Effects of timolol: A Synthesis of Findings from 65 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Timolol is a beta-blocker commonly used to treat chronic glaucoma. Several studies have investigated the ocular and systemic absorption of timolol, its effects on intraocular pressure (IOP), and its potential side effects. 39 found that timolol concentrations in the aqueous humor of the treated eye were high enough to fully occupy beta1- and beta2-receptors, which may explain its long-lasting IOP-lowering effects. 16 investigated the effects of D-timolol, an optical isomer of timolol with less beta-blocking activity, and found that it exhibited similar IOP-lowering effects as L-timolol, suggesting a potential for reduced side effects. 23 explored the cardiovascular effects of timolol and found that it significantly decreased resting and maximal exercise heart rate, suggesting potential cardiovascular implications, although plasma timolol levels were often undetectable. 6 compared timolol with epinephrine and found that timolol had a greater IOP-lowering effect and was associated with fewer adverse events. Timolol's effectiveness in lowering IOP has been further investigated in combination with other medications. 18 explored the use of timolol with pilocarpine and found that this combination resulted in a statistically significant reduction in IOP compared to timolol alone, suggesting synergistic effects. 40 compared timolol with latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog, and found that latanoprost was significantly more effective in reducing IOP and had fewer adverse effects, suggesting a potential alternative treatment for glaucoma. The various formulations of timolol have also been investigated. 57 compared timolol solution with timolol hydrogel and found that the solution produced more pronounced cardiac beta-blocking effects, highlighting the importance of considering different formulations and their potential for variability in effects.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Timolol has been shown to be effective in reducing IOP, making it a valuable treatment option for conditions like glaucoma. 16 suggests that D-timolol may offer a similar therapeutic benefit with fewer side effects. 28 highlights the advantages of betaxolol, a selective beta1-adrenergic antagonist, for patients who may experience adverse effects from beta2-blockade. Additionally, 44 suggests that timolol gel formulations offer comparable efficacy with a once-daily dose, potentially improving patient adherence to treatment.

Risk Summary

Timolol can cause cardiovascular side effects, as evidenced by 23 which found it to reduce resting and maximal exercise heart rate. While the risk is often considered low, it is essential to note that different formulations of timolol may have varying effects on the heart. 57 highlights this variability between aqueous solution and hydrogel formulations. 49 has shown that timolol can decrease retinal blood flow, but 41 suggests that this effect may not be substantial. Studies have also investigated the ocular surface effects of different formulations. 64 found that preservative-free timolol gel may lead to fewer changes on the ocular surface compared to preserved formulations, potentially reducing adverse effects and promoting adherence to treatment.

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Multiple studies consistently demonstrate the efficacy of timolol in reducing IOP, supporting its use in treating conditions like glaucoma. However, research also consistently points to the potential for cardiovascular and retinal circulation side effects with timolol, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and consideration of individual patient factors.

Differences in Studies

Different studies have shown varying levels of effectiveness and adverse event profiles for timolol. For example, 6 found timolol to be more effective than epinephrine, while 40 suggested latanoprost as a potentially more effective alternative. 57 indicated that different formulations of timolol can lead to varying cardiac effects. It is important to consider the nuances of these findings and to discuss specific treatment options with a healthcare professional.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While the effectiveness of timolol in reducing IOP is consistently demonstrated across multiple studies, the associated risks, especially cardiovascular and retinal circulation effects, seem to vary based on formulation and individual patient factors. Further research is crucial to better understand these variations and develop individualized treatment strategies that maximize benefit and minimize risk.

Real-World Implications and Considerations

Timolol can be a valuable treatment option for conditions like glaucoma, but it's important to be aware of potential side effects. The risk of cardiovascular issues and alterations in retinal blood flow is a key concern. Patients with pre-existing heart or respiratory conditions should discuss the use of timolol with their doctor before starting treatment. It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage, formulation, and potential risks associated with timolol in each individual case.

Limitations of Current Research

The majority of studies on timolol have relatively small sample sizes, limiting the generalizability of their findings. Longer-term studies are needed to fully assess the long-term effects and safety of timolol. Additionally, more research is required to investigate the influence of various formulations and dosages on both efficacy and side effect profiles.

Future Directions for Research

Future research should focus on larger-scale studies to confirm the long-term effects and safety of timolol. Investigating the interaction between timolol and other IOP-lowering medications is crucial for developing effective combined therapies. Further research is also needed to develop strategies for minimizing potential side effects and understanding how to manage them if they arise.

Conclusion

Timolol is an effective agent for lowering IOP, making it a potentially valuable treatment for glaucoma and other conditions involving elevated IOP. However, it's essential to be aware of the potential for cardiovascular and retinal circulation side effects, particularly in individuals with pre-existing conditions. Careful monitoring, appropriate dosage selection, and individualized treatment plans are crucial for maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risk. Consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment approach for your specific needs.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Glaucoma treatment
Timolol efficacy
1
Glaucoma treatment
Timolol efficacy
2
Glaucoma treatment
Timolol efficacy
3
Effective for glaucoma
4
Lower intraocular pressure
No accommodative spasm
No miosis
5
Reduced intraocular pressure
6
IOP reduction
No additive effect
7
Effective glaucoma treatment
Well tolerated
8
IOP reduction
Visual field protection
9
Increased retinal sensitivity
Reduced intraocular pressure
10
Blunt tachycardia
Lower IOP
11
Lower pressure
12
Lower intraocular pressure
Well tolerated
13
Intraocular pressure reduction
14
Reduced intraocular pressure
16
Reduced intraocular pressure
17
Reduced intraocular pressure
18
Cardiopulmonary safety
Glaucoma treatment
20
Effective glaucoma treatment
Lower intraocular pressure
21
Lower intraocular pressure
Mild side effects
22
Lower heart rate
23
Lowers intraocular pressure
24
Lowers intraocular pressure
25
Lowers intraocular pressure
26
Lowers intraocular pressure
27
Lower intraocular pressure
Selective beta 1-blockade
28
IOP reduction
29
Effective for glaucoma
Effective for intraocular hypertension
30
More effective in reducing IOP
No adverse side effects
31
Reduced blood pressure
Reduced intraocular pressure
32
Lower intraocular pressure
33
Controls intraocular pressure
34
Lowers intraocular pressure
35
Guanethidine/epinephrine efficacy
36
Timolol efficacy
37
Timolol efficacy
38
Lower eye pressure
39
Fewer side effects
Reduced IOP
40
Reduced intraocular pressure
41
Reduced intraocular pressure
42
Effective IOP reduction
44
Pressure reduction
46
Reduced intraocular pressure
Well tolerated
47
Visual Field Protection
48
Intraocular pressure reduction
Retinal blood flow increase
49
Glaucoma treatment
IOP reduction
Latanoprost efficacy
50
No effect on IOP efficacy
No effect on blood pressure
No effect on heart rate
51
Improved ocular perfusion
Reduced intraocular pressure
52
Simplifies medication
53
Lower IOP
54
Heart rate preservation
Ocular hypotensive efficacy
55
Lowered IOP
56
Improved atrioventricular conduction
Reduced heart rate
57
Improved IOP efficacy
58
Anterior uveitis stability
Lower IOP
Macular thickness stability
59
IOP control
60
Glaucoma treatment
61
Improved nocturnal IOP
Reduced IOP
62
Reduced IOP
Reduced hyperemia
63
Less ocular surface changes
64
No anterior ocular changes
Reduced IOP
65
Risk Keywords
No side effects
1
No side effects
2
No side effects
4
Slowed pulse
5
Toxicity
6
Systemic effects
7
None mentioned
8
Minimal side effects
9
Decreased retinal sensitivity
10
No significant side effects
11
No significant side effects
12
Blunted tachycardia
13
Increased intraocular pressure
Ocular side effects
15
Beta-blocking side effects
16
Side effects
17
Miosis
18
Systemic absorption
19
Lower heart rate
21
Lower blood pressure
Lower heart rate
Respiratory distress
22
Cardiovascular problems
23
Local anesthetic effects
24
Periorbital dermatitis
Tolerance
26
Antagonistic effect
29
Blepharoconjunctivitis
Burning and stinging
31
Systemic beta-blockade
32
Influences blood pressure
Influences heart rate
34
Guanethidine/epinephrine side effects
36
Systemic effects
39
Conjunctival hyperemia
Iris pigmentation change
40
Cardiovascular effects
Respiratory effects
43
Dissociation between pressure reduction and visual function
No difference in visual function between drugs
46
Increased iris pigmentation
47
Retinal blood flow decrease
49
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Reduced IOP efficacy
51
Systemic beta-blockade
56
Cardiac beta-blocking effects
57
Allergy
61
Less epithelial regularity
Reduced BUT
Reduced Schirmer I
Reduced goblet cell density
64
Conjunctival hyperemia
65
Literature analysis of 65 papers
Positive Content
61
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
3
Article Type
63
2
0
0
65
1.

[A new beta-blocking agent in the treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma: timolol maleate. Effect of instillation of 1 drop on the intraocular pressure].

Author: DemaillyP, LehnerM A, DuperreJ

Glaucoma treatment
Timolol efficacy
No side effects

Timolol was effective in reducing ocular tension in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma compared to placebo. Timolol 0.5% was as effective as 1.5%. No side effects were observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

2.

[Results of a double-blind medium-term study comparing effects of timolol maleate and epinephrine in 120 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma].

Author: DemaillyP, LehnerM A, EtienneR, TrepsatC, HautJ, RaynaudG, MassinM, TatryC

Glaucoma treatment
Timolol efficacy
No side effects

Timolol was more effective than epinephrine in controlling chronic open-angle glaucoma. Good tonometric control was achieved in 81.6% of patients treated with timolol compared to 52.5% of those receiving epinephrine. No side effects were observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

3.

[Results of a double-blind study comparing the effects of timolol and pilocarpine in 110 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma].

Author: PlaneC, SoleP, HamardH, VidalR, OurgaudA G, ChagnonA

Glaucoma treatment
Timolol efficacy

Timolol administered twice daily provided satisfactory intraocular pressure control in 81.8% of patients with open-angle glaucoma, compared to only 41.8% of patients treated with pilocarpine. Timolol was associated with fewer side effects than pilocarpine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : French

4.

Timolol, dose response and duration of action.

Author: ZimmermanT J, KaufmanH E

Effective for glaucoma
No side effects

Timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, was effective in lowering intraocular pressure in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma. The optimal dose was 0.5%. No significant side effects were observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Clinical trial comparing timolol ophthalmic solution to pilocarpine in open-angle glaucoma.

Author: BogerW P, SteinertR F, PuliafitoC A, Pavan-LangstonD

Lower intraocular pressure
No accommodative spasm
No miosis
Slowed pulse

Timolol ophthalmic solution was as effective as pilocarpine in reducing intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma and did not cause common side effects of pilocarpine, such as miosis, accommodative spasm, or other annoying side effects. It slowed the pulse rate but did not affect blood pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

A comparison of the effects of timolol and epinephrine on intraocular pressure.

Author: MossA P, RitchR, HargettN A, KohnA N, SmithH, PodosS M

Reduced intraocular pressure
Toxicity

Timolol maleate was more effective than epinephrine hydrochloride in reducing intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Timolol was also associated with fewer side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

Interaction of topical and oral timolol in glaucoma.

Author: BatchelorE D, O'DayD M, ShandD G, WoodA J

IOP reduction
No additive effect
Systemic effects

Oral and topical timolol maleate given separately produce a significant reduction of intraocular pressure, but no additive effect is observed when given together.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Timolol-pilocarpine fixed-ratio combinations in the treatment of chronic open angle glaucoma. A controlled multicenter study of 48 weeks. Scandinavian Timpilo Study Group.

Author: PuustjärviT J, RepoL P

Effective glaucoma treatment
Well tolerated
None mentioned

A fixed combination of 0.5% timolol maleate with 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride was effective in lowering intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma. An increase in concentration to 0.5% timolol-4% pilocarpine was effective in those with intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg while on 0.5% timolol-2% pilocarpine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Influence of carteolol and timolol on IOP an visual fields in glaucoma: a multi-center, double-masked, prospective study.

Author: FlammerJ, KitazawaY, BonomiL, MillsB, FsadniM, DorigoM T, ShiratoS, JournelB, ChavyB, ChevallierB

IOP reduction
Visual field protection
Minimal side effects

Both Carteolol and Timolol eye drops significantly reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) without affecting visual fields. Both drugs were well-tolerated with minimal side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Long-term effect of ophthalmic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on intraocular pressure and retinal sensitivity in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Author: Collignon-BrachJ

Increased retinal sensitivity
Reduced intraocular pressure
Decreased retinal sensitivity

Timolol was more effective than betaxolol in reducing intraocular pressure, but both were associated with a decrease in retinal sensitivity in the first six months. Retinal sensitivity increased in the betaxolol group after one and two years.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Apraclonidine hydrochloride: an evaluation of plasma concentrations, and a comparison of its intraocular pressure lowering and cardiovascular effects to timolol maleate.

Author: RobinA L, ColemanA L

Blunt tachycardia
Lower IOP
No significant side effects

Both timolol and apraclonidine lowered IOP comparably, but only timolol affected heart rate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

12.

Adrenergic and adrenolytic effects on intraocular pressure.

Author: DranceS M, DouglasG R, WijsmanK J, SchulzerM

Lower pressure
No significant side effects

Timolol, pindolol, epinephrine, and a mixture of timolol and epinephrine all reduced intraocular pressure, with the mixture showing the greatest effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Cardiovascular and intraocular pressure effects and plasma concentrations of apraclonidine.

Author: ColemanA L, RobinA L, PollackI P, RudikoffM T, EngerC, MayerP R

Lower intraocular pressure
Well tolerated
Blunted tachycardia

Topical apraclonidine hydrochloride and timolol maleate were compared to placebo in 20 healthy female volunteers. All three medications lowered intraocular pressure comparably, but only timolol blunted exercise-induced tachycardia. There was no significant contralateral intraocular pressure effect seen with apraclonidine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Effects of D-timolol and L-timolol eye drops on intraocular pressure and aqueous flow. A dose-response study in normal eyes.

Author: AlmA, KoskelaT, TaarnhøjJ

Intraocular pressure reduction

L-timolol was more effective than D-timolol in reducing intraocular pressure in healthy volunteers, with a dose-response relationship observed for D-timolol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Changing therapy from timolol to betaxolol. Effect on intraocular pressure in selected patients with glaucoma. Timolol-Betaxolol Study Group.

Author: VogelR, TippingR, KulagaS F, ClineschmidtC M

Increased intraocular pressure
Ocular side effects

This study compared the effects of timolol and betaxolol, both beta-blocker eye drops, in 353 patients with controlled intraocular pressure. Patients switched to betaxolol experienced a significant increase in both ocular side effects (burning/stinging and tearing) and intraocular pressure compared to those who continued on timolol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Effects of D-timolol on intraocular pressure (IOP), beta blocking activity, and the dynamic changes of drug concentrations in aqueous humor.

Author: ZhaoF, JiX C, ZhengY Z

Reduced intraocular pressure
Beta-blocking side effects

D-timolol, an optic isomer of L-timolol, has similar ocular hypotensive effects but with much less beta-blocking activity, potentially reducing side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

A study of the effects of four concentrations of D-timolol, 0.25% L-timolol, and placebo on intraocular pressure on patients with raised intraocular pressure.

Author: MillsK B, JacobsN J, VogelR

Reduced intraocular pressure
Side effects

D-timolol at concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 2.0% reduced intraocular pressure by 20%-25% after four hours. L-timolol reduced pressure by 32%. Placebo had only an 8% reduction.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Timolol/pilocarpine combination eye drops in open angle glaucoma and in ocular hypertension. A controlled randomized study.

Author: HøvdingG, AasvedH

Reduced intraocular pressure
Miosis

A newly developed ophthalmic solution containing both timolol and pilocarpine was found to be more effective than timolol alone in reducing intraocular pressure in 93 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

19.

Effects of eyelid closure and nasolacrimal duct occlusion on the systemic absorption of ocular timolol in human subjects.

Author: KailaT, HuupponenR, SalminenL

Systemic absorption

Nasolacrimal occlusion was found to reduce the total absorption of timolol eyedrops, though it may enhance initial absorption in some individuals. There was substantial interindividual variation in timolol absorption.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Betaxolol vs timolol. A six-month double-blind comparison.

Author: StewartR H, KimbroughR L, WardR L

Cardiopulmonary safety
Glaucoma treatment

Betaxolol hydrochloride (0.5%) and timolol maleate (0.5%) were compared in a six-month study of 29 patients with glaucoma. Both drugs were effective in lowering intraocular pressure, with betaxolol reducing pressure by 7.6 mm Hg (26%) and timolol reducing pressure by 8.4 mm Hg (29%). Ocular side effects were mild and similar for both treatments.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

A comparison of the effects of oral nadolol and topical timolol on intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Author: DuffG R, WattA H, GrahamP A

Effective glaucoma treatment
Lower intraocular pressure
Lower heart rate

Nadolol and timolol, both eye pressure-lowering medications, were compared in a study of glaucoma suspects. Both drugs reduced eye pressure effectively, but nadolol caused a greater reduction in heart rate than timolol. Nadolol may be a useful alternative for treating glaucoma.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

A study of the efficacy of two commercial preparations of timolol maleate with special reference to side effects.

Author: UusitaloR J, PalkamaA, StjernschantzJ

Lower intraocular pressure
Mild side effects
Lower blood pressure
Lower heart rate
Respiratory distress

Timolol maleate, a drug used to lower intraocular pressure, is effective in treating open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Side effects are generally mild and transient.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Cardiovascular effects of ophthalmic timolol.

Author: LeierC V, BakerN D, WeberP A

Lower heart rate
Cardiovascular problems

Ophthalmic timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocker used to treat glaucoma, was found to reduce resting and exercise heart rate, as well as oxygen consumption at maximal exercise. Despite these cardiovascular effects, plasma levels of timolol were often undetectable and never exceeded 2.8 ng/mL.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

24.

[Local anesthetic action of metipranolol as compared to timolol].

Author: DraegerJ, SchneiderB, WinterR

Lowers intraocular pressure
Local anesthetic effects

Both metipranolol and timolol, beta-blockers used for glaucoma, caused brief local anesthetic effects on the cornea, with the effect related to dose.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

25.

[Comparative studies of initial pressure reduction using 0.3% metipranolol and 0.25% timolol in eyes with wide-angle glaucoma].

Author: MertéH J, StryzJ R, MertzM

Lowers intraocular pressure

Metipranolol and Timolol, both beta-blockers, had similar pressure-lowering effects and duration of action.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

26.

Diacetyl nadolol: 3-month ocular hypotensive effect in glaucomatous eyes.

Author: DuzmanE, RosenN, LazarM

Lowers intraocular pressure
Periorbital dermatitis
Tolerance

Timolol was more effective than diacetyl nadolol in lowering intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Diacetyl nadolol caused periorbital dermatitis in two patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

A combination of oral and topical beta-blockers with additive effects on intraocular pressure.

Author: OhrströmA, KättströmO

Lowers intraocular pressure

Adding oral propranolol to topical timolol treatment for glaucoma lowered intraocular pressure significantly. The effect may be due to a loss of efficacy of topical beta-blockers, which oral propranolol restores.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

28.

Betaxolol and timolol. A comparison of efficacy and side effects.

Author: BerryD P, Van BuskirkE M, ShieldsM B

Lower intraocular pressure
Selective beta 1-blockade

Betaxolol and timolol were comparable in efficacy and side effects for treatment of open-angle glaucoma.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

29.

Dose-related interaction between timolol and adrenaline.

Author: OhrströmA

IOP reduction
Antagonistic effect

Oral timolol and adrenaline eye drops had an additive effect on IOP when timolol was given in a lower dose. The effect was antagonistic with a higher dose of timolol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

30.

Timolol versus pilocarpine separately or combined with acetazolamide-effects on intraocular pressure.

Author: CalissendorffB, MarénN, WettrellK, OstbergA

Effective for glaucoma
Effective for intraocular hypertension

Timolol and pilocarpine were equally effective in lowering intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Acetazolamide was also effective in lowering intraocular pressure. Timolol was effective in most patients when administered once a day.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

31.

[Comparative study between timolol and d-epinephrine in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].

Author: MerkleW

More effective in reducing IOP
No adverse side effects
Blepharoconjunctivitis
Burning and stinging

Timolol maleate was more effective than epinephrine in lowering intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

32.

Timolol and metoprolol. A diurnal study of the ocular and systemic effects in glaucoma patients.

Author: NielsenN V, EriksenJ S

Reduced blood pressure
Reduced intraocular pressure
Systemic beta-blockade

Both timolol and metoprolol eye drops significantly lowered intraocular pressure in 10 patients with glaucoma for over 12 hours. Timolol was more potent after 4 and 7 hours. Timolol also lowered blood pressure and heart rate. Plasma levels of timolol were high enough to induce minimal systemic beta-blockade in 4 patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

33.

Timolol and acetazolamide. A study of concurrent administration.

Author: KassM A, KoreyM, GordonM, BeckerB

Lower intraocular pressure

Concurrent administration of topical timolol maleate and oral acetazolamide resulted in a reduction in outflow pressure, demonstrating an additive effect of the two drugs in lowering intraocular pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

34.

A diurnal study of the ocular hypotensive effect of metoprolol mounted on ophthalmic rods compared to timolol eye drops in glaucoma patients.

Author: NielsenN V

Controls intraocular pressure
Influences blood pressure
Influences heart rate

Metoprolol mounted on ophthalmic rods and timolol eye drops have similar effects on intraocular pressure, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

35.

Initial and long-term effects of metoprolol and timolol on the intraocular pressure. A comparison in healthy subjects.

Author: AlmA, WickströmC P, TörnquistP

Lowers intraocular pressure

Timolol eye drops were more effective than metoprolol eye drops in reducing intraocular pressure in healthy subjects. Both drugs caused a significant reduction in pressure, but the effect of timolol lasted longer. Both drugs showed a decrease in effectiveness after two weeks of treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

36.

[Experience with combined therapy in the treatment of glaucoma: guanethidine/epinephrine compared with timolol/epinephrine (author's transl)].

Author: MerkleW

Guanethidine/epinephrine efficacy
Guanethidine/epinephrine side effects

Various concentrations of guanethidine/epinephrine were compared to timolol maleate/epinephrine for treating open-angle glaucoma.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

37.

Dynamics and kinetics of ophthalmic timolol.

Author: AffrimeM B, LowenthalD T, TobertJ A, ShirkJ, EidelsonB, CookT, OnestiG

Timolol efficacy

Timolol eye drops effectively reduced intraocular pressure without causing drug accumulation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

38.

Timolol and epinephrine: a clinical study of ocular interactions.

Author: GoldbergI, AshburnF S, PalmbergP F, KassM A, BeckerB

Timolol efficacy

Pretreatment with timolol decreased epinephrine's hypotensive effect, but not its mydriatic effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

39.

Absorption of ocular timolol: drug concentrations and beta-receptor binding activity in the aqueous humour of the treated and contralateral eye.

Author: SaariK M, Ali-MelkkiläT, VuoriM L, KailaT, IisaloE

Lower eye pressure
Systemic effects

Timolol, a beta-blocker, was applied topically to the eyes of 57 patients. The concentration of timolol in the treated eye was high enough to fully occupy beta 1- and beta 2-receptors, while the concentration in the untreated eye was lower, occupying up to 33% of beta 2-receptors. This suggests that topical timolol effectively reduces pressure in the treated eye, but may also have systemic effects due to its absorption into the bloodstream.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

40.

Comparison of latanoprost and timolol in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma: a six-month masked, multicenter trial in the United States. The United States Latanoprost Study Group.

Author: CamrasC B

Fewer side effects
Reduced IOP
Conjunctival hyperemia
Iris pigmentation change

Latanoprost, a prostaglandin analogue, was significantly more effective than timolol for lowering intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension or early glaucoma. Latanoprost was also associated with fewer side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

41.

A comparative study of the effects of timolol and latanoprost on blood flow velocity of the retrobulbar vessels.

Author: NicolelaM T, BuckleyA R, WalmanB E, DranceS M

Reduced intraocular pressure

Topical timolol and latanoprost significantly reduced intraocular pressure in ocular hypertensive and glaucoma patients without causing significant hemodynamic changes in the retrobulbar vessels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

42.

A comparison of dorzolamide and timolol in patients with pseudoexfoliation and glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Author: HeijlA, StrahlmanE, SverrissonT, Brinchman-HansenO, PuustjärviT, TippingR

Reduced intraocular pressure

Dorzolamide and timolol were effective in lowering intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension associated with pseudoexfoliation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

43.

Temporal variation in the effects of ophthalmic timolol on cardiovascular and respiratory functions in healthy men.

Author: UmetsukiM H, KotegawaT, NakamuraK, NakanoS, NakatsukaK

Cardiovascular effects
Respiratory effects

This study found that ophthalmic timolol reduced cardiovascular and respiratory functions in healthy young male subjects, and that bronchial sensitivity to timolol was lower in the morning compared to the evening.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

44.

Efficacy of a novel hydrogel formulation in human volunteers.

Author: MayerH, von der OheN

Effective IOP reduction

A novel timolol hydrogel (T-Gel 0.1%) demonstrated equivalent efficacy in lowering intraocular pressure compared to a 5 times stronger aqueous timolol solution. This suggests its potential as a convenient and effective treatment for glaucoma.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

45.

Interaction between timolol eyedrops and oral nicardipine or oral diltiazem in healthy Japanese subjects.

Author: YatsukaY I, TsutsumiK, KotegawaT, NakamuraK, NakanoS, NakatsukaK

Timolol, a topical glaucoma medication, can have adverse cardiovascular effects. This study investigated the pharmacodynamic interactions between timolol and two calcium channel blockers, nicardipine and diltiazem.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

46.

A comparison of the effects of betaxolol, timolol, and pilocarpine on visual function in patients with open-angle glaucoma.

Author: DranceS M

Pressure reduction
Dissociation between pressure reduction and visual function
No difference in visual function between drugs

While all three drugs (betaxolol, timolol, and pilocarpine) effectively reduced pressure in glaucoma patients, betaxolol had a slightly more favorable effect on visual function than timolol in the short-wave automated perimetry. Further study is needed to understand the relationship between pressure reduction and visual function.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

47.

Latanoprost treatment for glaucoma: effects of treating for 1 year and of switching from timolol. United States Latanoprost Study Group.

Author: CamrasC B, WaxM B, RitchR, WeinrebR, RobinA L, HigginbothamE J, LustgartenJ, StewartW C, SherwoodM, KrupinT, WilenskyJ, CioffiG A, KatzL J, SchumerR A, KaufmanP L, MincklerD, ZimmermanT, StjernschantzJ

Reduced intraocular pressure
Well tolerated
Increased iris pigmentation

Latanoprost was more effective than timolol in reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. Switching from timolol to latanoprost resulted in a significant decrease in intraocular pressure, and the drug was well-tolerated, with only a slight increase in conjunctival hyperemia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

48.

The favorable effect of topical betaxolol and timolol on glaucomatous visual fields: a 2-year follow-up study.

Author: Vainio-JylhäE, VuoriM L

Visual Field Protection

A randomized, double-blind study comparing the effects of betaxolol and timolol on visual fields in glaucoma patients did not find significant differences.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

49.

Comparison of short- and long-term effects of betaxolol and timolol on human retinal circulation.

Author: YoshidaA, OgasawaraH, FujioN, KonnoS, IshikoS, KitayaN, KagokawaH, NagaokaT, HirokawaH

Intraocular pressure reduction
Retinal blood flow increase
Retinal blood flow decrease

Betaxolol increased retinal blood flow long-term, while timolol decreased it both short- and long-term.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

50.

Comparison of latanoprost monotherapy to dorzolamide combined with timolol in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension.A 3-month randomised study.

Author: EmmerichK H

Glaucoma treatment
IOP reduction
Latanoprost efficacy

Switching from timolol to latanoprost monotherapy reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) by 4.5 mmHg (20%), comparable to adding dorzolamide to timolol (4.4 mmHg, 20%).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

51.

Effects of systemic beta-blocker therapy on the efficacy and safety of topical brimonidine and timolol. Brimonidine Study Groups 1 and 2.

Author: SchumanJ S

No effect on IOP efficacy
No effect on blood pressure
No effect on heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Reduced IOP efficacy

Concurrent systemic beta-blocker therapy had no deleterious effect on ocular hypotensive efficacy and no impact on systemic safety parameters with topical brimonidine, whereas efficacy was reduced and systemic safety parameters were impacted with topical timolol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

52.

Effects of latanoprost and timolol-XE on hydrodynamics in the normal eye.

Author: SponselW E, MensahJ, KielJ W, RemkyA, TrigoY, BacaW, FribergT

Improved ocular perfusion
Reduced intraocular pressure

Latanoprost significantly reduces intraocular pressure and enhances pulsatile ocular perfusion compared to timolol-XE. In a study of 20 healthy adults, latanoprost resulted in a greater decrease in intraocular pressure and a 16.7% increase in mean pulsatile ocular blood flow compared to timolol-XE. Both drugs reduced intraocular pressure below episcleral venous pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

53.

Comparative study of timolol gel versus timolol solution for patients with glaucoma.

Author: ChiouS H, HsuW M, LiuJ H, LiuJ L, ChenM R, TsaiD C, ChouC K

Simplifies medication

The study compared the clinical effects of timolol gel, used once daily, to the aqueous form of timolol, used twice daily, on intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

54.

Comparison of the corneal effects of latanoprost, fixed combination latanoprost-timolol, and timolol: A double-masked, randomized, one-year study.

Author: LassJ H, ErikssonG L, OsterlingL, SimpsonC V,

Lower IOP

Latanoprost, fixed-combination latanoprost-timolol, and timolol had similar long-term effects on corneal endothelial cell density and corneal thickness. A double-masked, randomized study involving 369 patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma found that after 1 year of treatment, all three drugs showed minimal change in corneal endothelial cell density and corneal thickness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

55.

A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5% timolol maleate ophthalmic gel-forming solution QD and 0.5% levobunolol hydrochloride BID in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma.

Author: HalperLee K, Johnson-PrattLisa, DobbinsThomas, HartenbaumDavid

Heart rate preservation
Ocular hypotensive efficacy

This study compares the ocular hypotensive efficacy and tolerability of timolol maleate gel-forming solution and levobunolol in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Timolol gel shows comparable IOP-lowering effects to levobunolol with fewer side effects and less impact on heart rate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

56.

Systemic bioavailability and cardiopulmonary effects of 0.5% timolol eyedrops.

Author: KorteJuha-Matti, KailaTimo, SaariK Matti

Lowered IOP
Systemic beta-blockade

Ophthalmic timolol resembles intravenous timolol in terms of systemic bioavailability, plasma kinetics, and cardiopulmonary effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

57.

Cardiovascular effects of ophthalmic 0.5% timolol aqueous solution and 0.1% timolol hydrogel.

Author: NiñoJ, TahvanainenK, UusitaloH, TurjanmaaV, Hutri-KähönenN, KailaT, RopoA, KuuselaT, KähönenM

Improved atrioventricular conduction
Reduced heart rate
Cardiac beta-blocking effects

Timolol aqueous solution (0.5%) decreased heart rate by 3 bpm in supine position and by 7 bpm in head-up tilted position, while timolol hydrogel (0.1%) had no significant effects on heart rate. The aqueous solution also slightly decreased QTc and increased atrioventricular conduction during tilt tests, suggesting more pronounced cardiac beta-blocking effects compared to the hydrogel.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

58.

Effects on aqueous flow of dorzolamide combined with either timolol or acetazolamide.

Author: TorisCarol B, ZhanGui-Lin, YablonskiMichael E, CamrasCarl B

Improved IOP efficacy

Topical dorzolamide and timolol together were more effective than either drug alone for reducing aqueous flow and lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). The combination of dorzolamide and timolol was more effective than the combination of dorzolamide and acetazolamide.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

59.

A 6-month assessment of bimatoprost 0.03% vs timolol maleate 0.5%: hypotensive efficacy, macular thickness and flare in ocular-hypertensive and glaucoma patients.

Author: MartinE, Martinez-de-la-CasaJ M, Garcia-FeijooJ, TroyanoJ, LarrosaJ M, Garcia-SanchezJ

Anterior uveitis stability
Lower IOP
Macular thickness stability

Bimatoprost 0.03% once daily showed a greater efficacy than timolol 0.05% twice daily in patients with elevated IOP. No significant differences were detected in macular thickness or anterior uveitis using optical coherence tomography and laser flare photometry.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

60.

Comparison of the effects of bimatoprost and a fixed combination of latanoprost and timolol on circadian intraocular pressure.

Author: RossettiLuca, KarabatsasCostas H, TopouzisFotis, VetrugnoMichele, CentofantiMarco, BoehmAndreas, ViswanathanAnanth, VorwerkChristian, GoldblumDavid

IOP control

Bimatoprost and a fixed combination of latanoprost and timolol were found to be equally effective in maintaining intraocular pressure at controlled levels over a 24-hour period. This randomized, double-masked, multicenter clinical trial involved 200 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension who were switched from a nonfixed combination of latanoprost and timolol.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

61.

Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing timolol with brimonidine in the treatment of glaucoma.

Author: LoonSeng Chee, LiewGerald, FungAdrian, ReidSharon E, CraigJonathan C

Glaucoma treatment
Allergy

Timolol and brimonidine are equally effective in lowering intraocular pressure, but brimonidine has a higher risk of allergy.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

62.

Comparing diurnal and nocturnal effects of brinzolamide and timolol on intraocular pressure in patients receiving latanoprost monotherapy.

Author: LiuJohn H K, MedeirosFelipe A, SlightJ Rigby, WeinrebRobert N

Improved nocturnal IOP
Reduced IOP

Adding brinzolamide or timolol to latanoprost monotherapy significantly reduced intraocular pressure (IOP) during the diurnal period. However, only brinzolamide add-on treatment had an IOP-lowering efficacy during the nocturnal period.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

63.

Efficacy and tolerability of prostaglandin-timolol fixed combinations: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: AptelFlorent, CucheratMichel, DenisPhilippe

Reduced IOP
Reduced hyperemia

Prostaglandin-timolol fixed combinations (PG-timolol FCs) provided greater IOP reduction and lower incidence of hyperemia compared to individual PGs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

64.

In vivo confocal microscopy of conjunctiva in preservative-free timolol 0.1% gel formulation therapy for glaucoma.

Author: FrezzottiPaolo, FogagnoloPaolo, HakaGentiana, MotoleseIlaria, IesterMichele, BagagliaSimone A, MitticaPietro, MenicacciCristina, RossettiLuca, MotoleseEduardo

Less ocular surface changes
Less epithelial regularity
Reduced BUT
Reduced Schirmer I
Reduced goblet cell density

Preservative-free timolol gel induced fewer changes at the ocular surface than preserved timolol eye drops after 12 months. This suggests that preservative-free beta-blockers may be a better option for patients with glaucoma.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

65.

Diurnal intraocular pressure with bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination versus latanoprost/timolol fixed combination in healthy subjects.

Author: ShimSeong Hee, KimJoon Mo, ChoiChul Young, KimChan Yun

No anterior ocular changes
Reduced IOP
Conjunctival hyperemia

A prospective clinical study of 58 healthy subjects found that bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination (BTFC) and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination (LTFC) provided a significant reduction in IOP from baseline without changing any anterior ocular parameters. The most frequently occurring adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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