Side Effects of trimipramine: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Trimipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant used to treat depression, insomnia, peptic ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome. While it has shown effectiveness in treating these conditions, it’s also known for its side effects. 25 16 9 22 23 20

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of trimipramine are often attributed to its pharmacological actions, specifically its ability to block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, as well as its anticholinergic and sedative properties.

Common Side Effects

Drowsiness

A common side effect of trimipramine is drowsiness, which can be attributed to its sedative properties. 25 9 17 7

Dry Mouth

Trimipramine’s anticholinergic effects can lead to dry mouth. 16 18

Constipation

Constipation is another potential side effect linked to the anticholinergic properties of trimipramine. 18

Weight Gain

Trimipramine can increase appetite, potentially leading to weight gain. 18

Tachycardia

Some individuals may experience an increased heart rate (tachycardia) while taking trimipramine. 19

QT Prolongation

Trimipramine has been associated with QT prolongation, a condition affecting the heart’s electrical activity. 4

Dizziness

Dizziness is another side effect that can occur with trimipramine use. 27 18

Tremor

Trimipramine may cause tremors in some individuals. 18

Sweating

Sweating is another potential side effect associated with trimipramine. 18

Visual Disturbances

Visual disturbances are a less common but possible side effect of trimipramine. 18

Side Effects Countermeasures

Drowsiness

To manage drowsiness caused by trimipramine, adjusting the timing of administration, such as taking it at bedtime, can be helpful. 9

Dry Mouth

Staying adequately hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids can help alleviate dry mouth. 16

Constipation

Constipation can be addressed by increasing dietary fiber intake and ensuring sufficient fluid consumption. 18

Weight Gain

Managing weight gain associated with trimipramine often involves a combination of dietary changes and regular exercise. 18

Tachycardia

If you experience tachycardia while taking trimipramine, it is important to consult with your doctor. 19

QT Prolongation

If you have concerns about QT prolongation, seek advice from your healthcare provider. 4

Dizziness

If dizziness occurs, consult your doctor for guidance and potential adjustments to your treatment plan. 27 18

Tremor

If you experience tremors, discuss it with your doctor. 18

Sweating

For excessive sweating, consulting your healthcare provider is recommended. 18

Visual Disturbances

If you notice any changes in your vision, seek medical attention promptly. 18

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities between Studies

Studies consistently indicate that trimipramine can be effective for treating depression, insomnia, peptic ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome. However, across various studies, it’s been recognized that trimipramine can have side effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, weight gain, tachycardia, QT prolongation, dizziness, tremor, sweating, and visual disturbances.

Differences between Studies

Some studies highlight the effectiveness of trimipramine for depression, while others indicate that it may be less effective when combined with MAOIs. 27 Research on insomnia shows trimipramine’s effectiveness, but also notes potential rebound insomnia upon discontinuation. 16 Regarding peptic ulcers, some studies emphasize trimipramine’s effectiveness, but others find no significant difference compared to alternative treatments. 22 Trimipramine’s effectiveness for irritable bowel syndrome is consistently observed across studies. 20

Precautions for Real-Life Applications

While trimipramine can be an effective treatment option, it’s crucial to be aware of its potential side effects and to take it as directed by your doctor. If you experience any concerning side effects, consult your healthcare provider. Remember that trimipramine can interact with other medications, so it’s essential to discuss all your current medications with your doctor before starting trimipramine.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on trimipramine is often limited by small sample sizes, which can affect the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, there are still aspects of trimipramine’s side effects that haven’t been fully understood.

Future Research Directions

To gain a deeper understanding of trimipramine’s benefits and side effects, larger-scale research studies are needed. Furthermore, investigating the mechanism of action of trimipramine could lead to the development of safer and more effective medications.

Conclusion

Trimipramine can be a helpful medication for treating depression, insomnia, peptic ulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome. However, it’s important to be aware of its potential side effects and to discuss any concerns with your doctor. Taking it as prescribed is crucial to minimize the risk of side effects. Remember to inform your doctor about all medications you are taking before starting trimipramine to avoid drug interactions. Further research is necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of trimipramine’s effects and to explore ways to create safer and more effective treatment options.

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
5
Article Type
10
1
1
3
27
2.

Claims Data Analysis on the Dispensing of Tricyclic Antidepressants Among Patients With Dementia in Germany.

Author: HessmannPhilipp, ZeidlerJan, StahmeyerJona, EberhardSveja, VogelgsangJonathan, Abdel-HamidMona, Wolff-MenzlerClaus, WiltfangJens, KisBernhard

Anticholinergic effects

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a type of medication used to treat depression. However, TCAs can have serious side effects, especially in older adults. This study found that a significant number of patients with dementia were treated with TCAs, which is concerning given the potential risks.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Validation of a population-based method to assess drug-induced alterations in the QT interval: a self-controlled crossover study.

Author: IribarrenCarlos, RoundAlfred D, PengJonathan A, LuMeng, ZaroffJonathan G, HolveTaylor J, PrasadAmit, StangPaul

QT prolongation

A comprehensive list of drugs with potential QT liability showed that QT prolongation was common and varied in strength.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Validation StudyResearch to assess the validity and reliability of new measurement methods or diagnostic tests.

Language : English

6.

Outcome in delusional depression comparing trimipramine monotherapy with a combination of amitriptyline and haloperidol--a double-blind multicenter trial.

Author: KünzelHeike E, AcklNibal, HatzingerMartin, HeldKatja, Holsboer-TrachslerEdith, IsingMarcus, KaschkaWolfgang, KasperSiegfried, KonstantinidisAnastasios, SonntagAnnette, UhrManfred, YassouridisAlexander, HolsboerFlorian, SteigerAxel

Effective for delusional depression

Delusional depression is a challenging condition to treat. Trimipramine, an atypical antidepressant, has demonstrated effectiveness in previous studies. The key mechanism of trimipramine is inhibition of the HPA system, which is thought to be overactive in delusional depression.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

[Effects of antidepressants on sleep].

Author: AszalósZsuzsa

Depression treatment
Insomnia treatment
Adverse sleep effects
Increased appetite
Restless legs

Antidepressants can be helpful for both insomnia and depression. While most antidepressants cause REM sleep reduction, some, like paroxetine and mirtazapine, can improve sleep.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Hungarian

9.

Antidepressants and their effect on sleep.

Author: MayersAndrew G, BaldwinDavid S

Insomnia
REM sleep suppression
Sedation

Antidepressants can affect sleep. The effect depends on the class of antidepressant used and the dosage. Insomnia is often seen with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), with all tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) except amitriptyline, and all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with venlafaxine and moclobemide as well. Sedation has been reported with all TCAs except desipramine, with mirtazapine and nefazodone, the TCA-related maprotiline, trazodone and mianserin, and with all MAOIs. REM sleep suppression has been observed with all TCAs except trimipramine, but especially clomipramine, with all MAOIs and SSRIs and with venlafaxine, trazodone and bupropion.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

10.

Olanzapine plasma concentration, average daily dose, and interaction with co-medication in schizophrenic patients.

Author: BergemannN, FrickA, ParzerP, KopitzJ

Effective olanzapine levels

This study explored the plasma concentration of olanzapine in patients at various oral doses and investigated potential interactions with co-medications.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Trimipramine in primary insomnia: results of a polysomnographic double-blind controlled study.

Author: RiemannD, VoderholzerU, CohrsS, RodenbeckA, HajakG, RütherE, WiegandM H, LaakmannG, BaghaiT, FischerW, HoffmannM, HohagenF, MayerG, BergerM

Insomnia treatment
Mild side effects

This study investigated the efficacy of trimipramine, a sedating antidepressant, in treating primary insomnia in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Trimipramine significantly improved sleep efficiency but not total sleep time compared to placebo. It did not suppress REM sleep. The findings suggest that trimipramine may be an effective treatment for primary insomnia, but further research is needed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Polysomnographic effects of adjuvant ginkgo biloba therapy in patients with major depression medicated with trimipramine.

Author: HemmeterU, AnnenB, BischofR, BrüderlinU, HatzingerM, RoseU, Holsboer-TrachslerE

Improved sleep
Increased Non-REM sleep
None mentioned

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) has been shown to improve cognitive abilities in elderly subjects and in patients with disorders of the dementia spectrum. An open non-randomized pilot study has been conducted to investigate the effects of ginkgo biloba extract (EGb Li 1370) on cognitive performance and sleep regulation in depressed inpatients. EGb significantly improved sleep pattern by an increase of sleep efficiency and a reduction of awakenings. The compensation of the deficient Non-REM component in depression by the EGb application may provide a new additional treatment strategy, especially in the treatment of the depressive syndrome with sleep disturbance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Adding low-dose antidepressants to interferon alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C improved psychiatric tolerability in a patient with schizoaffective psychosis.

Author: SchäferM, SchmidtF, AmannB, SchlösserS, LoeschkeK, GrunzeH

Prevents psychiatric side effects
Treats hepatitis C
Severe depression

Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is usually contraindicated in patients with psychiatric disorders due to possible side effects. In a case study, a patient with schizoaffective psychosis experienced a severe depressive episode while on IFN-alpha for hepatitis C. After stopping IFN-alpha, depressive symptoms resolved. However, with prophylactic antidepressants, IFN-alpha therapy could be resumed without psychiatric side effects.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

[Tourette's syndrome and antidepressant therapy: exacerbation of nervous tics with paroxetine].

Author: RüthU, Mayer-RosaJ, SchlampD, FreislederF J

Tic exacerbation

Paroxetine, an SSRI, may exacerbate nervous tics in patients with Tourette's Syndrome, highlighting the need for careful monitoring and consideration of co-morbidities and co-medication.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

15.

Side effects of adjunct light therapy in patients with major depression.

Author: MüllerM J, SeifritzE, HatzingerM, HemmeterU, Holsboer-TrachslerE

Decreased appetite
Restlessness
Sedation
Sleep disturbance
Vertigo

This study evaluated the side effects of combined trimipramine and bright-light therapy for non-seasonal major depression. The combined therapy had a similar response rate to trimipramine alone but was associated with more sedation, restlessness, and sleep disturbance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Treatment of primary insomnia with trimipramine: an alternative to benzodiazepine hypnotics?

Author: HohagenF, MonteroR F, WeissE, LisS, SchönbrunnE, DressingH, RiemannD, BergerM

Improved sleep
Dry mouth

Trimipramine, a sedating antidepressant, was found to be effective in treating insomnia, improving sleep efficiency and reducing wake time, with no evidence of rebound insomnia after discontinuation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Antidepressant efficacy and cardiac safety of trimipramine in patients with mild heart disease.

Author: CohnJ B, WilcoxC S, GoodmanL I

Treats depression
Prolonged QRS interval

Trimipramine is an effective antidepressant for patients with mild heart disease. It has been shown to be safe and effective in a study of 22 patients, with only transient prolongation of the QRS interval as a side effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

A comparative trial of the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and cardiovascular effects of trimipramine and doxepin in depressed hospitalized patients.

Author: AssalianP, RosengartenM D, PhillipsR

Improved well-being
No effect on heart rate
Reduced sleep disturbance
Doxepin side effects
Side effects

Trimipramine and doxepin both improved overall well-being in hospitalized depressed patients. Trimipramine showed superior effects in reducing sleep disturbance, diurnal variation, and somatic symptoms. Doxepin was associated with more side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Psychopharmacologic drugs in the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. A double blind study of the effect of trimipramine.

Author: MyrenJ, LövlandB, LarssenS E, LarsenS

Treats IBS
Tiredness

Trimipramine, an antidepressive drug, was found to have a significant beneficial effect on abdominal pain, nausea, sleeplessness, and depression in 428 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. After 6 weeks of treatment, patients reported a significant improvement in overall well-being. The only side effect was tiredness in the morning for some patients during the first two weeks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Agents with tricyclic structures for treating peptic ulcer disease.

Author: BerardiR R, CaplanN B

Effective for duodenal ulcers
Anticholinergic side effects
Sedation

Trimipramine and pirenzepine were superior to placebo and as effective as cimetidine for short-term treatment of duodenal ulcers, but they may have anticholinergic side effects and sedation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Comparative study of cimetidine and trimipramine in the short-term treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer.

Author: ValnesK, WetterhusS, MyrenJ, ArvaP, LarsenS

Heals ulcers
Increased serum transaminases

Trimipramine was as effective as cimetidine in treating duodenal ulcers, and may be a viable alternative treatment option.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Long-term treatment of duodenal ulcer with trimipramine. A double-blind study.

Author: ValnesK, MyrenJ, WetterhusS, LarsenS, DybS, EllekjaerE F, HalvorsenL, HovdenakN

Reduces ulcer recurrence
No serious side effects

Trimipramine significantly reduces the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcer disease compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

A controlled comparison of trimipramine and amitriptyline.

Author: KlineN S

Fewer side effects
Improved mood
Reduced depression

Both trimipramine and amitriptyline effectively treated depression in 41 patients. Amitriptyline showed greater improvement in global rating, but trimipramine patients were more seriously ill and showed significant improvement in week 2 with fewer side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

25.

Clinical trial value of trimipramine versus placebo in duodenal ulcer healing.

Author: DaneshmendT K, HomeidaM M, MountfordR A, BrownP, NeumannC S

Faster ulcer healing
Drowsiness
Limited long-term use

Trimipramine increased the rate of ulcer healing in 32 patients with duodenal ulceration. However, side effects at the dose used may limit its long-term usefulness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Trimipramine in the treatment of active duodenal ulceration.

Author: MoshalM G, KhanF

Effective for duodenal ulceration
Safe

Trimipramine was more effective than placebo in treating active duodenal ulcers in 45 patients. After 4 weeks, 35% of trimipramine patients had completely healed ulcers and 50% had partially healed ulcers, compared to 21% completely healed and 21% partially healed in the placebo group. There were no side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

Controlled trial of trimipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and combined treatment in depressed outpatients.

Author: YoungJ P, LaderM H, HughesW C

Depression treatment
MAOI side effects

A study of 135 patients with mild or moderate depression found that trimipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) was more effective than MAOIs (phenelzine or isocarboxazid) or a combination of the two. Trimipramine was particularly effective for patients with dizziness, suicidal thoughts, irritability, insomnia, and longer duration of illness. Side effects were not a major concern in any group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

28.

Trimipramine in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Author: ValnesK, MyrenJ, QvigstadT

Healed gastric ulcers
Improved patient complaints
No serious side effects

Trimipramine (50 mg daily before bedtime) was significantly more effective than placebo in healing gastric ulcers. After four weeks, 12 out of 20 patients on trimipramine experienced complete ulcer healing, compared to 4 out of 20 on placebo. No serious side-effects occurred.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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