerDieter, de GrootKirsten, FliserDanilo, FaulerGünter, MärzWinfried, DrexlerHelmut

Ezetimibe
Statins

The study tested the hypothesis that similar LDL cholesterol reductions achieved with simvastatin and ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, would result in different effects on endothelial function, exploring the pleiotropic effects of statins.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Effect of torcetrapib on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

Author: NissenSteven E, TardifJean-Claude, NichollsStephen J, RevkinJames H, ShearCharles L, DugganWilliam T, RuzylloWitold, BachinskyWilliam B, LasalaGabriel P, LasalaGregory P, TuzcuE Murat,

HDL cholesterol increase
LDL cholesterol reduction
Atherosclerosis progression
Blood pressure increase

Torcetrapib, a CETP inhibitor, significantly increased HDL cholesterol and decreased LDL cholesterol but did not reduce the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. This large, randomized trial involving 1188 patients with coronary disease also found that torcetrapib was associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Effects of ezetimibe, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and ezetimibe-statin therapies on non-cholesterol sterols in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.

Author: AssmannGerd, KannenbergFrank, RameyDena R, MuslinerThomas A, GutkinStephen W, VeltriEnrico P

This study highlights the need for more research on the impact of combining cholesterol-lowering medications (statins and ezetimibe) on different aspects of cholesterol metabolism. While levels of certain sterols in the blood are known to reflect cholesterol absorption and synthesis, more information is needed about how these levels are affected when these two types of medications are used together.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Effects of statins on renal sodium and water handling: acute and short-term effects of atorvastatin on renal haemodynamics, tubular function, vasoactive hormones, blood pressure and pulse rate in healthy, normocholesterolemic humans.

Author: PaulsenLone, HolmCharlotte, BechJesper Nørgaard, StarklintJørn, PedersenErling Bjerregaard

Reduced DBP
Reduced FE(Na)

Atorvastatin had minimal effects on renal function in healthy men in both acute and short-term studies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Effects of fluvastatin extended-release (80 mg) alone and in combination with ezetimibe (10 mg) on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and inflammatory parameters in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study.

Author: Alvarez-SalaLuis A, CachofeiroVictoria, MasanaLuis, SuarezCarmen, PinillaBlanca, PlanaNuria, TriasFerran, MorenoMiguel Angel, GambusGemma, LaheraVicente, PintóXavier

Cholesterol reduction
hs-CRP reduction
Convulsive crisis
Hypercholesterolemia

Fluvastatin XL in combination with ezetimibe was well-tolerated and effective, allowing the majority of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia to achieve current treatment goals and reduced hs-CRP levels in patients at higher cardiovascular risk.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

The effect of curcumin on lipid level in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Author: AlwiIdrus, SantosoTeguh, SuyonoSlamet, SutrisnaBambang, SuyatnaFrans D, KresnoSiti Boedina, ErnieSri

Reduced cholesterol

Low-dose curcumin showed a trend of reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

28.

Cholesterol-lowering interventions and stroke: insights from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Author: De CaterinaRaffaele, ScaranoMarco, MarfisiRosamaria, LucisanoGiuseppe, PalmaFrancesco, TatascioreAlfonso, MarchioliRoberto

Reduces stroke risk
Reduces total cholesterol
None mentioned

Among cholesterol-lowering treatments, statins are the most effective at decreasing the risk of total stroke, but their benefit is proportional to the percent reduction of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

29.

Daily egg consumption in hyperlipidemic adults--effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk.

Author: NjikeValentine, FaridiZubaida, DuttaSuparna, Gonzalez-SimonAnjelica L, KatzDavid L

Improved endothelial function
Reduced cholesterol

Egg consumption was found to be non-detrimental to endothelial function and serum lipids in hyperlipidemic adults, while egg substitute consumption was beneficial.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

30.

Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease.

Author: HooperLee, SummerbellCarolyn D, ThompsonRachel, SillsDeirdre, RobertsFelicia G, MooreHelen, Davey SmithGeorge

Reduced cardiovascular events

This updated review suggested that reducing saturated fat by reducing and/or modifying dietary fat reduced the risk of cardiovascular events by 14% in longer trials.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

31.

Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease.

Author: HooperLee, SummerbellCarolyn D, ThompsonRachel, SillsDeirdre, RobertsFelicia G, MooreHelen J, Davey SmithGeorge

Reduced cardiovascular events

Reducing dietary saturated fat by modifying (not reducing) fat intake may reduce cardiovascular events by 14% in trials lasting at least two years, especially in men.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

32.

Effects of ezetimibe added to statin therapy on markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis and LDL-C lowering in hyperlipidemic patients.

Author: ThongtangNuntakorn, LinJianxin, SchaeferErnst J, LoweRobert S, TomassiniJoanne E, ShahArvind K, TershakovecAndrew M

Improved LDL-C reduction

This study examines whether adding ezetimibe to existing statin treatment is the most effective way to lower "bad" cholesterol (LDL-C) in people already taking high-dose statins. The study also investigates how these medications might affect cholesterol absorption and production.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

33.

Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome.

Author: SchwartzGregory G, OlssonAnders G, AbtMarkus, BallantyneChristie M, BarterPhilip J, BrummJochen, ChaitmanBernard R, HolmeIngar M, KallendDavid, LeiterLawrence A, LeitersdorfEran, McMurrayJohn J V, MundlHardi, NichollsStephen J, ShahPrediman K, TardifJean-Claude, WrightR Scott,

Lower heart disease risk

Higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have been linked to a lower risk of coronary heart disease. However, whether raising HDL cholesterol levels through medication actually reduces cardiovascular risk is uncertain. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) increases HDL cholesterol levels, which may lead to improved cardiovascular outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

34.

Effects of adding ezetimibe to fluvastatin on kidney function in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized control trial.

Author: KinouchiKenichiro, IchiharaAtsuhiro, BokudaKanako, MorimotoSatoshi, ItohHiroshi

Kidney function protection

Adding ezetimibe to statin therapy can lower LDL cholesterol levels, but its effect on kidney function remains unclear.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

35.

Comparison of pitavastatin with atorvastatin in increasing HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in patients with dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease: the COMPACT-CAD study.

Author: KurogiKazumasa, SugiyamaSeigo, SakamotoKenji, TayamaShinji, NakamuraShinichi, BiwaTakeshi, MatsuiKunihiko, OgawaHisao,

Cardiovascular event reduction

Statins are effective at lowering LDL cholesterol, but some studies suggest that they may also have an effect on HDL cholesterol. This study will compare the effects of two statins on lipid profiles and other metabolic parameters.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

36.

Atorvastatin and hormone therapy influence expression of ABCA1, APOA1 and SCARB1 in mononuclear cells from hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women.

Author: CerdaAlvaro, IssaMustafa H, GenvigirFabiana D V, RohdeCintia B, CavalliSelma A, BertolamiMarcelo C, FaludiAndre A, HirataMario H, HirataRosario D C

Cardiovascular risk reduction

This study will investigate the influence of menopause on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and the effects of statins and hormone therapy (HT) on genes controlling RCT in postmenopausal women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

37.

Effect of atorvastatin on renal NO availability and tubular function in patients with stage II-III chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes.

Author: MoseFrank H, LarsenThomas, JensenJanni M, HansenAnnebirthe B, BechJesper N, PedersenErling B

Cardiovascular benefits
No nitric oxide effect

Atorvastatin did not change nitric oxide availability in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, as indicated by similar responses to L-NMMA infusion during both atorvastatin and placebo treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

38.

Dose-dependent effects of rosuvastatin on the plasma sphingolipidome and phospholipidome in the metabolic syndrome.

Author: NgTheodore W K, OoiEsther M M, WattsGerald F, ChanDick C, WeirJacquelyn M, MeiklePeter J, BarrettP Hugh R

Lipid lowering

Rosuvastatin dose-dependently lowers plasma sphingolipids and phospholipids, independent of low-density lipoprotein lowering, in men with the metabolic syndrome.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

39.

Additive effects of plant sterols supplementation in addition to different lipid-lowering regimens.

Author: MalinaDaniela M T, FonsecaFrancisco A, BarbosaSílvio A, KasmasSoraia H, MachadoValéria A, FrançaCarolina N, BorgesNey C, MorenoRonilson A, IzarMaria C

LDL cholesterol reduction

Plant sterol (PS) supplementation is often used to lower LDL cholesterol levels, but its effects when added to high-intensity lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) are less well-understood. This study examines the impact of PS on cholesterol synthesis and absorption in patients receiving high-intensity LLTs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

40.

Effects of simvastatin, ezetimibe and simvastatin/ezetimibe on mitochondrial function and leukocyte/endothelial cell interactions in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Author: Hernandez-MijaresAntonio, BañulsCelia, Rovira-LlopisSusana, Diaz-MoralesNoelia, Escribano-LopezIrene, de PabloCarmen, AlvarezAngeles, VesesSilvia, RochaMilagros, VictorVictor M

Cholesterol-lowering
Hyperlipidemia

Co-administration of simvastatin and ezetimibe has an additive cholesterol-lowering effect and beneficial consequences for mitochondrial function and leukocyte/endothelium interactions in leukocytes of hypercholesterolemic patients. An improvement in lipid profile was observed after administration of simvastatin or ezetimibe alone (LDLc: -40.2 vs -19.6%, respectively), though this effect was stronger with the former (p < 0.001), and a further reduction was registered when the two were combined (LDLc: -50.7% vs -56.8%, respectively).

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

41.

Theobromine Does Not Affect Fasting and Postprandial HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity, While It Decreases Fasting miR-92a Levels in Humans.

Author: TalbotCharlotte P J, MensinkRonald P, SmoldersLotte, BakerootVirginie, PlatJogchum

Lower CVD risk

A study of the effects of theobromine consumption on fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux and miRNAs levels found that theobromine consumption may lower cardiovascular disease risk.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

42.

Effects of high-density lipoprotein targeting treatments on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: RiazHaris, KhanSafi U, RahmanHammad, ShahNishant P, KaluskiEdo, LincoffA Michael, NissenSteven E

Reduced MI
No effect on all-cause mortality
No effect on cardiovascular mortality
No effect on stroke

This meta-analysis investigated the effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol modifiers on cardiovascular outcomes. These treatments had no significant effect on cardiovascular mortality, stroke, or all-cause mortality. The beneficial effect on myocardial infarction was lost when drugs were used with statin therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

43.

Is There a Correlation between Dietary and Blood Cholesterol? Evidence from Epidemiological Data and Clinical Interventions.

Author: FernandezMaria Luz, MurilloAna Gabriela

Improved lipid profile
Increased HDL

This review examined the relationship between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol levels. Recent studies have challenged the earlier recommendations to limit dietary cholesterol intake, finding no correlation between the two. The review highlights the potential benefits of dietary interventions that include moderate cholesterol intake on specific lipoprotein subfractions and overall cardiovascular health.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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