Effects of estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives): A Synthesis of Findings from 54 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Multiple studies have revealed the diverse effects of estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) on postmenopausal women. 6 demonstrated that hormone therapy combining estrogen and progestin significantly impacts blood lipid profiles. Specifically, it leads to decreased cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, while HDL cholesterol levels remain unchanged or decrease. 1 highlighted the potential impact of estrogens on sleep patterns and psychological states in postmenopausal women. Estrogen administration resulted in shorter sleep latency and longer REM sleep duration. Interestingly, the study also noted an increase in aggression and internal hostility associated with estrogen administration. 36 compared the effects of estrogen alone and tibolone therapy on blood clotting in women undergoing surgical menopause. The study found that estrogen alone significantly reduced fibrinogen, lipoprotein (a), and factor VIIa levels, while increasing activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Conversely, tibolone therapy significantly decreased factor VIIa and factor IX serum levels and prolonged aPTT. These findings suggest that both estrogen alone and tibolone therapy shift the overall hemostatic balance toward a more fibrinolytic state in surgically menopausal women. 39 suggested that hormone replacement therapy could potentially preserve cognitive function in women with dementia. Estrogens have been shown to exert various beneficial effects on the central nervous system, suggesting that maintaining high estrogen levels in postmenopausal women through hormone replacement therapy could protect against cognitive decline and the development of Alzheimer's disease or other dementia syndromes. 10 investigated the impact of combined estrogen and progesterone therapy on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. The results suggested that estrogen improves endothelial function and enhances endothelium-dependent vasodilation. 13 compared the effects of estrogen alone and estrogen-androgen therapy over two years in women undergoing surgical menopause. This study revealed that estrogen-androgen therapy significantly improved bone density compared to estrogen alone. Both therapies demonstrated improvements in menopausal symptoms. 16 suggested a potential difference in the psychological effects of different types of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Specifically, the study proposed that esterified estrogen may be more effective in improving mood and attention switching compared to conjugated equine estrogen. 17 examined the vascular effects of conjugated equine estrogen combined with synthetic or natural progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. The study found that both combined therapies, regardless of the type of progestin, significantly improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness and had similar effects on markers of inflammation, hemostasis, and fibrinolysis inhibition. 31 investigated the effects of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole on bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk indicators in ovariectomized, androgen-treated female-to-male transsexuals. compared the metabolic effects of tibolone and combined continuous conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal women. The study showed that tibolone therapy significantly increased IGF-1 serum levels compared to combined conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate. 29 compared the metabolic effects of raloxifene and oral estrogen in postmenopausal and growth hormone-deficient women. The study found that oral estrogen reduces IGF-1 and suppresses fat oxidation despite augmenting GH secretion. 18 investigated the relationship between serum estradiol levels and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women undergoing raloxifene treatment. The study concluded that women with higher estradiol levels may experience a greater benefit from raloxifene therapy. 45 reviewed the mechanisms behind estrogens' dose-dependent neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects in experimental cerebral ischemia models. Estrogens are suggested to exert neuroprotective effects by reducing apoptosis, regulating growth factors, modulating vascular function, indirectly exhibiting antioxidant properties, and suppressing inflammation. Conversely, the proposed neurotoxic mechanism is an increase in inflammation. 53 investigated the impact of combining raloxifene with low-dose conjugated estrogen on the endometrium in postmenopausal women at high risk for breast cancer. The study demonstrated that combining raloxifene and low-dose conjugated estrogen had similar effects on the endometrium as raloxifene alone and reduced the severity of menopausal symptoms similarly to conjugated estrogen alone. 14 studied the effects of three weeks of estrogen hormone replacement on cognition in elderly healthy women. 3 investigated the impact of various doses of estrogen and progestin on psychological functioning and sexual behavior in healthy, naturally menopausal women. The study demonstrated that progestin's effects on the central nervous system manifest as increased psychological symptoms (excluding sexual symptoms) and are attenuated by a higher estrogen/progestin dose ratio. 41 examined the effects of adding testosterone to estrogen therapy compared to estrogen alone on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. The study indicated that adding testosterone to estrogen treatment has a modest influence on inflammatory markers and doesn't appear to have adverse effects. Additionally, testosterone addition suppressed the estrogen-induced increase in hsCRP. 42 conducted a meta-analysis of treatment trials focusing on the use of sex steroids to maintain cognitive function in women after menopause. The analysis revealed that the duration of treatment significantly impacted outcomes, with longer studies showing more negative effects. The study also found that combined estrogen and progestin treatment negatively affected outcomes. 4 studied the effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and metabolism. 38 explored the impact of reducing estrogen doses in combination oral contraceptives due to concerns regarding estrogen-related adverse effects. However, reducing estrogen levels could lead to decreased contraceptive effectiveness and unacceptable changes in bleeding patterns, underscoring the need for optimizing estrogen dosage. 32 investigated the effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. 19 suggested that hormone replacement therapy could potentially preserve cognitive function in women with dementia. 8 reviewed the effects of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women on cognitive function and dementia. 21 examined the variability in serum estrogens among postmenopausal women treated with the same transdermal estrogen therapy and its effects on androgens and sex hormone binding globulin. 48 evaluated the efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE) on secondary outcomes, including vasomotor symptoms, in postmenopausal women, taking into account years since menopause. 52 conducted a dose-escalating study with the fetal estrogen estetrol in healthy men. 44 discussed the challenge of reducing estrogen doses in combination oral contraceptives due to concerns regarding estrogen-related adverse effects. Reducing estrogen levels could compromise contraceptive effectiveness and lead to irregular bleeding patterns. found that tibolone doesn't enhance the pharmacological effects of fluoxetine in treating major depression in postmenopausal women. 50 pooled data from the Selective estrogens, Menopause, And Response to Therapy (SMART) trials to analyze the effects of conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene on lipid parameters in postmenopausal women. 49 explored the association between sex hormones and breast cancer risk and the mediation of randomized trial postmenopausal hormone therapy effects. 12 compared the effects of raloxifene, estrogen, and placebo on the postmenopausal endometrium over 12 months. 7 studied the impact of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. 9 investigated the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) have the potential to provide various benefits for postmenopausal women. 6 , 13 suggest that they may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. 1 reports improvements in sleep quality. 39 suggests potential benefits in maintaining cognitive function and preventing the onset of Alzheimer's disease or other dementia syndromes. 13 suggests that these therapies may reduce the risk of osteoporosis by improving bone density. 16 suggests potential benefits in improving mood and attention switching. 17 highlights the potential for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving endothelial function and enhancing endothelium-dependent vasodilation.

Risks Summary

However, it's crucial to acknowledge that estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) also carry certain risks. 6 noted that HDL cholesterol levels may remain unchanged or decrease. 1 highlighted risks of increased aggression and internal hostility associated with estrogen administration. 36 indicated a potential increase in bleeding risks due to shifting the overall hemostatic balance towards a more fibrinolytic state. 3 suggested that progestin could worsen psychological symptoms (excluding sexual symptoms). 32 suggested a potential increase in breast cancer risk. 12 suggested a potential increase in the risk of endometrial hyperplasia due to endometrial proliferation. 7 also suggested a potential for endometrial proliferation.

Comparison Among Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Multiple studies consistently suggest that estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) have diverse effects on postmenopausal women, impacting their cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and psychological systems. Notably, several studies consistently report benefits related to reducing cardiovascular disease risk and improving bone density. These studies indicate that estrogen and progestin therapy may influence blood lipid profiles, enhance endothelial function, and stimulate bone metabolism.

Dissimilarities in Studies

However, the effects of estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) can vary across different studies. For instance, 6 reported that HDL cholesterol levels remain unchanged or decrease, while 13 indicated that estrogen alone may increase HDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, 1 found increased aggression and internal hostility associated with estrogen administration. These variations suggest that the impact of estrogen and progestin therapy might depend on factors like dosage, administration method, and individual differences among women.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Numerous studies have demonstrated that estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) can offer various benefits and risks for postmenopausal women. However, the results of these studies exhibit both consistency and contradictions. For example, different studies report conflicting findings regarding HDL cholesterol levels (increases, no change, decreases). Similarly, breast cancer risk shows variations across studies (increases, no change, decreases). These discrepancies suggest that the effects of estrogen and progestin therapy might be influenced by factors like dosage, administration method, and individual differences among women.

Considerations for Real-World Applications

Estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) have the potential to be effective tools for postmenopausal women, helping alleviate various symptoms and maintain their health. However, it's essential to remember that these therapies also carry certain risks. When considering using estrogen and progestin therapy, it's crucial to consult a doctor and make informed decisions based on individual health status, potential risks, and other relevant factors.

Limitations of Current Research

The research on estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) is still considered incomplete. Many studies are limited by factors such as small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. Furthermore, the effects of these therapies might vary significantly based on dosage, administration methods, and individual differences among women. Consequently, directly applying these research findings to real-world scenarios might be challenging.

Future Research Directions

To thoroughly understand the long-term effects of estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives), larger and more comprehensive research studies are necessary. Specifically, long-term follow-up investigations are crucial to determine the impact of these therapies on risks associated with cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and osteoporosis. Detailed studies exploring the effects of estrogen and progestin therapy on cognitive function, sleep patterns, and psychological states are also essential. Furthermore, research at the genetic level is vital for developing personalized treatments that consider individual health characteristics and risks.

Conclusion

Estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) can offer various benefits and risks for postmenopausal women. Given the existing research, it's essential to consult a doctor and make informed decisions based on individual health status, potential risks, and other relevant factors before considering estrogen and progestin therapy. Future research promises to shed more light on the long-term effects of these therapies and develop personalized treatment approaches for individual women.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Improved sleep
1
Improved mood
Improved quality of life
2
Increased sexual desire
3
Cardiovascular disease prevention
4
Cardiovascular disease prevention
5
Reduced LDL cholesterol
Reduced cholesterol
6
Increased bone density
Lower cholesterol
7
Estrogen may improve cognition
Estrogen may improve dementia severity
Estrogen may prevent dementia
8
Increased HDL2-C
Reduced LDL-C
Reduced fibrinogen
Reduced lipoprotein(a)
9
Cardiovascular protection
Improved endothelial function
10
Lower breast cancer risk
11
No endometrial stimulation
12
Improved bone density
Menopause symptom relief
13
Cognitive function improvement
14
bone mineral density
lipid oxidation reduction
15
Improved attention
Improved depression
16
Inflammation reduction
Vasodilator response
17
Reduced breast cancer risk
18
Alzheimer's prevention
Cognitive decline prevention
19
Bone health
Cardiovascular health
20
Estrogen replacement therapy
21
Postmenopausal treatment
22
Mood enhancement
23
Increased IGF-1
24
Executive functioning improvement
27
Contraceptive effectiveness
28
Menopausal symptom relief
Reduced musculoskeletal symptoms
30
Breast cancer reduction
32
Cognitive function
33
Cognitive improvement
34
Counteract estrogen effects
35
Reduces fibrinogen
36
Reduced PLM
Reduced arousal
37
Bleeding pattern improvement
Contraceptive effectiveness
38
Protection against cognitive decline
39
Estrogenic health effects
40
Modest influence on inflammatory markers
Suppressed hsCRP increase
41
Cognitive function improvement
42
Bleeding patterns
Contraceptive effectiveness
44
Protect against cerebral ischemia
45
Menopause symptom relief
48
Breast cancer reduction
49
Improved lipids
50
Improved vaginal cytology
Vasomotor symptom relief
51
Decreased testosterone
Prevention of estrogen deficiency
Safer PC treatment
52
Reduced menopausal symptoms
53
Risk Keywords
Increased hostility
1
None mentioned
2
Lower testosterone levels
Psychological symptoms
3
Reduced HDL cholesterol
6
Estrogen risks
8
Progesterone may attenuate benefits
10
Venous thromboembolic disease
11
None reported
12
None reported
13
fat mass increase
lean body mass reduction
15
None mentioned
18
Estrogen variability
21
No estrogenic effect
25
Bleeding pattern changes
Estrogen-related adverse effects
28
Bleeding
Breast tenderness
Gynecologic surgery
30
Estrogen deprivation
31
Increased stroke
No heart disease reduction
32
Estrogen adverse effects
38
Breast cancer
Cardiovascular mortality
40
No apparent adverse effects
41
Perturbed GH regulation
Perturbed gonadal axes
43
Estrogen-related adverse effects
Safety concerns
44
Neurodamage
45
Cognitive decline
46
Bleeding pattern changes
Decreased contraceptive effectiveness
47
Breast cancer elevation
49
Increased triglycerides
50
Endometrial proliferation
51
Adverse effects related to COCs
54
Literature analysis of 54 papers
Positive Content
41
Neutral Content
8
Negative Content
5
Article Type
44
8
7
8
54
1.

Effects of estrogens on sleep and psychological state of hypogonadal women.

Author: SchiffI, RegesteinQ, TulchinskyD, RyanK J

Improved sleep
Increased hostility

Conjugated estrogens lowered gonadotropin levels and reduced vasomotor flushes in hypogonadal women. Estrogen administration was associated with shorter sleep latency and longer rapid eye movement sleep. Psychological testing showed that estrogens led to less outward aggression but more inward hostility.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Estrogen improves psychological function in asymptomatic postmenopausal women.

Author: DitkoffE C, CraryW G, CristoM, LoboR A

Improved mood
Improved quality of life
None mentioned

Estrogen treatment may improve the overall quality of life in postmenopausal women, with improvements in income management and depression scores but no significant effect on memory.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

The impact of different doses of estrogen and progestin on mood and sexual behavior in postmenopausal women.

Author: SherwinB B

Increased sexual desire
Lower testosterone levels
Psychological symptoms

Estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy impacted psychological functioning and sexual behavior in 48 naturally menopausal women. A higher dose of estrogen with progestin was associated with more negative moods and psychological symptoms compared to estrogen alone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins.

Author: WalshB W, SchiffI, RosnerB, GreenbergL, RavnikarV, SacksF M

Cardiovascular disease prevention

Postmenopausal estrogen-replacement therapy may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by favorably altering plasma lipid levels. However, the precise effects of low-dose estrogens on lipoproteins and their mechanism are unknown.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Rationale, design, and conduct of the PEPI Trial. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions.

Author: EspelandM A, BushT L, Mebane-SimsI, StefanickM L, JohnsonS, SherwinR, WaclawiwM

Cardiovascular disease prevention

This study investigates the potential effectiveness of estrogen and estrogen/progestin regimens in altering risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Continuous combined and sequential estradiol and norethindrone acetate treatment of postmenopausal women: effect of plasma lipoproteins in a two-year placebo-controlled trial.

Author: Munk-JensenN, UlrichL G, ObelE B, NielsenS P, EdwardsD, MeinertzH

Reduced LDL cholesterol
Reduced cholesterol
Reduced HDL cholesterol

Estrogen therapy supplemented with progestogen was found to lower plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. The study involved 113 women who were randomized to receive placebo or a combination of 17 beta-estradiol and norethindrone acetate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women.

Author: DelmasP D, BjarnasonN H, MitlakB H, RavouxA C, ShahA S, HusterW J, DraperM, ChristiansenC

Increased bone density
Lower cholesterol

Raloxifene, a nonsteroidal benzothiophene, significantly increased bone mineral density and lowered serum concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in postmenopausal women, without stimulating the endometrium.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women: effects on cognitive function and dementia.

Author: YaffeK, SawayaG, LieberburgI, GradyD

Estrogen may improve cognition
Estrogen may improve dementia severity
Estrogen may prevent dementia
Estrogen risks

While estrogen replacement therapy may potentially benefit cognition, prevent dementia, and improve dementia severity, there is conflicting evidence and large, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women.

Author: WalshB W, KullerL H, WildR A, PaulS, FarmerM, LawrenceJ B, ShahA S, AndersonP W

Increased HDL2-C
Reduced LDL-C
Reduced fibrinogen
Reduced lipoprotein(a)

Raloxifene significantly lowers LDL-C, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein(a) in postmenopausal women, and increases HDL2-C without raising triglycerides. These effects are similar to HRT but differ in specific markers.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women.

Author: GerhardM, WalshB W, TawakolA, HaleyE A, CreagerS J, SeelyE W, GanzP, CreagerM A

Cardiovascular protection
Improved endothelial function
Progesterone may attenuate benefits

This study aimed to investigate the potential cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen replacement therapy and to determine whether progesterone attenuates these effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation.

Author: CummingsS R, EckertS, KruegerK A, GradyD, PowlesT J, CauleyJ A, NortonL, NickelsenT, BjarnasonN H, MorrowM, LippmanM E, BlackD, GlusmanJ E, CostaA, JordanV C

Lower breast cancer risk
Venous thromboembolic disease

Raloxifene decreased the risk of invasive breast cancer by 76% in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis during 3 years of treatment. Raloxifene decreased the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by 90%, but not estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Raloxifene increased the risk of venous thromboembolic disease but did not increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

A 12-month comparative study of raloxifene, estrogen, and placebo on the postmenopausal endometrium.

Author: GoldsteinS R, ScheeleW H, RajagopalanS K, WilkieJ L, WalshB W, ParsonsA K

No endometrial stimulation
None reported

Raloxifene, at 60 or 150 mg/day for 1 year, did not stimulate the postmenopausal endometrium. End-point endometrial thickness, morphology, and uterine volume in the raloxifene groups were similar to those observed at baseline and in the placebo group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

A two-year, double-blind comparison of estrogen-androgen and conjugated estrogens in surgically menopausal women. Effects on bone mineral density, symptoms and lipid profiles.

Author: Barrett-ConnorE, YoungR, NotelovitzM, SullivanJ, WiitaB, YangH M, NolanJ

Improved bone density
Menopause symptom relief
None reported

E + A significantly improved BMD and was well tolerated in surgically menopausal women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

The effects of 3-week estrogen hormone replacement on cognition in elderly healthy females.

Author: DukaT, TaskerR, McGowanJ F

Cognitive function improvement

Estrogen replacement therapy is suggested to improve cognitive abilities after menopause, as estrogen levels decline with age. Studies on women who underwent estrogen replacement therapy have shown positive effects on memory.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Route-dependent endocrine and metabolic effects of estrogen replacement therapy.

Author: O'SullivanA J, HoK K

bone mineral density
lipid oxidation reduction
fat mass increase
lean body mass reduction

Oral estrogen replacement therapy can reduce IGF-I and increase GH levels in postmenopausal women, leading to a reduction in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass. However, transdermal estrogen therapy does not have these effects. Oral estrogen also reduces postprandial lipid oxidation compared to transdermal estrogen. Both routes of estrogen therapy have no impact on carbohydrate metabolism or the estrogen-induced increase in bone mineral density.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Preliminary observations on differing psychological effects of conjugated and esterified estrogen treatments.

Author: FriebelyJ S, ShifrenJ L, SchiffI, RegesteinQ R

Improved attention
Improved depression

This study found that esterified estrogen treatment improved scores on the Zung Self-Rated Depression Scale and Switching Attention Test performance compared to conjugated equine estrogen treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Vascular effects of synthetic or natural progestagen combined with conjugated equine estrogen in healthy postmenopausal women.

Author: KohK K, JinD K, YangS H, LeeS K, HwangH Y, KangM H, KimW, KimD S, ChoiI S, ShinE K

Inflammation reduction
Vasodilator response

CEE+MP and CEE+MPA provided similar improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilator responsiveness and effects on markers of inflammation, hemostasis, and fibrinolysis inhibition in healthy postmenopausal women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Serum estradiol level and risk of breast cancer during treatment with raloxifene.

Author: CummingsSteven R, DuongTu, KenyonEmily, CauleyJane A, WhiteheadMalcolm, KruegerKathryn A,

Reduced breast cancer risk
None mentioned

Raloxifene reduces breast cancer risk more in women with relatively high estradiol levels than in women with very low estradiol levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia.

Author: HogervorstE, YaffeK, RichardsM, HuppertF

Alzheimer's prevention
Cognitive decline prevention

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may be protective against cognitive decline and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in postmenopausal women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

20.

Effects of ospemifene (FC-1271a) on uterine endometrium, vaginal maturation index, and hormonal status in healthy postmenopausal women.

Author: VoipioS K, KomiJ, KangasL, HalonenK, DeGregorioM W, ErkkolaR U

Bone health
Cardiovascular health

This study investigated the effects of ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), on the uterine endometrium, vaginal maturation index, and hormonal status in healthy postmenopausal women. The results suggest that ospemifene may have estrogen-like effects on bone and the cardiovascular system, while having antiestrogen-like effects in the uterus and breast.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Variability of serum estrogens among postmenopausal women treated with the same transdermal estrogen therapy and the effect on androgens and sex hormone binding globulin.

Author: KraemerGinger R, KraemerRobert R, OgdenBeverly W, KilpatrickRobin E, GimpelTerry L, CastracaneV Daniel

Estrogen replacement therapy
Estrogen variability

Transdermal estrogen replacement therapy (ET) was found to be effective in increasing estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. However, the response to identical treatment doses varied greatly among individuals, with significant differences in estradiol (E(2)) values and E(2) increases above baseline. While continuous ET treatment increased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and decreased androstenedione levels, it had minimal effects on circulating androgens such as testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and the free androgen index.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Effects of patch or gel estrogen therapies on auditory brainstem response in surgically postmenopausal women: a prospective, randomized study.

Author: CarusoSalvatore, MaiolinoLuigi, AgnelloCarmela, GarozzoAldo, Di MariLucia, SerraAgostino

Postmenopausal treatment

Transdermal estrogen therapy (ET) using either patch or gel formulations improved auditory brainstem response in surgically postmenopausal women. The wave latencies and interpeak intervals were lower during ET treatment compared to baseline levels. This suggests that fluctuating estrogen levels may influence neuronal plasticity and neurotransmitter levels, affecting neuronal conduction time within the audiological system.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Failure of tibolone to potentiate the pharmacological effect of fluoxetine in postmenopausal major depression.

Author: BerlangaCarlos, MendietaDanelia, AlvaGuadalupe, del Carmen LaraMaría

Mood enhancement

The gonadomimetic drug tibolone was investigated for its potential antidepressant effects in perimenopausal women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

[Differential effects on serum IGF-1 of tibolone (5 mg/day) vs combined continuous estrogen/progestagen in post menopausal women].

Author: PorcileArnaldo, GallardoEnrique, DuartePatricia, AedoSócrates

Increased IGF-1

Tibolone and conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate both reduced urinary calcium in postmenopausal women. Tibolone also increased serum IGF-1 levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Spanish

25.

Dietary soy containing phytoestrogens does not have detectable estrogenic effects on hepatic protein synthesis in postmenopausal women.

Author: TeedeHelena J, DalaisFabien S, McGrathBarry P

No estrogenic effect

This study examined the effect of dietary soy isoflavone supplementation on estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women. The results showed no significant effects on in vivo biological indicators of estrogenicity, including hepatic protein synthesis and gonadotropin concentrations. This suggests that soy isoflavones have little biologically relevant estrogenic effect in vivo in postmenopausal women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: Kreijkamp-KaspersSanne, KokLinda, GrobbeeDiederick E, de HaanEdward H F, AlemanAndré, LampeJohanna W, van der SchouwYvonne T

This study investigated whether soy protein with isoflavones improved cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women. The study found that soy protein with isoflavones did not significantly improve any of these outcomes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Reproductive events modify the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on cognition in healthy postmenopausal women.

Author: DunkinJennifer, RasgonNatalie, Wagner-StehKristi, DavidSteven, AltshulerLori, RapkinAndrea

Executive functioning improvement

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may have a positive effect on executive functioning in more recently postmenopausal women, but further research is needed to confirm this effect.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

28.

20 mcg versus >20 mcg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Author: GalloM F, NandaK, GrimesD A, SchulzK F

Contraceptive effectiveness
Bleeding pattern changes
Estrogen-related adverse effects

Concerns about the adverse effects of estrogen in combination oral contraceptives (COCs) have led to decreasing estrogen doses. However, lower estrogen doses may reduce contraceptive effectiveness and lead to unacceptable changes in bleeding patterns.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

29.

Comparison of the metabolic effects of raloxifene and oral estrogen in postmenopausal and growth hormone-deficient women.

Author: GibneyJames, JohannssonGudmundur, LeungKin-Chuen, HoKen K Y

This study explored the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators on endocrine and metabolic functions in women with and without growth hormone deficiency.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

30.

Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative.

Author: BarnabeiVanessa M, CochraneBarbara B, AragakiAaron K, NygaardIngrid, WilliamsR Stan, McGovernPeter G, YoungRonald L, WellsEllen C, O'SullivanMary Jo, ChenBertha, SchenkenRobert, JohnsonSusan R,

Menopausal symptom relief
Reduced musculoskeletal symptoms
Bleeding
Breast tenderness
Gynecologic surgery

Estrogen plus progestin relieved some menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes and vaginal dryness, but was associated with an increased risk of bleeding, breast tenderness, and gynecologic surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

31.

The effects of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole on bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk indices in ovariectomized, androgen-treated female-to-male transsexuals.

Author: BunckMathijs C M, TooriansArno W F T, LipsPaul, GoorenLouis J G

Estrogen deprivation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of estrogen deprivation on bone metabolism and vascular parameters in female-to-male transsexuals, avoiding the counter-regulatory effects observed in men. This approach allows for a clearer understanding of the direct impact of estrogen deficiency on these factors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

32.

Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy.

Author: StefanickMarcia L, AndersonGarnet L, MargolisKaren L, HendrixSusan L, RodaboughRebecca J, PaskettElectra D, LaneDorothy S, HubbellF Allan, AssafAnnlouise R, SartoGloria E, SchenkenRobert S, YasmeenShagufta, LessinLawrence, ChlebowskiRowan T,

Breast cancer reduction
Increased stroke
No heart disease reduction

The Women's Health Initiative Estrogen-Alone trial found that conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) increased stroke incidence and did not reduce coronary heart disease risk. However, preliminary results suggest a possible reduction in breast cancers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

33.

Estrogen therapy selectively enhances prefrontal cognitive processes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with functional magnetic resonance imaging in perimenopausal and recently postmenopausal women.

Author: JoffeHadine, HallJanet E, GruberStaci, SarmientoIngrid A, CohenLee S, Yurgelun-ToddDeborah, MartinKathryn A

Cognitive function

This article examines the differential effects of estrogen therapy (ET) on cognitive processes in younger versus older postmenopausal women. Cognitive improvement in younger women has been attributed to ET's influence on menopause symptoms, but more research is needed to clarify the mediating role of these symptoms versus direct effects of ET on the brain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

34.

Effects of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol on cognition and health-related quality of life.

Author: YaffeKristine, VittinghoffEric, EnsrudKristine E, JohnsonKaren C, DiemSusan, HanesVladimir, GradyDeborah

Cognitive improvement

The effect of an ultra-low-dose of unopposed transdermal estradiol on cognition and health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women is currently unknown.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

35.

Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women.

Author: HoflingMarie, HirschbergAngelica Lindén, SkoogLambert, TaniEdneia, HägerströmTorsten, von SchoultzBo

Counteract estrogen effects

This study aims to investigate the effects of testosterone addition on breast cell proliferation during postmenopausal estrogen/progestogen therapy, considering the safety concerns surrounding the therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

36.

Comparison of the effects of tibolone and estrogen therapy on hemostasis in surgical menopause: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Author: DemirolAygul, GuvenSuleyman, Guvendag GuvenEmine Seda, KirazliSerafettin, GurganTimur, AyhanAli

Reduces fibrinogen

Both estrogen and tibolone therapy changed the overall hemostatic balance to a more fibrinolytic state.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

37.

Effects of hormone therapy with estrogen and/or progesterone on sleep pattern in postmenopausal women.

Author: HachulHelena, BittencourtLia R A, AndersenMonica L, HaidarMauro A, BaracatEdmund C, TufikSergio

Reduced PLM
Reduced arousal

Estrogen plus progesterone was more effective than estrogen alone in reducing periodic limb movement, hot flashes, and bruxism in postmenopausal women. Progesterone treatment decreased the prevalence of breathing irregularities, arousal from sleep, anxiety, and memory impairment in both groups.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

38.

20 microg versus >20 microg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Author: GalloMaria F, NandaKavita, GrimesDavid A, LopezLaureen M, SchulzKenneth F

Bleeding pattern improvement
Contraceptive effectiveness
Estrogen adverse effects

Concern about estrogen-related adverse effects has led to a decrease in estrogen doses in combination oral contraceptives (COCs). However, reducing estrogen could decrease contraceptive effectiveness and lead to changes in bleeding patterns.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

39.

Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia.

Author: HogervorstEva, YaffeKristine, RichardsMarcus, HuppertFelicia A H

Protection against cognitive decline

Estrogen replacement therapy may help protect against cognitive decline in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

40.

Effect of high-dose isoflavones on cognition, quality of life, androgens, and lipoprotein in post-menopausal women.

Author: BasariaS, WisniewskiA, DupreeK, BrunoT, SongM-Y, YaoF, OjumuA, JohnM, DobsA S

Estrogenic health effects
Breast cancer
Cardiovascular mortality

Isoflavones, plant estrogens with structural similarities to estradiol, may offer beneficial estrogenic health effects in postmenopausal women with fewer adverse effects associated with hormone replacement therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

41.

Testosterone addition to estrogen therapy - effects on inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease.

Author: Kocoska-MarasLjiljana, HirschbergAngelica Lindén, ByströmBirgitta, SchoultzBo Von, RådestadAngelique Flöter

Modest influence on inflammatory markers
Suppressed hsCRP increase
No apparent adverse effects

Adding testosterone to estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women had a modest impact on inflammatory markers, with no apparent adverse effects. Notably, it counteracted the estrogen-induced increase in hsCRP.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

42.

Sex steroids to maintain cognitive function in women after the menopause: a meta-analyses of treatment trials.

Author: HogervorstEef, BandelowStephan

Cognitive function improvement

Whether estrogen treatment after menopause improves cognitive function in women is still debated. While research shows estrogen can have positive effects on the aging brain and observational studies show a lower risk of dementia in women who took estrogen around menopause, large clinical trials have shown negative effects of long-term estrogen use in older women. This review found that the age of women or the time since menopause when treatment began did not affect outcomes, and it didn't matter if women had symptoms or not. However, the length of treatment did matter, with longer studies showing more negative effects and short-term studies (less than 4 months) showing mainly positive effects. Estrogen combined with progesterone also had negative effects. More research is needed to determine if short-term treatment or intermittent treatment could have long-term benefits for women with menopausal symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

43.

Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone and androgen axes by selective estrogen receptor modulators in healthy men.

Author: BirznieceVita, SataAkira, SutantoSurya, HoKen K Y

Perturbed GH regulation
Perturbed gonadal axes

Tamoxifen and raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators, may have neuroendocrine effects in men.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

44.

20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Author: GalloMaria F, NandaKavita, GrimesDavid A, LopezLaureen M, SchulzKenneth F

Bleeding patterns
Contraceptive effectiveness
Estrogen-related adverse effects
Safety concerns

Reducing estrogen doses in combination oral contraceptives (COCs) to improve safety could result in decreased contraceptive effectiveness and unacceptable changes in bleeding patterns.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

45.

Mechanisms of estrogens' dose-dependent neuroprotective and neurodamaging effects in experimental models of cerebral ischemia.

Author: StromJakob O, TheodorssonAnnette, TheodorssonElvar

Protect against cerebral ischemia
Neurodamage

This article reviews the proposed mechanisms of estrogen actions in cerebral ischemia, highlighting the dose-dependent paradoxical effects of estrogens. Physiological estrogen concentrations are neuroprotective, while supraphysiological concentrations augment damage from cerebral ischemia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

46.

Long-term effects on cognitive function of postmenopausal hormone therapy prescribed to women aged 50 to 55 years.

Author: EspelandMark A, ShumakerSally A, LengIris, MansonJoAnn E, BrownCandice M, LeBlancErin S, VaughanLeslie, RobinsonJennifer, RappStephen R, GoveasJoseph S, Wactawski-WendeJean, StefanickMarcia L, LiWenjun, ResnickSusan M,

Cognitive decline

Conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs) did not have any long-term effects on cognitive function in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 55 years. No differences were found in global cognitive function or any individual cognitive domain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

47.

20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception.

Author: GalloMaria F, NandaKavita, GrimesDavid A, LopezLaureen M, SchulzKenneth F

Bleeding pattern changes
Decreased contraceptive effectiveness

Decreasing estrogen doses in combination oral contraceptives has been done to improve safety, but it may reduce contraceptive effectiveness and cause abnormal bleeding patterns.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

48.

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for secondary outcomes including vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women by years since menopause in the Selective estrogens, Menopause and Response to Therapy (SMART) trials.

Author: PinkertonJoann V, AbrahamLucy, BushmakinAndrew G, CappelleriJoseph C, RacketaJill, ShiHarry, ChinesArkadi A, MirkinSebastian

Menopause symptom relief

This study investigates the influence of years since menopause (YSM) on the effects of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE), a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC).

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

49.

Sex hormone associations with breast cancer risk and the mediation of randomized trial postmenopausal hormone therapy effects.

Author: ZhaoShanshan, ChlebowskiRowan T, AndersonGarnet L, KullerLewis H, MansonJoAnn E, GassMargery, PattersonRuth, RohanThomas E, LaneDorothy S, BeresfordShirley Aa, LavasaniSayeh, RossouwJacques E, PrenticeRoss L

Breast cancer reduction
Breast cancer elevation

Hormone therapy, particularly with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), can have complex effects on breast cancer risk. The Women's Health Initiative found that CEE alone may reduce the risk of breast cancer, while CEE combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE + MPA) increases the risk. This difference may be explained by the effects of hormone therapy on levels of different hormones in the body.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

50.

A Pooled Analysis of the Effects of Conjugated Estrogens/Bazedoxifene on Lipid Parameters in Postmenopausal Women From the Selective Estrogens, Menopause, and Response to Therapy (SMART) Trials.

Author: StevensonJohn C, ChinesArkadi, PanKaijie, RyanKelly A, MirkinSebastian

Improved lipids
Increased triglycerides

Conjugated estrogens (CE)/bazedoxifene (BZA) was associated with mostly favorable changes in lipid parameters for up to 2 years in nonhysterectomized postmenopausal women, including reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, and increases in HDL-C. However, triglycerides were significantly increased from baseline.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

51.

Clinical effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in a multiple-rising-dose study in postmenopausal women.

Author: Coelingh BenninkHerjan J T, VerhoevenCarole, ZimmermanYvette, VisserMonique, FoidartJean-Michel, Gemzell-DanielssonKristina

Improved vaginal cytology
Vasomotor symptom relief
Endometrial proliferation

Estetrol, a natural fetal estrogen, was found to be safe and effective in improving vaginal cytology and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women at doses ranging from 2 to 40 mg per day. However, endometrial proliferation occurred at the 10 mg dose.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

52.

A Dose-Escalating Study With the Fetal Estrogen Estetrol in Healthy Men.

Author: Coelingh BenninkHerjan J T, ZimmermanYvette, VerhoevenCarole, DutmanAlice E, MensingaTjeert, KluftCornelis, ReismanYacov, DebruyneFrans M J

Decreased testosterone
Prevention of estrogen deficiency
Safer PC treatment

Estetrol (E4), a fetal estrogen, could be a safer alternative to LHRH agonists for treating advanced prostate cancer (PC) as it is expected to decrease testosterone (T) and prevent estrogen deficiency.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

53.

Effects of Raloxifene Combined with Low-dose Conjugated Estrogen on the Endometrium in Menopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer.

Author: CarneiroAndrea Lucia Bastos, SpadellaAna Paula Curi, SouzaFabiola Amaral de, AlvesKaren Borelli Ferreira, Araujo-NetoJoaquim Teodoro de, HaidarMauro Abi, DardesRita de Cássia de Maio

Reduced menopausal symptoms

This study compared the effects of low-dose conjugated estrogen (CE), raloxifene, and the combination thereof on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. The study found that combined raloxifene and low-dose CE decreased the severity of menopausal symptoms to a similar extent as CE alone and had similar effects as raloxifene alone on the endometrium.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

54.

Effects of estradiol- and ethinylestradiol-based contraceptives on adrenal steroids: A randomized trial.

Author: KangasniemiMarika H, ArffmanRiikka K, HaverinenAnnina, LuiroKaisu, HustadSteinar, HeikinheimoOskari, TapanainenJuha S, PiltonenTerhi T

Adverse effects related to COCs

This study compared the effects of two types of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing either estradiol valerate (EV) or ethinylestradiol (EE) on cortisol and other adrenal steroid hormones. The study found that COCs containing EE affected adrenal function by altering steroid and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) synthesis. However, the effects of COCs containing natural estrogens, such as EV, on adrenal function remain unclear.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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